Passenger Terminal

Operations

Norman Ashford,H.P.Martin Stanton.Clifton

A.Moore, Airport Operation,pp203-242,1997

1
 Outline
•Functions of the Passenger Terminal
•Terminal Functions
•Philosophies of Terminal Management
•Direct Passenger Services
•Airline Related Passenger Services
•Airline related Operational Functions
•Governmental Requirements
•Non-passenger-related Airport Authority Functions
•Processing Very Important Persons
•Passenger Information Systems
•Space Components and Adjacencies
•Aids to Circulation
•Hubbing Considerations

2
Functions of the Passenger Terminal
• Three principal (Ashford and Wright 1992):
1.The processing of passengers and baggage.
2.Provision for the requirement of a change of movement type.
3.Facilitating a change of mode.

3
Passenger terminal of San Francisco Airport
4
Lisbon Airport terminal 5
Lisbon Airport terminal 6
7
8
9
10
Chicago Airport terminal 11
Seattle Airport terminal 12
Athens Airport terminal 13
14
Porto Airport 15
Porto Airport 16
Porto Airport 17
 Schematic of the passenger baggage flow system
Domestic International Domestic International
departure departure arrival arrival
International passengers
International Baggage
Domestic passengers
S S
Domestic baggage
G G(P if required) T T
Gate Gate Transit
lounge lounge lounge

Domestic International
departure departure
lounge lounge
H
P
Airlines Baggage claim
check in C
(if required) area
C
General concourse General concourse

Car Enplaning Car Car Deplaning Car

G = gate control and airline check-in (if required) ; P = passport control ; C = customs control; H = health control (if required)18
; T=
transfer check-in ; S = security control. (Adapted from IATA 1976)
 Five Principal Component Groups of
Terminal Functions
1. Direct passenger service
2. Airline-related passenger services
3. Governmental activities
4. Non-passenger related airport authority
functions
5. Airline functions

19
Centralized processing
Curb
Passenger flow
(outbound). No
Checked baggage flow
Ticket and
reservation
held?
Ticket
reservation Yes
office
Central
ticket/baggage
check-in

Outbound
government
control(s)

Is
No airside
sterile?
Yes
Transit/transfer Departure Central Transfer
passengers lounge security check passengers

Gate Departure Transit

security check lounge passengers

Gate/
gate lounge

Passenger
boarding

No
A/C Baggage Transfer
on gate makeup baggage
Transporter stand?
Yes 20
(a) Aircraft
IATA 1898
Decentralized processing Curb
Passenger flow
No
Checked baggage flow
(outbound). Ticket and
reservation
held?
Ticket
reservation Yes
office
Central
baggage
check-in

Outbound
government
control(s)

Is
No airside
sterile?
Yes
Transfer Gate ticket Central Transfer
passengers check-in security check passengers

Transit Gate Gate ticket

passengers security check check-in

Gate Transit
lounge passengers

Passenger
boarding

No
A/C Baggage Transfer
on gate makeup baggage
Transporter stand?
Yes 21
(b) Aircraft
IATA 1898
 Organizational structure of terminal
management－London Gatwick
General manager
terminals

Facilities Business information Airside Operations & Operational Check-in

development manager manager manager baggage manager information manager manager

Duty teams

Facilities Asst. facilities Business Information Airside Airside Customer & Terminal Ops Baggage Systems Information Assistant Cleaning
development development services analyst facilities development staff services development systems development service check-in manager
officer manager manager manager manager manager manager manager manager officer manager

Assistant Assistant Airside Airside Staff Customer Baggage Information Check-in Check-in
business information facilities facilities services care systems desks initiatives team
analyst analyst officer assistant assistant co-ordinator assistant co-ordinator assistant

Administrative
assistant

Secretary Secretary Secretary Secretary Secretary Secretary

facilities business airside operations & baggage operations check-in
development information management management information management
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 Philosophies of Terminal Management
• The two extreme positions may be designated as:
 Airport dominant
 Airline dominant
• The operational procedure will depend on a number of factors:
 Philosophy of the airport authority and its governing body
 Local industrial relations
 Financial constrains
 Availability of local labor and skills

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 Direct Passenger Services
 Portering
 Flight and general airport information
 Baggage trolleys
 Left luggage lockers and left luggage rooms
 Directional signs
 Seating
 Toilets, nurseries, and changing rooms
 Rest rooms
 Post office and telephone areas
Services of disabled special passengers

24
Commercial Activities of Direct Passenger
Services
 Car parking
 Duty-free shops
 Other shops (book shops, tourist shops, boutiques, etc.)
 Car rental
 Insurance
 Banks
 Hairdressers, dry cleaners, valet services
 Hotel reservations
 Amusement machines
 Advertising
Business center facilities

25
 Shop

Schiphol Airport (Amsterdam) 26

 Airport Store

San Francisco terminal Airport 27

Duty-free shops

28
Taoyuan Airport
Museum－ Schiphol Airport (Amsterdam)

29
 Five Different Common Modes of Direct
Passenger Services
• A department of the airport authority directly
• A specially formed fully owned commercial
subsidiary of the airport authority
• A commercial subsidiary formed by the airport
authority and the airlines
• A commercial subsidiary formed by the airport
authority and a specialist commercial company
• An independent commercial enterprise

30
Operational Mode of Concessions at
Selected Airports

31
Operational Mode of Concessions at
Selected Airports

32
Number of ways for concessions leased method
• Closed tender
• Open tender
• Private treaty
• Other methods of control that have been
used successfully are:
1. Length of lease.
2. Exclusive rights.
3. Quality of service.

33
 Airline Related Passenger Services
• Airline information services
• Reservations and ticket purchase
• Baggage check-in and storage
• Loading and unloading baggage at aircraft
• Baggage delivery and reclaim (reclaim is often under
authority control)
• Airline passenger “club” areas, sometimes called CIP,
commercially important persons, facilities

34
Airline related Operational Functions
• Flight dispatch
 Flight planning
 Aircraft weight and balance
 Flight crew briefing
 Flight watch

• Flight planning

35
Flight analysis－altitude comparison
A B C D E F

37 3818 03:12 508 000 M83 Base flight plan

33 3836 03:10 526 900 M83
29 3879 03:09 569 2033 M83
27 3909 03:08 599 2275 M83
25 3941 03:07 631 2460 M83

A - Highest flight level (thousands of feet)

B - Planned takeoff gross weigh (hundreds of pounds)

C - Total flight time enroute

D - Total fuel burnoff (hundreds of pounds)

E - Amount of fuel burnoff (lbs) for each minute gained on Base Flight Plan.*

F - Mach number used to compute analysis various altitudes

*Base Flight Plan－ altitude comparison. (analysis)

36
 Flight plan－United Airlines
DC10 Los Angeles (LAX) to Chicago－O’Hare (ORD)－1580 n.m.
Route－LAX..DAG.J146.GLD.J192.PWE.J64.BDF.V10.VAINS..ORD
Daggett vio Jet Airway 146 to Goodland vio Jet Airway
192 to Pawnee City via Jet Airway 64 to Bradford via
Victor Airway 10 to Vains and Chicago－O’Hare.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M
RCA 256 37 828 09 51 486 26045 044 530 36 148 588
DVC 308 37 827 07 50 483 29071 056 539 35 91 497
GUC 98 37 826 07 49 482 29086 056 538 11 28 469
GLD 257 37 825 06 45 480 31094 053 533 28 73 396
PWE 258 37 824 04 40 478 31095 058 536 29 71 325
LMN 105 37 823 04 38 477 30087 056 533 12 29 296
PON 166 37 822 03 37 475 29053 046 521 19 45 251
-ORD 132 27030 028 23 21 230
A - Flight plan check point H - Wind direction (26 = 260°) and
speed in knots 045 = 45kts
B - Segment mileage (n. m.) I - Head or tail wind component
(headwind “_”)
C - Flight level (thousands of feet) J - Ground speed

D - Indicated Mach number K - Segment time (minutes)

E - Deviation from standard temperature L - Segment fuel burnoff (hundreds of lbs.)

(all plus values)
F - Tropopause height M - Fuel remaining (hundreds of pounds)

G - True airspeed (Kts.)

37
Note－total flight time 3 hrs. 13mins. Total fuel burnoff 50,600 lbs.
International Flight Plan

38
 Airline Related Passenger Services
• Aircraft weight and balance
• Takeoff
• In flight
• Landing
Maximum takeoff weight 883,000 pounds (377,850 kg)
 Maximum zero fuel weight 535,000 pounds (242,630 kg)
 Maximum landing weight 574,000 pounds (260,320 kg)
• Balance/trim
• Loading
• Flight crew briefing
• Flight watch (flight control)

39
Load and trim sheet－Boeing 747

40
.(Lufthansa)
Load and trim sheet－Boeing 747

41
.(Lufthansa)
 Loading instructions DC10

(Lufthansa)
42
 Governmental Requirements
• At major airports where international
passengers are handled, it is also possible that
up to four governmental controls must be
accommodated:
 Customs
 Immigration
 Health
 Agricultural produce

43
Customs

44
Immigration

45
 Non-passenger-related Airport
Authority Functions
• Management
• Purchasing
• Finance
• Legal
• Personnel
• Public relations
• Aeronautical services
• Aviation public services (e.g., noise monitoring)
• Plant and structure maintenance

46
VIP lounge facilities－Lisbon

47
 Passenger Information Systems

Road sign to airport in Arabic and English with pictogram.

48
Signage with directions to specific airline
terminal areas

49
Terminal roadway exit signs

50
Information signs in terminal

51
52
53
54
Information of visual display units

55
Arrivals board information

56
Worker-staffed information desk

57
 Terminal space distribution
Gross
terminal
area
(100%)

Rentable Nonrentable
55% 45%

38% 17% 30% 15%

Airline Other Public HVAC

ATO concessions circulation Mech.Rooms

Admin food and bev waiting areas shafts
Operations misc. rest rooms tunnels
Baggage exits stairs
Hold rooms other shops
airport admin elec. comm
58
(FAA 1976)
Example of functional adjacency chart

(IATA 1989) 59
 Aids to Circulation
• Three main methods of movement assistance :
1. Bus.
2. Pedestrian walkways.
3. Automatic people movers.

60
Walkway tunnel connecting piers to
terminal area in Atlanta

61
62
Chicago Airport 63
People mover between terminal and
satellites

Air train Air train

64
San Francisco Airport

65
Shuttle to Gates

66
Kansai Airport 67
People mover, terminal to terminal

68
Hub Considerations: Subway train from front with
rail visible

69
 Review Video and Answer Question
• What’s special designs of check-in at Beijing,
Kuala Lumpur, LCCT, Lisbon and Porto airport?
• What’s special designs of departure lobby at
Beijing, Kuala Lumpur, Lisbon and Porto airport?
• What’s special designs of departure lounge at
Beijing, Kuala Lumpur, Lisbon and Porto airport?

70
Departure lobby at Beijing airport
(video)

71
Departure Lobby at Kuala Lumpur Airport
(video)

72
Departure Lobby at Kuala Lumpur Airport
(video)

73
Departure lobby at Kuala Lumpur Airport
(video)

74
Departure lobby at Porto airport (video)

75
Departure lobby at Porto airport (video)

76
Check-in Counter of Kuala Lumpur Airport
(video)

77
Self check-in for airline TAP (video)

78
Self check-in of Air Asia airline (video)

79
Customer information Centre at Kuala Lumpur
Airport (video)

80
Exhibition at Kuala Lumpur Airport (video)

81
Lisbon airport security check (video)

82
Lisbon airport security check (video)

83
Lisbon airport security check (video)

84
Departure lounge at Beijing airport (video)

85
Departure lounge at Beijing airport (video)

86
 Departure lounge of
Lisbon airport terminal 2 (video)

87
 Departure lounge of
Lisbon airport terminal 2 (video)

88
Passenger self check-in transit
at Schiphol airport (video)

89
Passenger self-service transit at
Schiphol airport (video)

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 Key Terms
• Passenger Terminal
• Terminal Functions
• Philosophies of Terminal Management
• Direct Passenger Services
• Airline Related Passenger Services
• Airline related Operational Functions
• Governmental Requirements
• Airport Authority Functions
• Very Important Persons
• Passenger Information Systems
• Space Components
91
 Key Terms (Cont.)
• Concessions
• Airport dominant
• Airline dominant
• Financial constrains
• Baggage trolleys
• luggage lockers
• Rest rooms
• Services of disabled special passengers
92
 Key Terms (Cont.)
• Car parking
• Duty-free shop
• Book shops
• Tourist shops
• Car rental
• Insurance
• Banks
• Hairdressers, dry cleaners, valet services
• Hotel reservations
• Amusement machines
• Business center facilities
93
 Key Terms (Cont.)
• Aircraft weight and balance
• Flight planning
• Flight watch
• Closed tender
• Open tender
• Private treaty
• Customs
• Immigration
• Health
• Agricultural produce
• Walkway

94