Jenny Dooley - Virginia Evans

I wilh rowers

Express Publishing
www.hasanboy.uz dan olindi
Telegram channel: @uzteachers

will) answers

r r ny D o o l e y - V i rcjinia Evans

Express Publishing
 www.hasanboy.uz dan olindi
Telegram channel: @uzteachers

Express Publishing
Liberty House, New Greenham Park, Newbury,
Berkshire RG19 6HW
Tel.: (0044) 1635 817 363
Fax: (0044) 1635 817 463
e-mail: inquiries@expresspublishing.co.uk
INTERNET http: //www.expresspublishing.co.uk

© Jenny Dooley - Virginia Evans

Design & Illustration S Express Publishing

Colour Illustrations: Terry Wilson

ISBN 1 84216-366-3 (with answers)

1-903128-91-9 (without answers)
Contents
lolroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Unit I Piesenl Conlinuous • Present Simple (Present Simple i/s Piesenl Continuous). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Unit 2 Post Simple (Rerjulor/liregulat Verbs) - Used l o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Unil 3 Prist Conlinuous (Pnsl Conlinuous vs Prist S im ple). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Unit 4 Piesenl Peilecl Simple (Prist Simple vs Presenl Perlecl Sim ple). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Unil 5 The Fuluie (Future Simple - Be ijoiny lo • Presenl Conlinuous). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
(Units I 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unil 6 Relnlives (Relnlive Pronouns/Adverbs • Irlentityinrj Non-ldentiiyinu Clnuses). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Unil 1 Presenl Peilecl Conlinuous (Piesenl Peilecl Conlinuous vs Piesenl Peilecl Sim ple). . . . . . . 46
Unil 8 Pionouns - Both Neilhei • All None ■ P ossessives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Unil 9 Morlril Veilis I (Musi Hnve lo Musln'l - Neeiln'l - Cun Could Be nble t o ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Unil 10 The Infinitive loo Enough - The " inrj lo rrn " . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
(Units I • 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unil 11 Pnsl Peilecl Simple • Pnsl Peilecl Conlinuous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Unil 12 Modnl Veilis II (Mny/Mighl/Could • Should Ourjhl lo ■ S hall/W ill). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Unil 13 The Pussive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Unil 14 Repoiled Speech. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Unil 15 Conditionals • Wishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
(Units 1 - 1 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unil 1G Adjectives • Adverhs - Comparisons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Unil 17 Nouns-Articles (The Pluml-Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns-Indefinite Definite Article).. 118
Unit 18 Some Any No - A lol ot/Much Many - (A) lillle (A) le w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Unil 19 Questions Question Tugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Unil 20 Pieposilions (Time - Plnce • Movement) - linking W ords. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

(Units 1 - 2 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
Irregulm Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Key lo the Exeicises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Introduction
Grammarway 2 is the second book in a four-level grammar series presented in full colour for learners of
lhe English language at post-elementary level. The book is available in two editions - with or without
answers - and is suitable for self-study or classroom use as a supplement to any course at this level.
The aim of the book is to help learners understand English grammar structures through comprehensive
theory tables and functional examples, accompanied by a wealth of attractive photographs and
illustrations.
The book adheres to the principle that every structure should first be heard, then practised in oral and.
finally, in written form. Based on the use of full-colour visual stimuli, the book encourages learners to
speak before writing, and allows them to practise English structures through a variety of enjoyable and
useful activities.
The book consists of 20 units, each focusing on a particular grammar topic.
A typical unit contains:
• presentation of grammar structures by means of visual prompts
• simple, concise explanations of the grammar structures
• examples in everyday conversational English, together with a few expressions showing
slightly more formal use
• exercises practising the new structures, to help learners use correct, appropriate
patterns in everyday situations
• speaking and writing activities to practise the new structures in oral and written form
• a revision box in each unit
A revision unit follows every five units to consolidate material presented in previous units.

The Student's Book is accompanied by a Teacher’s Book containing:

• guidance on presenting the theory of each unit, with or without Picture Flashcards
• a full key to the exercises in the Student's Book
• four tests in two separate versions each

The Picture Flashcards which accompany this book can be used for lively, motivating presentation of
the target grammar structures.

Thanks
The authors would like to thank Rania Dunn. Anna Miller. Laura Houston. Jonathan Harrison and Steven
Davies for their help in producing this book. Many thanks to the Express Publishing design team. We would
also like to thank those institutions and teachers who piloted the manuscript, and whose comments and
feedback were invaluable in the production of the book.

5
 о п т in y o u rs * P r e s e n t r S im p le

L-i L-b-trLii C o n l a i u o j j ^ ^ S [: lr 11liny I_vUI

♦ V erbs e n d in g in -e, d ro p the -e and ta ke the -Ing

su ffix.
dance - dancing b u t see - seeing
♦ V erbs e n d in g in o n e stre sse d vo w e l betw een
tw o c o n s o n a n ts , d o u b le the last c o n s o n a n t and
take the -ing suffix.
run - running get - getting
b u t open - opening
♦ V erbs e n d in g in -I, d o u b le th e -I and take the
-in g suffix.
travel - travelling
♦ Verbs ending in 4e, drop the -ie and take -y + -Jng.
lie - lying die - dying

Bob and Claire a re n ’t w orking today. They're on holiday. A d d -in g to th e v e rb s a n d p u t th e m in

They're having a nice time. th e c o r r e c t b o x e s .
What is B ob d o in g now?
talk, dive, swim, shop, lie, study, mend, write,
He is ta kin g a picture o f Claire.
try, lake. cook. stop, sleep, die. sit
We fo rm the p re se n t c o n tin u o u s w ith th e a u xilia ry
v e rb to be and the m ain v e rb w ith th e -Ing su ffix . + ing
The m ain ve rb w ith th e -in g s u ffix is the sam e in all
ta lk in g
p e rson s.

Л Ш итйКч-

ing double consonant

}
I am m + ing
He/She/It is •s reading
You/We/They are •re

liiU n i u u iitly c

}
Am
Is he/she/it reading? F ill in th e g a p s w it h th e p re s e n t
Are you/we/they c o n tin u o u s .

1 W e ........... агеГгс tid y in g ........... (tidy) the garden.

2 I ........................................... (not/do) my homework.
3 (Dad/paint) the living-room?
4 He ........................................................................ (run).

}
I am not ’m not 5 The girls ................................ (play) with their dolls.
He/She/It is not isn't rearing 6 John ......................................... (study) at university.
You/We/They are not aren’t 7 Helen and I ........................................ (make) dinner.
8 (you/listen) to the radio?

6
 UNIT 1
Preseni Continuous - Presen?
L o o k a t th e p ic t u r e a n d p u t th e v e rb s in
b r a c k e ts in t o th e p r e s e n t c o n tin u o u s .

W e use th e p re s e n t c o n tin u o u s :

♦ fo r a c tio n s h a p p e n in g now , a t th e m o m en t o f
sp e a kin g . ---------------------------------------

He is re a d in g a book
right now.

♦ fo r te m p o ra ry a c tio n s h a p p e n in g a ro u n d now ,
b u t not at the actual m om ent o f speaking.

She is p ra c tis in g for Four people 1) ...a re s it t in g . .. (sit) at a table. They are
a concert these days. in a restaurant. They 2) .......................................... (have)
(She's not practising dinner. They 3 ) ................................................(wear) smart
right now: clothes. The man 4 ) .....................................(wear) a suit.
she's resting.) The parents 5) ........................................ (smile) at each
other and they 6 ) ................................. (talk). The children
7 ) ................................ (listen). The girl 8 ) .............................
♦ w ith ‘a lw a y s ’ fo r a c tio n s h a p p e n in g to o ofte n
(drink) som e Coke. The boy 9 ) ........................ (eat) some
and a b o u t w h ic h we w ish to e xp re ss o u r a n n o y ­
bread. They 1 0 ) ................................ (enjoy) their meal.
ance o r c ritic is m .

You’re alw ays

in te rru p tin g m e !' b'llOli A-Llb" W (rL'i-
(annoyance)

In s h o rt a n s w e rs we use o n ly Yes o r N o, th e su b je ct
p ro n o u n and th e a u x ilia ry v e rb is /is n 't o r are/aren't.
We d o n o t repeat the w h o le q u e stio n .
♦ fo r fixe d a rra n g e m e n ts in th e near fu tu re.

Are you leaving? Yes. I am/we are. No. I’m not/we aren’t.

He is fly in g to Milan Is he/she/it...? Yes. he/she/it is. No. he/she/it isn't.

in an hour.
(It's been arranged.) Are they...? Yes. they are. No. they aren't.

Л ч L o o k a t th e p ic tu r e in e x . 3 a g a in . In
4 м p a ir s , a s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s tio n s , a s in
th e e x a m p le .

1 the parents / wear / sports clothes?

SA: A re th e p a r e n te w e a rin g s p o r t s c lo th e s ?
SB: No, th e y a re n ’t . They're wearing s m a r t clothes.
Time exp re ssio n s used w ith the p re se n t c o n tin u o u s 2 the four people / have / dinner?
include: no w , at the m om ent, these days, at p re se n t, 3 the children / talk?
always, tonight, still, etc. 4 the girl / drink / som e juice?
5 the boy / eat / som e ice-cream?

7
 ontinuous - Present Simple

m y L v L 'lc r

♦ M o st v e rb s take -s in th e th ird pe rso n s in g u la r.

I read - he reads

♦ V erbs e n d in g in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x and -o, take -es.

I kiss - he kisses, I brush - he brushes,
I teach - he teaches, I fix - he fixes, I g o - he goes

♦ V erbs e n d in g in a c o n s o n a n t + y, d ro p the -y
and ta ke -ies.
I try - he tries, I fly - he flies

♦ V erbs e n d in g in a vo w e l + y, s im p ly take -s.

I bu y - he buys

W rite th e th ir d p e rs o n s in g u la r o f th<
G> v e rb s in th e l i s t in th e c o r r e c t b o x.
Richard Taylor and Sarah Perkins w o rk in the same
office. dance, finish, study, open, mix, pray, put, miss
like, dry, do, catch, wash, say. cry, copy, watch
What time d o th e y s ta rt work?
play. pass, begin
Sarah arrives at w ork at 9 o 'c lo c k but Richard d o e s n ’t
g e t to the office until 10 o'clock.
-s -es -ies

We fo rm th e p re se n t s im p le w ith th e s u b je c t (i.e.
the s u b je c t p ro n o u n o r n oun ) and th e m ain verb.
dancee fin is h e s etudiee
W e u s u a lly add an -s to th e th ird p e rs o n s in g u la r in
the a ffirm a tive . In th e in te rro g a tiv e and n e ga tive
fo rm s, we use th e a u x ilia ry verb d o /d o n ’t w ith I, you,
we, th e y and d o e s /d o e s n ’t w ith he, sh e and it. We
do n o t add an -s to th e m ain v e rb w hen it a p pe ars
w ith d o e s /d o e s n ’t.

AiflUufeUvv
I/You/We/They read.
He/She/It reads. F ill in th e g a p s w it h th e p r e s e n t s im p le .
e >
I u I lm lo u u ilv c r 1 A: W h e re ................. ie........................ (be) Jack?
B: At school.
Do l/you/w e/they 2 A: ............................... (you/com e) here very often?
read?
Does he/she/it } B: Yes. every evening.
3 A: I .............................. (play) tennis in the summer.

Nccuitlvi.- B: Really? So do I!
4 A: W e .............................................(leave) the house
at 6:30 every morning.
B: That's very early.
1ЛЪиЛЛ/еЯЬеу do not don 't 5 A: S a m ...................................................... (not/know)
read.
He/She/It does not doesn’t } anything about the party.
В: I know. It's a surprise.
 UNIT 1
Present Continuous - Prese Simple

IrlV llL'Llc id i lO ll <L W rite th e th ir d p e rs o n s in g u la r o f th e

v e rb s in th e c o r r e c t b o x , th e n re a d th e m
a lo u d .

laugh, kiss, read, look, speak, kick, put, catch,

In th e p re s e n t s im p le th e s u ffix o f th e th ir d p e r­ drive, brush, ride, walk, open, jump, play, know,
son s in g u la r is p ro n o u n c e d : cough, see. dance, close, help, listen, watch,
♦ / s / w hen the ve rb ends in a / f /, / к /, / p / o r wash, travel, write, lose, eat. rain, change
/ t / sound.
laughs, drinks, sleeps, hates / s / laughe.
♦ / iz / w hen th e verb e n d s in a / s / , / / / , / tf /, / cfc
/ o r / z / sound .
m isses, wishes, m atches, arranges, rises
/ iz / kis&ee,
♦ / z / w hen th e ve rb ends in an y o th e r so u n d .
dreams, stays, begins, stands, saves

/ z / re a d e .

The p re s e n t s im p le is used fo r:
♦ p e rm a n e n t states.
♦ repea ted a c tio n s o r d a ily ro u tin e s (o ften w ith
a d ve rb s o f fre q u e n c y such as: alw ays, never,
u su a lly, etc.).
Н и ш - liiv ^ iir b ’b 'io u ^ -
T im e e x p re s s io n s used w ith th e p re se n t sim ple
in c lu d e : usually, alw ays (a d ve rb s o f freq u e ncy),
etc., every day/w eek/m onth/year, etc., on M ondaysI
Tuesdays, etc., in th e m om in g /a fte rno on /e ve nin g, at
n ig h t/th e w eekend, etc.

P u t th e v e rb s in b r a c k e ts in to th e c o rre c t
M r Gibson is a businessman. He lives in New York, 8 л. fo r m o f th e p re s e n t c o n tin u o u s o r th e
(permanent state) p re s e n t s im p le .
He u s u a lly sta rts w ork at 9 am. (daily routine)
1 A: W here's James?
He o fte n stays at the office until late in the
В: He ...1&Г& playing... (play) football in the garden
evening, (daily routine)
right now.
2 A: B i l l........................................... (dance) very well.
♦ g ene ral tru th s o r law s
B: Yes. he’s a good singer, too.
o f nature.
3 A: Lucy is very busy.
The m oon m oves B: Yes. S h e .....................................................(work)
round the earth. very hard these days.
4 A: W hat ............................(you/do) on Saturdays?
В: I clean the house and go shopping.
5 A: W h y ......................... (you/pack) your suitcase?
♦ p ro g ra m m e s or B: Because I .......................................................(fly)
tim e ta b le s (trains, to Paris tom orrow m orning.
buses, etc.). 6 A: F r e d ............................(not/know) how to swim.
The bus leaves in ten B: That's because he’s only three.
minutes. 7 A: Max looks very fit.
B: Yes. He .......................................................(take)
a lot o f exercise these days.

9
 ontinuous * Prefer IT Simple
A d v c -ib s _ s im p le o r th e p re s e n t c o n tin u o u s .
♦ We ofte n use a d ve rb s o f fre q u e n c y w ith th e pre ­
se n t sim ple. They sh o w us h o w o fte n so m e ­
th in g happens. They answ er the q u e s tio n H ow
often...?
e.g. How often do you visit your aunt? I always/
usually/som etim es visit her on Sundays.
A d v e rb s o f F re q u e n c y
alw ays 100%
usually 75%
often 50%
som etim es 25%
rarely/seldom 10%
never 0%
♦ A d ve rb s o f fre q u e n c y g o b e fo re the m ain ve rb s
(visit, drink, etc.), b u t a fte r the verb to be and
after a u x ilia ry ve rb s such as can, do, m ust, etc.
e.g. Peter o fte n visits his grandparents at the
weekend.
Sharon never d rin k s coffee.
Jim is alw ays on time for work.
Bob can n e ve r wake up early in the morning.
Do you often go to the cinema at the weekend?
Paul d o e s n ’t u su a lly ea t out on Sundays.
♦ The a d ve rb s rarely, se ld o m and n e ve r have a
negative m eaning and th e y are never used w ith
the w o rd not.
e.g. He ra re ly goes to the cinema.
I never take sugar in my coffee.
R e w rite th e s e n te n c e s p u ttin g th e a d ve rb
in b ra c k e ts in th e c o rre c t p la c e .
1 You must brush your teeth twice a day. (always)
You m u e t a lw a ys b ru sh y o u r te e th tw ic e a day.
2 Is he on time for work? (always)
3 Karen has cereal for breakfast, (sometimes)
4 Paul doesn't listen to music in the evening, (usually)
5 The children help with the housework, (rarely)
6 Must you play your music so loud? (always)
7 Sheila can park her car properly, (never)
P u t th e v e rb s in b ra c k e ts in to th e p re s e t
Charlie Foster 1) ...works... (work) at a bakery. He 2
............................................................ (always/get up) ver
early because he 3 ) .................................................. (stari
work at four o'clock every morning. Charlie 4 ) ..................
....................................... (not/be) at work this morning. A
the moment he 5) ............................................... (pack) «
suitcase because he 6) .....................................................
(go) on holiday today. Charlie 7 ) ......................................
(sing) to himself. He’s very happy. Right now he 8 ) ...........
...................................... (look for) his aeroplane tickets
Where are they? He can't find them.There they are; unde
his bed! Charlie 9) ........................................... (call) a tax
now. His plane 1 0 )......................................................(leave
in an hour. Where 11) .......................................................
(Charlie/go)? To Hawaii!
Do you get Yes, I/we do. No. I/we don't,
up early?
Does he/she/it...? Yes. he/she/it does. No. he/she/it doesn't.
Do they ...? Yes. they do. No. they don't.
Note: In s h o rt answ ers, adverbs o f frequency
alw ays go before the auxiliary verb.
e.g. Do you watch horror films on TV?
Yes. I often do. / No. I n ever do.
L o o k a t th e te x t in e x. 10 a g a in , th e n , in
p a irs , a s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s tio n s a b o u t
C h a rlie F o s te r, a s in th e e x a m p le s .
Charlie / work / at a bank?
SA: D oes C harlie w ork a t a bank?
SB: No, he d o e s n ’t . He w o rks a t a bakery.
Charlie / pack / a suitcase / at the moment?
SA: Is C h a rlie p a ckin g a s u itc a s e a t th e
m o m e n t?
SB: Yes, he is.
3 Charlie I start work / at 4 o ’clock every morning?
4 Charlie / go on holiday / next week?
5 Charlie / sing to himself?
6 Charlie / look for his tickets / right now?
7 the plane / leave / in an hour?
8 Charlie / go / Tahiti?
 UNIT 1
Present Continuous - Presen Simple

L: i4rb-oui Sim p le ve-ib-L'b i’l e t M i l C o iiiiu u ou s-

- *

l=ttrS vH ii S im p le

The p re se n t sim p le is used fo r perm anent states, The p re se n t c o n tin u o u s is used fo r te m p o ra ry

fo r repeated a c tio n s and d a ily routine s. a c tio n s h a p p e n in g at o r a ro u n d th e m om e nt o f
spe a kin g .

Claire Bryan w o rks as a secretary. It's nine o'clock. Claire is still at home because she is ill.
She sta rts work at eight o 'c lo c k every day. She is w e a rin g her pyjamas and she is s ittin g on her
She types M r M oore's letters. bed. She is n ’t w o rk in g today.

L o o k a t t h e p ic tu r e s a n d w r it e
s e n te n c e s , a s in th e e x a m p le s .

1 taxi driver / drive a taxi / wash the taxi

W h a t d o e e th e t a x i d r iv e r d o ?
He d riv e s a ta x i.
le he d riv in g a t a x i now?
No, he is n ’t . H e'e w a sh in g th e ta x i.
2 nurse / look after patients / read a book

3 maid / clean the house / talk on the phone

4 vet / treat anim als / listen to m usic

5 m echanic / repair cars / eat a sandwich

6 waiter / serve custom ers / read a newspaper

 ^ 'C o n tin u o u s - Present Simple
Ы Ь и - С о in iu u o u b - Y t r t b Ч*
Som e verb s do n o t have c o n tin u o u s tenses.
These include :
♦ Verbs o f the senses: see, hear, feel, taste, sm ell.
e.g. This cake tastes delicious.
(NOT: Thio ookc ю tooting dekotouo.)
♦ Verbs o f p e rc e p tio n : know , rem em ber, forget,
recognise, u n de rstand , no tice , realise, seem,
sound, th in k, etc. e.g. I d o n 't k n o w his name.
♦ Verbs w h ich express likes a n d dislikes: love, like,
hate, d islike , enjoy, etc.
e.g. Shirley loves jazz music.
♦ O ther verbs: include , m atter, need, belong, cost,
prefer, m ean, ow n, appear, believe , w ant, have
(^ p o s s e s s ), etc.
e.g. That jacket co sts a lot o f money.
(NOT: That jacket-io oooting o let-o f money.)
R ead th e fo llo w in g d ia lo g u e b e tw e e n a
13 h o te l o w n e r a n d th e r e c e p tio n is t. P u t
th e v e rb s in b r a c k e ts in to th e p re s e n t
s im p le o r th e p re s e n t c o n tin u o u s .
A: Good morning, Catherine. A special guest 1) ...ie
coming... (come) to our hotel today.
B: Really! 2 ) ..................................... (I/know) who it is?
A: I 3 ) .............................................. (think) you do. He
4 ) ..........................................(star) in the TV series,
‘Rooftop’, at the moment.
B: It 5 ) .............................................. (be) Paul Roberts,
isn’t it? When 6 ) ................................... (he/come)? I
can’t wait to meet him in person!
A: At 3 o’clock this afternoon. But there are a few things
you 7 ) .................................... (need) to know. First of
all. he 8 ) .........................................(love) flowers. He
also 9 ) ...........................................(enjoy) having his
breakfast in the dining-room , not in his room.
B: Why 1 0 ).................................(he/stay) at our hotel?
A: Because he 11) ........................................... (want)
some peace and quiet and he 1 2 ) .........................
................... (not/like) to be disturbed by reporters.
В: I see. Well, let’s hope that everything will be okay
while he 1 3 ) ....................................... (stay) here.
P u t th e v e rb s in b ra c k e ts in to th e p re s e n t
14 s im p le o r th e p re s e n t c o n tin u o u s .
1 Jason ...is n o t coming... (not/come) with us this evening.
2 W h a t............................................(this sign/mean)?
3 W e .........................................................(usually/meet)
at the sports centre every W ednesday afternoon.
4 G r e g .............................................. (train) for the next
Olym pic Games.
5 Michael Burns is very rich. H e ....................................
(own) a department store.
6 John and M a ry ................................................... (play)
chess at the moment.
7 P e te r...............................................................................
(not/usually/have) eggs for breakfast.
8 My fa th e r....................(buy) a newspaper every day.
9 Mr and Mrs D e a n ...........................................................
(not/go) to Mexico tomorrow.
10 *.............................................. (Pierre/speak) English?’
‘No. but h e ........................................ (speak) French.’
P u t th e v e rb s in b r a c k e ts in to th e
1 5 > p re se n t sim ple o r th e p re se n t continuous.
Dear M artin,
How are you and Sally?
I 1) ...hope... (hope) you're
well. I 2 ) ................................
........................... (w rite) to give you some good news.
I have got a summer jo b fo r the holidays! I 3) .........
.................................................... (repair) telephone lines
fo r a telephone company.
I 4 ) ..................................... (usually/ride) my bicycle
to work because i t ’s only a ten m inute ride from
home. We 5 ) ........................... (start) w ork a t 8:30. We
6) .............................. (finish) a t 4:30 on Mondays to
Thursdays, but at 2:30 on Fridays, so I 7 ) ....................
(have) long weekends.
I 8 ) ........................................(work) very hard a t the
moment. To tell you the truth, I 9 ) ........................ (be)
a b it nervous because my boss 1 0 ) ................................
(leave) fo r Scotland on business next week, so I’ll be
on my own. Lizzie says I 11) ......................................
(w orry) about it too much. She’s probably right!
Please write w ith your news. Say hello to Sally fo r me.
Best wishes,
Richard
 UNIT 1
Present Continuous - Presen &m ple

O R A J .

^ " ^ A c t iv it y ^ 4* ^
Steve goes fishing tomorrow.
Rebecca wash her hair every day. Look at picture A and say what the Hendersons usually
I am visiting my grandparents every week. do on Saturday morning, as in the example. Then, look
Tim doesn't wants to do his homework. at picture В and say what they are doing this Saturday
He sits on the floor at the moment. morning.
Do you watch TV in the evenings always?
Sarah is drinking coffee every morning. E ve ry S a tu rd a y
They d o n ’t go usually on holiday in May.
Does she work late? No. she does never.
Peter looks for a new house at the moment

F ill in th e g a p s w it h o n e off th e v e rb s
fro m th e lis t in th e c o r r e c t fo r m off th e
p re s e n t s im p le o r p re s e n t c o n tin u o u s .

cost, leave, be, snow , like

Y o u .........always
e.g. M r Henderson usually reads his newspaper.
.................. your
books on the floor!
T h is S a tu rd a y

this blouse
madam?
e.g. M r Henderson is taking pictures

Yes. How much

\T I \

Look at th e O ral A c tiv ity and w rite a b o u t w hat the

Hendersons usually do on Saturday mornings and what
W h a t............ they are doing this Saturday morning. Start like this:
the weather
On Saturday mornings Mr Henderson usually reads
like there?
his newspaper. Mrs Henderson .....................................

This Saturday morning the Hendersons are in the

countryside. Mr Henderson is taking pictures. Mrs
Henderson ........................................................................

at the
moment

15
 1чльЧ S 'U u [:b S [:c r llin y

( Iv ty u lo .i У счЬ ь)

♦ V erbs e n d in g in -e take o n ly -d. dance - danced

♦ V erbs e n d in g in a co n s o n a n t + y, d ro p the у
and take -led. try - tried
♦ V erbs e n d in g in a vo w el + y, take -ed.
play - played, stay - stayed
♦ V erbs e n d in g in one stresse d vo w el betw een
tw o co n so n a n ts, d o u b le th e last c o n so n a n t and
take -ed.
p la n -p la n n e d b u t open - opened
♦ Verbs ending in -I, do u b le the I and take -ed.
travel - travelled, quarrel - quarrelled

Last summer, Julie and Brian visited Australia. They stayed

at a lovely hotel in Sydney.
They visited the Sydney Opera House and they walked
W rite th e p a s t s im p le off th e v e rb s in th e
across the Sydney Harbour Bridge.
li s t in th e c o r r e c t b o x .
D id they enjoy themselves? Yes, they did.
laugh, study, travel, pray, stop, close, cry, rob,
We form the past sim ple o f regular verbs by adding call, love, tidy, dance, miss, drop, phone, enjoy,
-ed to the main verb. try, live, refer, look, carry
e.g. She w a tc h e d TV last night.
We form questions and negations w ith the auxiliary + ed + d
verb did/did not (didn’t), the subject and the main
la u g h e d
verb w ithout -ed.
e.g. D id she w atch TV last night?
She d id n o t/d id n ’t w atch TV last night.

AW um -Uvtr ied double consonant

+ ed

He/She/It > finished.

You/We/They

liiU M io ytiU vir

M a k e s e n te n c e s u s in g th e p ro m p ts
1 b e lo w a s in th e e x a m p le .
Did he/she/it finish?
you/we/they
1 Olivia's room is clean now. (clean it/an hour ago)
5 h e cleaned i t an h ou r ago.
Ne^nitlvc- 2 Helen isn’t watching TV. (turn it off/half an hour ago)
3 Steve doesn’t go to the gym any more, (stop/six months
ago)
4 Mary is eating the cake, (bake it/half an hour ago)
He/She/It did not d id n ’t >- finish. 5 Kim is having a party today, (arrange it/two weeks ago)
You/We/They •' 6 Rob doesn’t live here any more, (move/three days ago)
7 Peter's house is tidy, (tidy it/two hours ago)

14
 l-cuit S'Uu[:lcr
(liiL-yulut Verbs-)
The suffix -ed is pronounced:

♦ / id / w hen th e verb ends in a / 1 / o r / d /

sound.
posted, succeeded
♦ I X / w hen the ve rb ends in a / к /, / s /, / /, tf
/ J /, / f / o r / p / sound .
cooked, kissed, touched, wished, laughed,
stepped

♦ / d / w hen the verb ends in any o th e r sound.

arrived, prepared, showed, robbed

W rite th e p a s t s im p le o f th e v e rb s in th e
c o r r e c t b o x , th e n re a d th e m a lo u d .

want, open, wash, work, arrest, help, carry,

visit, cook, clean, need, finish, load, live, watch,
Julie and Brian w e n t swimming every day.
accept, laugh, stay, pass, type, persuade,
They saw some kangaroos, but they d id n 't see any
arrange, rub
crocodiles. They h ad a lot o f fun.
I id / w anted
Irre g u la r v e rb s d o n o t fo rm th e p a st s im p le b y
a d d in g -ed.
e.g. leave-left, cut-cut, swim-swam
/t / (See lis t o f irre g u la r v e rb s o n p a g e 152.)

T h e y fo rm q u e s tio n s a n d n e g a tio n s w ith d id /d id

n o t (d id n 't) and th e ro o t fo rm (in fin itiv e ) o f th e
Id l
v e rb .
e.g. They le ft - D id they leave? - They d id n ’t leave.

P u t th e v e rb s in b r a c k e ts in to th e AtUmu-Uvc
c o r r e c t fo r m o f th e p a s t s im p le .
I
1 A: Sorry Mum, but I ...dropped... (drop) the glass on He/She/It J -le ft.
the floor. You/We/They
B: Never mind. Just be careful next time.
2 A : .........................................................(you/watch) the IlltCI КЧ»illlv i:
horror film last night?
B: Yes. but I ........................................... (not/enjoy) it. I
3 A: ..................................................................................... Did he/she/it leave?
(your neighbours/move) house yesterday? you/we/they
B: Yes. w e ...................................... (help) them move
their boxes.
N c-^iillve
4 A: A tra in ......................................... (crash) last night.
В: I know. Luckily, all the passengers ........................
...........................(survive).
5 A: Susan ........................(not/play) tennis yesterday.
В: I know. She's playing today instead. He/She/It did not did n ’t >- leave.
6 A : ...................................... (you/see) Kate yesterday? You/We/They
B: Yes. W e .............................. (have) lunch together.
 ViLutr li.vi: i iо Lib: -

W e u s e th e p a s t s im p le : Tim e expressio ns used w ith the past sim ple include:

♦ fo r a c tio n s w h ic h h a p p e n e d a t a d e fin ite o r yesterday, last night/w eek/m onth/year/M onday, etc.,
s ta te d tim e in th e p a s t; th a t is, w e k n o w w h e n tw o days/w eeks/m onths/years ago, then, when, in
th e y h a p p e n e d . — . 1992, etc.

They grad u a te d
fo u r years ago. P u t th e v e rb s in b ra c k e ts in to th e c o rre c t
(When d id they fo rm o f th e p a s t s im p le . W h a t u se o f th e
graduate? Four p a s t s im p le d o e s e a c h s e n te n c e show ?
years ago. We
know the time.) 1 Mother ...cleaned... (clean) the windows twice last
week, (d e fin ite !s ta te d tim e )
♦ fo r a c tio n s w h ic h h a p p e n e d re p e a te d ly in th e 2 T h e y ............................................ (not/go) on holiday
p a s t b u t d o n ’t h a p p e n a n y m o re . In th is case to Spain last year.
w e can use a d ve rb s o f fre q u e n c y (always, often, 3 Tina .................................................. (not/sing) in the
school concert yesterday.
usually, etc.).
4 Paul o fte n .................................... ..... (fight) with his
He ofte n played brother when they were young.
football with his dad 5 Mother T e re s a ........................... ............... (help) the
when he was five. poor people of India.
(But he doesn't play 6 Her sister ..................................(bake) this beautiful
football with his dad cake on Monday.
any more.) 7 ................................................ (Sam/enjoy) his trip to
Wales last weekend?
8 J o h n ........................... (fall) and ......................(hurt)
♦ fo r a c tio n s w h ic h
his knee.
h a p p e n e d im m e d ia te ly o n e a fte r th e o th e r in
th e past.

P u t th e v e rb s in b ra c k e ts in to th e p a s t
s im p le .

A Lesley 1) ...bought... (buy) her house two months

ago. It is a beautiful cottage in the countryside.
However, when Lesley 2) .........................................
(decide) to buy it, it 3 ) ..................................... (need)
a lot of work. First, she 4 ) ............................................
(decorate) all the rooms. Then, she 5 ) .......................
........................... (plant) lots of flowers in the garden.
After that, she 6) ............................................(make)
They cooked the Then they ate new curtains for all the windows. When it was ready.
meal first. with their friends. she 7) ...................................... (move) in. That was
last week. Now. Lesley is very happy.
♦ to ta lk a b o u t p e o p le w h o a re n o lo n g e r a live .
В Claude Monet 1) ...wae... (be) a famous artist. He 2)
........................ (paint) lots of beautiful pictures in his
lifetime. He often 3 ) ................. (take) his paints and a
Princess Diana canvas into the countryside. He 4) ......................
visited a lot o f (love) to paint trees and rivers during the different
schools. seasons of the year. Monet 5) ..............................
(create) a new kind of art called Impressionism. He 6)
........................... (die) in 1926, but many people still
visit museums and galleries to look at his pictures.

16
 Past Stmpfe- Г Л ц Щ
л P u t th e v e rb s in b ra c k e ts in to th e c o r r e c t
b ' i i e l i A u b - w t r i b - ” > fo rm o f th e p a s t s im p le .
^ •• _ #
*
Ф
e.g. D id you buy a gift for your mother? Yes. 1 did.

Did y o u ...? Yes. I/we did. No. I/we didn't.

Did he/she/it.. .? Yes. he/she/it did. No. he/she/it didn’t.

Did they...? Yes. they did. No. they didn’t.

P u t th e v e rb s in b r a c k e ts in to th e p a s t
s im p le .

ti [Ferdinand 'Magellan I) ...was... (be) а ‘P

’ ortuguese
A What 1) ... ...did you do .......(you/do) last summer?

sailor who 2 )................ (want) to sail j

В
A
I 2) ......... ............. (work) in a fast food restaurant
What kind of work 3) ................................(you/do)?
around tfic world. ‘Emperor Charles V o j Spain
...........
.1) (give) him five ships and two
В
A
• 4) .......... ................ (take) orders from customers.
5) ........................ (you/earn) much money?
hundred and si^tu-five Spanish sailors. 'Iheij
4).......... (leave)Spain on 20th September,
В Yes. but I 6) ............................... (spend) most of it.

1519 and 5) ........ (begin) their long and

A
В
What 7) ..
I 8 ) .......... .... (go) on holiday to the Greek islands.
dangerous journey. A .......................... (you/have) a good time?
9)
On the journey, 'Magellan 6 ) ................ В Yes. it 10) ......................................... (be) wonderful!
(discover) the Tacijic Ocean. 'Unfortunately, he and
many o f the sailors 7 ) .........(die) in a battle on You have just come back from a holiday. Your
27th April, 1521. After that, a Spanish sailor 8) friend is asking you some questions. Loo k a t
........................ (taty controlo f the ships and9 ) .................. th e p ro m p ts a n d , in p a irs , a s k a n d a n sw e r
..... (set off) to complete the voyage. Only one ship q u e s tio n s g ivin g y o u r o w n answ ers.
and sixteen men 1 0 ) ................ (survive)
the journey. ‘Ifieif I I ) .......... (arrive) back in 1 where / go?
Spain on 6th September, 1522. ‘Ihey 12 ) ......... SA: Where d id you go?
SB: I w ent t o Spain.
(be) thefirst men to sail around the world.
2 who / go with?

3 have / a good time?

R ead th e t e x t in e x. 7 a g a in a n d , in p a irs ,
8 A a s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s tio n s a s in th e
e x a m p le s .
4 stay / at a camp-site?
1 Ferdinand Magellan I be I a Portuguese sailor?
SA: Was F erdinan d M agellan a P ortug u ese
s a ilo r? 5 the weather / good?
SB: Yes, he was.
2 the Em peror of Spain / give him / fifteen ships?
SA: D id th e E m peror o f S pain give him 6 what / do every day?
fifte e n ships?
SB: No, he d id n ’t. He gave him five ships.
3 they / leave / Spain / 1619? 7 eat / at restaurants?
4 the journey / be / long and dangerous?
5 Magellan / discover / the Pacific Ocean?
6 Magellan / die / with soldiers / in battle? 8 go / the beach?
7 a Spanish sailor / com plete / voyage?
8 the remaining ship / reach / Spain / IF23

17
 Jsed to
Peter G ordon won a lo t o f m oney on the
lottery last year. L o o k a t th e p ic tu r e s a n d
Ё 0(> 1(>
s a y w h a t P e te r u s e d to d o a n d w h a t he
does now .
•9

e.g. P e te r used t o live in a s m a ll house, b u t now

he lives in a big house.
People u se d to dress
LAST YEAR NOW
differently in the past.
Women u s e d to w ea r live/big
live/small house
long dresses. house
D id they use to c a rry
parasols with them?
Yes, they did.
They d id n ’t use to go g o to w ork/
out alone at night. by bus

U sed to is used to ta lk a b o u t past h a b its or

th in g s th a t do not happen any m ore. It has the
eat/at
sam e fo rm in all persons, s in g u la r and plural. It
home
is fo llo w e d by in fin itive .
e.g. Peter used to eat a lot o f sweets. ( = Peter
doesn't eat many sweets any more.)

We fo rm q u e stio n s and ne g a tio n s w ith the a u x ili­

watch/TV go/the
ary verb d id /d id n o t (d id n ’t), th e su b je ct and the theatre
verb “ use” w ith o u t -d.
e.g. D id Peter use to eat many sweets?
Mary d id n 't use to stay out late.

We can use the past sim p le instead o f "u sed to ” spend/his

w ith no d iffe re n ce in m eaning. holidays/at a spend/his
e.g. She used to live in the countryside. \c a m p -s ite holidays/
= She live d in the countryside. travelling

A iih u u iilv e

/" A C o m p le te th e s e n te n c e s w it h th e
I
He/She/It
\ used to 12 L c o r r e c t fo r m o f u s e d to a n d th e v e rb
J travel. " in b r a c k e ts .
You/W e/They
1 I ...d id n ’t use t o w atch... (not/watch) the news, but
IhkM KHH-livc now I watch it every day.
2 My a u n t............................(drink) a lot of coffee, but
now she prefers to drink tea.
1 use to
Did he/she/it v 3 We ............................................ (live) in a flat, but we
travel? live in a big house now.
you/w e/they J
4 (you/go) to school on foot?
5 W e ............................................ (not/like) each other.
K V i’ iillv i- but now w e're good friends.
6 I .................................................. (not/eat) vegetables.
Now I eat them every day.
I 7 My s is te r .......................................... (play) the piano.
He/She/It 1 use to but now she doesn't.
did not d id n ’t
j travel. 8 They......................................(spend) their weekends
You/We/They
in the countryside. They don't any more.
 Post Simple-

^ Activity
e.g. Did you use to go out often? Yes, I did./No, I didn't. Look at the pictures below. Picture A shows what peo­
ple used to do in their free tim e sixty years ago and
Did y o u ...? Yes, I/we did. No, I/we didn't. Picture В what they do nowadays. In pairs, ask and
answer questions using the prom pts below as in the
Did he/she/it...? Yes, he/she/it did. No. he/she/it didn’t.
example.
Did they ...? Yes, they did. No, they didn’t. e.g. SA: D id people use to watch TV sixty years ago?
SB: No. they didn't.

In p a ir s , a s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s tio n s watch TV - dress differently - spend more time

u s in g th e p r o m p ts a s in th e e x a m p le . together - talk to each other a lot - go out at night
m uch - read more
SA: D id you use t o p la y w ith y o u r frie n d s when you
were five? A
SB: Yes. I did. / No. I d id n ’t.

1 play with your friends? 6 listen to fairy tales?

2 watch many cartoons? 7 have a bath every day?
3 go to bed late? 8 drink milk?
4 cry a lot? 9 dress yourself?
5 make your bed? 10 get pocket money?

1 Jacques C ousteau.... the oceans.

A explores В explored С is exploring
2 T o b y ...............a bicycle, but now he drives a car.
A is riding В used to ride С rides
3 I ..............an interesting book at the moment.
A don't read В read С am reading
Now, using the pictures and the notes from the Oral
4 H e ............home early yesterday because he felt ill.
Activity, com plete the text below.
A went В is going С used to go
5 Mr J o n e s ................. but he does now. Life was different sixty years ago. People 1 ) ....................
A used to travel В didn't use to travel С travelled ..............(not/have) the things we have nowadays. First
6 I ..............a noise, so I went to see what it was. of all, they 2) ......................................... (not/watch) TV
A heard В hear С am hearing and they 3 ) ............................ (talk) to each other a lot.
7 B o b b y ........ how to use a computer at present. Nowadays, people 4) ...................................... (not/talk)
A learnt В is learning С learns to each other much because they 5 ) ...............................
8 My parents...............to a party tonight. (spend) a lot of time watching TV. Sixty years ago. people
A used to go В goes С are going 6 ) ................................(dress) differently. For example.
9 The ferry b o a t..............every day at quarter past two. wom en 7 ) ..................................... (wear) longer dresses
A leaves В leave С is leaving and men usually 8) ........................................ (wear) a
10 I ............. getting up early in the morning. suit and a tie on Sundays..................................................
A likes В don't like С doesn’t like
 A fire broke out yesterday at Crofton Electronics.
What were the people doing when the fire broke
out? L o o k a t th e p ic tu re s . In p a irs , a s k
a n d a n s w e r q u e s tio n s u s in g th e p ro m p ts
b e lo w , a s in th e e x a m p le .

SA: W hat was Tim doing ?

SB: He wae s ittin g a t h is desk.

on 11 ai iu nuuci i/
Tim/sit/at his desk check/some reports

Were Paul and Claire w o rk in g at 8 o 'c lo c k last night?

No, they weren't.
They w ere having dinner at a restaurant.

the directors/
We fo rm the p a st c o n tin u o u s w ith w as/w ere (past
Sarah/talk/on the phone have/a meeting
sim p le o f the ve rb to be) and the m ain v e rb w ith
the >ing su ffix. We fo rm q u e s tio n s by p u ttin g w as/
were b e fore the s u b je c t. We fo rm n e g a tio n s by
p u ttin g the w o rd not a fte r w as/w ere.

A lilH iiiiU vc

Mary/work/on the computer Kim/read/a letter

I was i
He/She/It was >■studying.
You/\Ne/They were J
P u t th e v e rb s in b r a c k e ts in to th e p a s t
c o n tin u o u s .
I nk* i k h h UIvc'
A: What 1) ...was happening... (happen) at the time of
Was 1 л the robbery?
Was he/she/it > studying? B: Well. I 2 ) .................................. (sit) in my office. I 3)
Were you/we/they ...............................(talk) to an employee. Some of the
staff 4 ) ..............................(put) food onto the shelves.
NL44-.iiV4: Several customers 5) ............................ (do) their
shopping and a cashier 6 ) ............................. (stand)
behind the till.
A: Can you tell me anything about the robbers?
I was not w asn’t
B: Yes. They 7 ) .................................(wear) black masks
He/She/It was not w asn’t I studying.
You/We/They were not weren’t J and they 8 ) ..................................... (hold) guns. They
9 ) ...................................... (shout).
A: How did they get away?
B: They drove off in a car which 1 0 ).................................
(wait) outside.
 UNIT 3
Past wuous
11 у h*
U , LlLulf- 1- ‘ X

We use the past continuous: T im e e x p re s s io n s used w ith the past c o n tin u o u s

♦ for an action which was in progress at a stated time in clu de :
in the past. We do not know when the action started w hile , w h e n , as, a ll d a y/n ig h t/m o rn in g , etc.
or finished.
w he n/w h ile /as + past co n tin u o u s (longer action)
At three o'clo ck w hen + past sim p le (sho rter action)
yesterday afternoon
Mike and his son
w ere w ashing the
dog. (We do not know
when they started or M a tc h C o lu m n A w it h C o lu m n B.
finished washing the
dog.) C olum n A

1 While I was driving home. ......e......

♦ for a past action which was in progress when an­
2 We were watching the children ..............
other action interrupted it. We use the past continu­ 3 He cut his finger ...............
ous for the action in progress (longer action) and 4 At eight o'clock yesterday m orning ..............
the past simple for the action which interrupted it 5 As she was crossing the street. ..............
(shorter action). _ 6 While they were talking , ..............

He was re a d in g a C olum n В
newspaper when
his wife cam e, (was a as he was chopping wood,
reading = longer b he was sleeping in his bed.
action; came = с while they were playing,
shorter action) d she slipped and fell,
e I ran out of petrol,
f the doorbell rang.

♦ for two or more actions which were happening at

the same time in the J o in th e s e n te n c e s u s in g as, when o r
past (simultaneous while, a s in th e e x a m p le .
actions).
1 Tina was cooking. She burnt herself.
The people w ere ...As/W hen/W hile Tina w as cooking, she b u rn t her­
w a tc h in g w h ile the self. ...
cow boy was rid in g ... Tina was cooking when she b u rn t h e rse lf. ...
the bull. 2 Laura was making some tea. She dropped the kettle.
3 Mrs Jason was sitting in the garden. It started raining.
4 Peter was driving his car. He got a flat tyre.
♦ to give the background inform ation in a story. 5 She was walking in the park. A dog attacked her.

P u t th e v e rb s in b r a c k e ts in to th e p a s t
The sun was s h in in g s im p le o r p a s t c o n tin u o u s . W h ic h is th e
and the birds w ere lo n g e r a c tio n in e a c h s e n te n c e ?
singing. Tom was
d riv in g his o ld truck 1 As I ...w as doing... (do) the washing-up, I ...broke...
through the forest. (break) a glass. "Doing th e w ashing-up is th e
lon ge r a c tio n
2 We .............................................. (walk) in the woods
when the s to r m .............................................. (begin).

21
UNIT 3
Past _G tinuous
3 J o h n ............................................................ (repair) his L o o k a t th e p ic tu r e in e x. 6 a g a in a n d , in
m otor bike when his m o th e r..........................(arrive). p a ir s , a s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s tio n s , a s in
4 I ................................................ (eat) my lunch when th e e x a m p le .
the phone ........................................................... (ring).
the two girls / play / tennis?
5 H e ......................................(ride) his bicycle to school
when h e ................................................ (drop) his bag. SA: Were th e tw o g irl в playing te n n is?
6 W e ..............................................(see) a bad accident SB: No, th e y weren’t . They were playing volleyball.
the young man / listen to / music?
as w e ...........................................(drive) to the airport.
7 T o m ................................................ (watch) the match
when the T V ........................................(break down).
8 W e ........................................... (talk) when s h e .......... 3 the older man / read / a book?
................................................... (come) into the room.

4 the women / knit?

b'lioii / -U is A V e ib '
5 the Japanese tourists / take / pictures?

e.g. Were you sleeping at eleven o 'clo ck last night?

Yes. I was.

Were y o u ...? Yes, I was/we were.

P u t th e v e rb s in b r a c k e ts in to th e p a s t
No. I wasn't/we weren't. c o n tin u o u s .

Was he/she/it...? Yes. he/she/it was.

No. he/she/it wasn't. A Yesterday. I went for a walk in the park. While I was
there, I saw lots o f children who 1) ...were playing...
Were th e y ...? Yes. they were. (play). There was a man who 2 ) .................................
No. they weren’t. (walk) his dogs. He 3) .........................................
(throw) sticks and the dogs 4 ) ....................................
(run) to catch them. A gardener 5 ) .............................
Yesterday, the people in the picture had to wait ................(plant) some flowers and some old ladies
two hours for their boat which was late. What 6 ) ................................. (sit) on a park bench enjoying
were they doing while they were waiting? L o o k the warm sunshine. It was lovely.
a t th e p ic tu r e a n d d e s c rib e it u s in g th e
p a s t c o n tin u o u s . В Harriet and Liam got married last weekend. It was a
e.g. The tw o g irls were playing w ith a ball. beautiful wedding. The bridesmaids 1 ) ..................... ^
(wear) pink dresses and they 2 ) ................ ............. I
(all/carry) small bouquets of pink and white flowers ,
The photographer 3) ..................................... " ake)
photographs and the bride’s mother 4 ) .............. (
........................
(crv)
У/
because she was so happy. The ■_
sun 5 ) ...................................(shine) and the couple J
6) ................................(smile) at everyone.

In p a ir s , a s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s tio n s , a s
in th e e x a m p le .

at six o ’clock yesterday evening?

SA: W hat were yo u doing a t six o ’clock y e s te rd a y
evening?
SB: I w as doing m y English homework.
at two o ’clock this morning?
at half past nine last Sunday evening?
an hour ago?
at noon last Saturday?
 Pas»”

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14-fc'i CoitUuuoue [-Щ S ilu p U r

We use the p a s t co n tin u o u s for: We use th e past sim p le for:

• an action w hich was in progress (was happening) • a c o m p le te action at a stated tim e in the past.
at a stated tim e in the past. We do not know when
the action started or
fin ish e d . The plane landed at
the airport at eight
At nine o'clock yester­
o'clock yesterday
day morning, the plane
morning. (The time is
was flying to Tahiti from
stated. The action is
New York. (We do not
complete. The plane
know when it left or
landed.)
reached its destination.)

tw o a ctio n s w h ich w ere happ ening at th e same a ctio ns w hich happened im m ediately one after
tim e in the past. the o th e r in the past.

First she read the

He was listening
advertisement and
carefully while they
then she called the
were explaining the
company.
plan to him.

P u t th e v e rb s in b r a c k e ts in to th e p a s t P u t th e v e rb s in b r a c k e ts in to th e p a s t
c o n tin u o u s o r th e p a s t s im p le . c o n tin u o u s o r th e p a s t s im p le .

1 We ...went... (go) swim m ing every week when we
were young.
2 Sim on.........................................(dance) when he fell
and hurt his leg.
3 Why .......................................................... (you/laugh)
all through your history lesson yesterday?
4 I ............................................... (drink) a glass of milk
every day when I was a child.
5 Todd o fte n ................................... (ride) horses when
he was a boy.
6 Bill .............................................. (write) a letter when
his mother came home.
7 It ...................(rain) while I was waiting for the bus.
8 I ........................ (play) the guitar when I was young.
but I d o n ’t any more.
9 Debbie .........................................(sing) in the school
choir many years ago.
10 L iz .................(clean) the windows when I saw her.
A Steve 1) ...had... (have) an accident yesterday. He
2 ) (drive) his car when a bird
3 ) (fly) into the windscreen. He 4 ) ...........
............. (try) to stop quickly but he 5 ) ................ (crash)
into a wall. Luckily, he 6 ) ..........................(not/be) hurt.
В Last week. 1 1 )............(go) to a talk by a famous writer.
He 2 ) ..........................(talk) about his new book when I
3 ) ...................(arrive). He 4 ) ........................ (give) such
an interesting talk that I 5 ) ...................................... (be)
disappointed when it 6 ) ..........................(end).
С Julie 1 )....................... (tidy) her bedroom last weekend.
While she 2 ) ...........................(tidy) it. she 3 ) .................
(find) some of the toys she 4 ) ..................... (have) when
she was a child. She 5 ) .........................(not/want) to
throw them away, so she 6 ) .....................(put) them in
a box and 7 ) ........................ (store) them in the attic.

25
UNIT 3
Past T-

P u t th e v e rb s in b r a c k e ts in to th e p a s t c o n tin u o u s o r th e p a s t s im p le . T h e n , p u t th e p ic tu r e s
in th e r ig h t o rd e r.

It 1) ...was... (be) a beautiful spring m orning when Emma and her father 2) .................................... (decide) to visit
Seaton Castle. The sun 3 ) .............................................. (shine) and the birds 4 ) ............................................. (sing). Emma
5 ) ..................................... (feel) very excited. The castle 6 ) ................................... (be) very old and made of stone. They
7 ) ........................................(climb) the steps to the top of the tower. While they 8 ) ........................................... (admire) the
view, they 9) .............................. (hear) some noises. They 10) ............................... (look) around but they 11) .............
....................... (not/see) anybody. That's funny,’ said Emma. '1 1 2 ) ............................... (think) 11 3 ) .............................(see)
someone standing over there.' After a while they 1 4 ) .................................... (decide) to visit the cellar of the castle.
Emma 1 5 ) ............................................ (examine) an old barrel when she 1 6 ) ....................................(hear) the door of the
cellar close behind them. ‘Dad,’ she 1 7 ) ..........................................(say), d o n ’t close the d o o r!’ 'But. I 1 8 ) ....................
.......................................... (not/close) it, dear,’ her father said. Emma 19) .......................................... (turn) around and
20) .............................(see) a shadow on the wall. She 2 1 ) ................................. (know) then that the ghost of Seaton
Castle 2 2 ) ................................. (watch) them!

P u t th e v e rb s in b r a c k e ts in to th e p a s t
C o r r e c t th e m is ta k e s .
s im p le o r th e p a s t c o n tin u o u s . i4 >

1 Philip was washing the car while the fire started.

Dear Rick,
I’m w ritin g to you Jrom my hotel in Switzerland.
I’m having a lovely time here but you can’t imagine
w hat 1) ...happened... (happen) to me yesterday. I
2 ) ................... (be) on the m ountain w ith my friends 1
and we 3 ) ....................... (have) a lovely time because
the snow 4) ........................... (be) perfect fo r skiing.
Unfortunately the sun 5 ) ...................................(shine) /
on the snow, so it 6 ) ......................(be) d ifficult to see. у
Suddenly, I 7) .................................. (hit) a rock and I
8 ) ......................(fa 10 over. Luckily I 9 ) ..........................
(not/be) seriously h u rt — I ju s t 1 0 ) ......................(get)
a few bruises. Now I’m trying to be more careful!
I’ll see you when I get back.
2 Neil was studying when his sister was listening to
music.
3 Harriet was opening the door and walked into the
house.
4 We were having lunch at a lovely restaurant every
day when we were on holiday.
5 Brian drank tea at five o'clock yesterday afternoon.
6 Dad was repairing the TV while Mum cooked dinner.
7 I was going to the cinema last Saturday.
8 I was buying a new dress for my party yesterday.
9 While Jeff built the garden shed, he hurt himself.
10 While the teacher were speaking, the students were
listening to him.

Best wishes,
Kevin

24
 \
р«

Q R * L /j
Box Activity
Look at the picture. It shows what the people were
P u t th e v e rb s in b r a c k e ts in to th e doing/did when a bank robbery happened. In pairs,
p re s e n t c o n tin u o u s , p r e s e n t s im p le , ask and answer questions using the prom pts below
15> p a s t s im p le o r p a s t c o n tin u o u s . as in the example.
e.g. SA: What was the manager doing?
1 I ...was> cleaning... (clean) the windows when the SB: He was talking on the phone.
te le p h o n e ........................................(ring). SA: What d id he do when he saw the robbers?
2 ‘What is that noise?’ ‘J a m e s ....................................... SB: He stood up.
(repair) his bike at the m om ent.’
3 H e .....................................(read) a book when his manager / talk on the phone / stand up
m o th e r..............................(call) him. cashier / count some money / put his hands up
4 '......................... (be) you busy?' ‘No. w h a t.................. child / sit on a chair / start to cry
...................... (you/want) me to do?’ old lady / wait in the queue / faint
5 T h e y ............................... (sing) while w e ......................
..............................(play) some music.
6 Susan is a nurse. She usually ...............................
(work) at night.

C h o o s e th e c o r r e c t a n s w e r.

1 The earth ...0... round the sun.

A moved В moves С is moving
2 S a ra h ............... a new car last week.
A is buying В buy С bought
3 I .............. when suddenly the dog began to bark.
A study В studied С was studying
4 T h e y .............. hard at the moment.
A are w orking В were working С worked
5 I .............. home from work when it began to snow.
A am walking В walk С was walking <u3± ± i*c
6 J a n e ............ the receiver and dialled the number. Activity
A lifts В was lifting С lifted
7 Walt D is n e y .............. Mickey Mouse. Imagine that one o f the people who saw the robbery
A was creating В creates С created is w riting a letter to a friend to tell him /her what was
happening/ happened on that day. Using the picture
8 H e le n ............ to the gym every day. but now she and your notes from the Oral A ctivity, com plete the
doesn't. letter.
A used to go В d id n ’t use to go С was going
9 W e ............. for a new house at the moment. D e a r........................... (friend’s name),
A are looking В look С looked
I'm writing to tell you what happened to me
10 T e d .............. his father in the garden every Sunday.
yesterday while I was depositing some money in
A was helping В helps С is helping
the bank.
11 The ferry to C a la is ........... at 3 o ’clock every day. I was standing in the queue when two bank
A leave В leaves С was leaving
robbers suddenly appeared at the door................
12 Y o u ............. your music too loud! I can’t stand it!
A were always playing В always play
С are always playing

25
 M a k e s e n te n c e s u s in g th e p r o m p ts
1 b e lo w a s in t h e e x a m p le .

1 read / a new spaper / yesterday

.../ haven’t read a newspaper since yesterday....
2 have / a break / this m orning
3 travel / abroad / last sum m er
4 watch / TV / last night
5 buy / a present / Decem ber
6 w rite / a letter / Christm as
7 eat / dinner / at a restaurant / last m onth

B ob a n d Mary have b e e n on holiday for a week. S [ t o Li /-U lS Y V tr l b'

They’ve vis ite d a lo t o f tropical beaches a n d they've
sw um in the blue sea. Have th e y b o u g h t any sou­
venirs yet? No, they haven't.
e.g. Has she ca lle d her parents? Yes. she has.

We form the present perfect sim ple w ith the auxiliary Yes. I/we have.
Have you ...?
verb have/has and the past participle. We form the past No. I/we haven't.
participle o f regular verbs by adding -ed to the verb.
e.g. play - played
Yes. he/she/it has.
Has he/she/it...?
We form the past participle o f irregular verbs differently.
No. he/she/it hasn’t.
e.g. see - seen (See list o f irre g u la r verbs on page 152.)

We form questions by putting have/ has before the sub­ Yes. they have.
Have they ...?
je c t e.g. Have they read the book? No. they haven’t.
We form negations by putting not between have/has
and the past participle.
Sam hasn't seen John fo r a long time. He
e.g. He has not/h asn't repaired the TV yet.
wants to know what John has done since
they last met. In p a ir s , a s k a n d a n s w e r
A M l niiiUvc- q u e s tio n s u s in g th e p r o m p ts b e lo w a s
in th e e x a m p le .
SA: Have you found a new Job?
SB: Yes. I have.

}
I have ve
He/She/It has *s finished/
You/We/They have •ve left.
fin d / a new jo b ? /

I nt e l i Q tiu ttv o
b u y / a b ig g e r car? /
I
}
Have
Has he/she/it finished/
left? m o ve / house? X
Have you/w e/they

K e iu iilv c g e t / m a rrie d? X

I have not haven’t

fin ish / y o u r stu d ie s? У

}
He/She/It has not hasn’t finis
finished/
left. start / ta k in g у
You/We/They have not haven’t
ka ra te lessons?
 [-resent 1-еИес

U ifCf- > V lL lU r

We use the presen t perfe ct sim p le :
♦ fo r actions which happened at an unstated tim e in
the past. The exact tim e is not mentioned because
is n0t im Portant' We Put
more emphasis on the
*** П action.
Kim has bought a new
mobile phone. (When did she
buy it? We don't mention the
exact time because it is not
important. What is important
is the fact that she’s got a
new mobile phone.)
Tim e exp re ssio n s used w ith th e p re se n t perfect
sim p le include:
lo r, since, already, ju st, always, recently, ever,
h o w long, yet, lately, never, so far, today, this
m o rn in g /a fte m o o n lw e e k lm o n th ly e a r, etc.
A ffirm ative
fo r e.g. I have known them fo r six years.
since e.g. She has been ill since Monday.
already e.g. We have already eaten our lunch.
ju s t e.g. I have ju s t posted the letter.
always e.g. She has always wanted to travel abroad.
recently e.g. He has re ce n tly published a book.

♦ for actions which started in the past and are still
__ continuing in the present.
He has been a car salesman
since 1990. (He started
working as a car salesman in
1990 and he still is a car
salesman.)
♦ for actions which have recently finished and their
results are visible in the
present.
Q uestions
ever e.g. Have you ever met anybody famous?
how long e.g. H ow lo n g have you lived here?
yet e.g. Has Paul left yet?
lately e.g. Have you seen any good films lately?
Negations
fo r e.g. I haven't talked to him fo r days.
since e.g. They haven't been abroad since 1990.
yet e.g.She hasn't answered my letter yet.
lately e.g. I haven't seen John lately.
never e.g. They have never worked abroad.

& F ill in since o r for.

They have done their shop­
ping. (We can see that they
have finished their shopping
because they're leaving the
supermarket and there are
bags in their trolley.)
1 f o r ........ten years
2 I was five
3 8 o’clock
4 two hours
5 ages
6 six months
7 lunch-time
8 we moved
to this town
9 three minutes

♦ w ith today, th is m orning/afternoon, etc. when

а м 'м л these periods o f time are M a tc h C o lu m n A w it h C o lu m n B.
not finished at the time of Q .
A H t. speaking.

г
C o lu m n A C o lu m n В

1 Jerry hasn’t typed a visited Japan?

He has made ten pots this
2 She has always b talked to them,
m orning. (It is still morning
3 Have you ever с the letter yet.
so this period of time is not
4 We've already d to New York twice
finished.)
5 Tim has already this year,
been e known them?
6 How long have you f wanted to be a singer

27
 Е д F ill in th e g a p s w it h recently, how long, л P u t th e v e rb s in b r a c k e ts in to th e c o r r e c t
<
®& A yet, always, ever, already, since o r never. ° > fo rm o f th e p re s e n t p e rfe c t s im p le .

1 A: ...How long... has she been an air hostess?
B: .........................................................she left school.
2 A: Jonathan has m oved h o u s e ....................................
B: W hat's his new address?
3 A: I can’t phone you. I haven't g ot a p h o n e .............
B: Well. I'll com e to your house instead.
4 A: Has she finished her h o m e w o rk ..........................?
B: Yes. S h e 's ...............................................finished it.
5 A: He eats a lot of vegetables, d oesn’t he?
B: Yes. He’s .....................................liked vegetables.
6 A: Have y o u ....................................... been to China?
B: No, I h a v e .............................................been there.
1 A: Have you ever given an interview?
B: No, I ...have never done... (never/do) that.
2 A: What time does the train leave?
B: I t ............................................................(just/leave)!
3 A: Is the new restaurant good?
В: I ................................................(not/eat) there yet.
4 A: Shall I do the shopping now?
B: No, I ................................................(already/do) it.
5 A: Julia, are you ready?
B: No, I .....................................(not/dry) my hair yet.
6 A: W ould you like to have lunch with me?
B: No. thanks. I ................................... (already/eat).

Ko.YCf- LlOLllr (to) *- КоЛ'(£- b(£-l£-ll (to)

M rs K erns
■
♦ They have gone to the cinem a. (This means that they haven’t com e back yet. They are s till at the cinema.)
♦ She has been to London. (This means th a t she has visite d London; she is n ot there now. She has com e back.)

F ill in th e g a p s w it h have/has been (to) o r F ill in th e g a p s w it h havelhas been (to) o r

have/has gone (to). have/has gone (to).

1 'W here are Tom and Lucy?’ T h e y ...have gone to... A: Hi, Roger' Where is everybody? The house is very quiet.
the theatre.’ B: Well. Mum 1) ...has gone to... the cinem a with Mavis.
2 I d o n ’t live in London. I ................... o n l y .................. A: How about your sister?
there once. B: She’s having a shower right now because she
3 I am alone in the house. My p a re n ts ........................ 2) the gym.
...........................on holiday. A: I 3) ....................................................................the gym
4 ‘Is Philip at hom e?’ 'No, h e ........................................ tw ice this week. It’s really exhausting.
work.' B: As for Dad, he 4 ) ............................................................
5 My friend w ants us to go on holiday to Madrid this the library to get som e books.
summer, but I ................... a lre a d y ..................... there. A: So, how about going to that new cafe that’s just
6 Anita has just com e hom e. She ............................... opened near the park?
..................... the theatre. B: Oh. I 5 ) ................................... there. It isn't that great.
7 Where are Julia and Dave?’ T h e y ........................... Why don't we call Steve and go to the basketball court?
..................... the sports centre with their friends.’ A: Okay, let's do that instead.
 P resen t

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We use the past sim p le fo r: W e use th e p re s e n t p e rfe c t s im p le for:

• an a ctio n w h ic h h a pp ened at a stated tim e in the an a ctio n w h ic h happ ened at an u n sta te d tim e in
past. th e past.

Ed Prior won his first Ed Prior has won a

gold medal in 1992. lot o f medals.
(When? We don't
(When? In 1992. The
time is mentioned.) know. The time is
not stated.)

• an a ctio n w h ic h sta rte d and fin is h e d in the past. • an a ctio n w h ich sta rte d in th e p a st and is s till
c o n tin u in g in the
present.
4 Annette had a cold 9
MCM»« Igg p 4
for two days. n -r-rr г-г-п Т
(She hasn't got a for three days.
cold any more.) fr f- . M
(She has still got a
cold.)

p a ir s , a s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s tio n s
q P u t th e v e rb s in b r a c k e ts in to th e p a s t
1 0 ^ u s in g th e p r o m p ts b e lo w a s in th e
й"
^ > s im p le o r th e p re s e n t p e r fe c t s im p le .
e x a m p le .

1 A: I ...went... (go) to the new gym yesterday. SA: Have you ever been to th e USA?
B: It's good, isn’t it? I .............(go) there a few times. SB: Yee, I have.
2 A: ............................... (you/write) to Simon lately? SA: When did you go?
B: Yes, I .................... (write) him a letter last week. SB: I went in 1996.
3 A: How lo n g ..................................(you/be) married?
B: Only for six months. I ..................................... (get)
married last December. go/the USA (When)
1
4 A: I ........................................ (not/see) Sam for a long w

time.
B: Really? I ............................ (see) him yesterday at plant/a tree (Where)
the sw im m ing pool.
5 A: ..................................... (you/type) the report yet?
B: Yes, I ............................ (finish) it half an hour ago. sing/in a choir (When)
6 A: M a ry .......................... (know) Steven for six years.
B: W h e n ............................................(they/meet)? TT
A: When th e y .................. (be) at university together. save/your money (Why) ..
7 A: ..................................(you/ever/play) rugby? О
B: Yes. I have. I .................................... (play) for the
meet/a politician (Who)
first time last week.
8 A: J a m e s ...................(write) a new book last year.
В: I know. I ..................................(read) some great travel/by boat (When)
reviews about it in the newspaper.

29
 rfect Simple
P ut th e verbs in b ra c k e ts in to th e p ast
s im p le o r th e p re s e n t p e r fe c t s im p le .
Dear Margaret,
Thank you very m uch /o r your le tte r w hich I
1) ...received... (receive) last week. 1 2 ) ..................(be)
really happy to hear from you after all this time.
I’ve got a lo t o f news to tell you about my self. I
3 ) ........................... (get) a new jo b nine months ago.
I w ork as a reporter fo r our local TV station now. I 4)
........................(have) m any interesting experiences so
far. When I firs t 5 ) ............................... (start) work, the
manager 6 ) ..................................(ask) me to interview
our old school headmaster. He 7 ) .......................... (be)
so surprised to see me w ith a m icrophone in my hand!
Last month, a fire 8 ) ......................(break out) in a
big factory in the area. 1 9 ) ........................(be) the only
reporter who 1 0 ) ..................................(manage) to talk
to the owner! That 1 1 ) .................................. (make) me
fee I very proud.
As you can see, I enjoy my jo b very much. I 1 2 ) ......
....................................(meet) a lo t o f im portant people
and I 1 3 ) ..............................(have) the oppo rtunity to
see lots o f new places. I 1 4 ) ..............................(buy) a
new car because my old one 1 5 ) ....................................
(break down) a couple o f weeks ago.
I have to go now because they 1 6 ) ..........................
(just/in /o rm ) me th a t I have to fly by helicopter to
Middle/ord. I have to talk to people whose homes were
damaged by the storm which 1 7 ) ...................... (hit) the
area last night. You see, I do n't have a mom ent’s rest!
Keep in touch.
Love,
Rosie
Put th e verbs in b ra c k e ts into th e
p re s e n t p e rfe c t s im p le o r th e p a s t s im p le .
A: Hello. Billy. 11) haven't seen (not/see) you for a long time.
B: Yes. I 2 ) ........................... (be) very busy recently.
A: Really? Tell me what you 3) ................................ (do)
since we last 4 ) ............................. (see) each other.
B: Well, I 5 ) .............................. (get) my degree last month
and then I 6 ) ............................ (move) house.
A: When 7 ) ...................................................(you/move)?
B: Last week, but I 8 ) ........................................................
(not/unpack) everything yet.
A: I 9) ....................................... (phone) you on Tuesday
but there 1 0 ) ............................ (be) no answer.
В: I 1 1 ) ................................. (be) busy at my new house
then.
A: Never mind. I only 1 2 ) ...................................... (want) to
invite you to a party next week at my house.
B: Great! Thank you.
Put th e verbs in b ra c k e ts into the
p re s e n t p e rfe c t s im p le o r th e p a s t s im p le .
1 Mr and Mrs Patel ...won... (win) two free tickets to
Paris in a TV show last week.
2 First, R o b e rt.................... (brush) his teeth, then he
.................... (go) to bed.
3 *.............................. (you/ever/see) a lion?’ ‘Yes. I saw
one when I ...........................(go) to Kenya in 1996.'
4 I .............................. (not/see) my family for two years.
5 ’Where’s John?’ H e ............................................ (go)
fishing for the day with his father.'
6 My s is te r................................................ (not/play) the
violin since she was twelve.
7 I .........................................................(already/see) this
film. Let's watch something else.
8 Last week. Fred ........................................ (fall) off a
ladder a n d .........................................(break) his arm.
9 I ........................................(never/hear) such a moving
song before.
10 Je n n ife r.................................................. (always/want)
to get Harrison Ford's autograph.
IN OTHER WORDS
S tu d y th e s e e x a m p le s . T h e s e c o n d s e n te n c e
h a s a s im ila r m e a n in g to th e fir s t s e n te n c e .
1 He has never travelled by boat before.
tim e It’s the first tim e he has travelled by boat.
2 Sharon hasn’t been to a party for two months,
w ent The last time Sharon w ent to a party was
two months ago.
3 It’s a long time since Mary visited Helen.
fo r Mary has n o t visited Helen fo r a long time.
C o m p le te e a c h s e n te n c e w ith tw o to
14 five w ords, including th e w ord in bold.
1 Kate hasn’t phoned her mother for a week,
phoned The last time ...Kate phoned her mother
wae... a week ago.
2 They have never visited Vienna before.
tim e It’s the .............................................Vienna.
3 It’s a long time since I ate out.
fo r I ................................................ a long time.
4 Roger hasn't played tennis for six weeks,
played The last tim e .................................................
tennis was six weeks ago.
5 It’s years since Mr Smith went on holiday.
has Mr S m ith .......................................................
for years.
6 John hasn’t been to his country house since Easter,
w ent The last time John ......................................
was at Easter.
 Present P

C o rre c t th e m is ta k e s .

1 We have bought a new sofa last month.

2 Jim lives in Germany for three years. Read the notes about Paul Vern who is a fam ous run­
3 My father has went fishing. ner. Make sentences using the prom pts given as in
4 She is just moved house. the example.
5 We have eaten lunch at one o'clock. e.g. Paul Vern was b o m in Sussex.
6 Sophie has do her homework.
7 Ann and Tim have got married ten years ago.
8 I am at school since nine o'clock.

Box

P u t th e verb s in b ra c k e ts in to th e
c o rre c t te n s e .

be born / in Sussex
always want / be a runner
Dear Bert,
start running / at the age of seven
I 1) ...'m w ritin g ... (w rite) to tell you w h a t a win / the school cham pionship / when / be /15
years old
great tim e we 2) ....................................... (have) at
join / the national team / four years ago
the Sour Grapes concert last weekend. It's a pity
win / several medals / so far
you 3) .................................... (not/com e).
The concert 4 ) .......................................(take) place recently receive / the “Athlete o f the Year" award
get married / last month
in the fo o tb a ll stadium near the university. There
5) (be) abou t 80,00 0 people already take part / in two international
cham pionships
there. While we 6 ) ...................................(w a it) to get
in, we 7 ) ..................................... (see) the members o f
the group arrive in a big black lim o. They 8 ) .............
.................................... (have) bodyguards w ith them.
Anyway, we 9 ) ................................... (find) our seats
and 1 0 ) ..................................... (w ait) im p atie n tly fo r
the concert to begin. The Sour Grapes 1 1 ).................
.......................................... (recently/record) an album Imagine you want to w rite an article about Paul Vern
which 1 2 ) .............................................. (become) very for your school newspaper. Use your notes from the
successful. Oral Activity to write a short text. You can begin like
The concert 13) ......................................... (last) fo r this:
two and a h a lf hours. I 1 4 ) ............................................
(send) you some photos th a t Alex 1 5 ) ........................ Paul Vern is a fam ous runne r who com petes
...............(take) when we 1 6 ) ......................................... internationally. He was born in Sussex........................
(be) there. We 1 7 ) ............................................. (hear)
that the Sour Grapes 1 8 ) ..............................................
(give) a big concert in London next m onth. Perhaps
you can see them there.
Best Wishes,
Roger
 We use the fu tu re sim ple :

► fo r future actions which may or may not happen.

We’ll visit Disney

World one day.

♦ for predictions about the future.

A: I'm sure w e 'll have a great time at Joan's party Life w ill be better fifty years from now.
tom orrow night.
fo r threats o r warnings.
B: Yes, I agree. A ll our friends w ill be there.
A: W ill your father le t you take the car?
B: No, I ’m afraid he w o n ’t.

We form the future sim ple w ith w ill and the bare
infinitive. W ill is used fo r all persons. Stop o r I ’l l shoot.
e.g. Susan w ill post the letters tomorrow morning.
We form questions by putting w ill before the sub­
ject.
e.g. Will Kate lend you her book? ♦ for prom ises or on-the-spot decisions.
We form negations by putting not after w ill. The
short form o f w ill not is w on’t.
e.g. He w ill n o t/w o n ’t pay the bill.
I ’ll h e lp you with your
| A H tu iu -U v i-
homework.

1 will
1,1 1
He/She/It will ’«I 1►phone.
УоиЛЛ/еДЬеу will ’II J ♦ with the verbs hope, think, believe, expect, etc.,
the expressions I’m sure, I’m afraid, etc. and the
adverbs probably, perhaps, etc.
IlltC'l i o tu -llvc-
I think he w ill support me.
He w ill probably go to work.
Will 1 л
Will he/she/it > phone?
Will you/we/they J

Iv!c4u-Uvcr

Tim e e xp re ssio n s used w ith the fu tu re sim p le

1 will not w o n ’t л includ e :
He/She/It will not w o n ’t - phone.
to m orrow , the day a fter tom orrow , next w eek/m onth/
You/We/They will not w on’t J
year, to n ig h t, soon, in a w eek/m onthlyear, etc.
 What w ill life be like in the 21st century? Look 3 Shall I carry your shopping bags for you?
1 к a t th e p ro m p ts an d m a k e s e n te n c e s (offer/suggestion)
using w ill or w o n ’t, a s in th e e x a m p le . 4 I’ll buy a present for my mother,
(on-the-spot decision/prediction)
1 People / live longer /
5 Will you take out the rubbish, please?
People will live longer. (suggestion/request)
2 Robots / do most of the work /
3 People / use electric cars X
4 Pollution / disappear / R ep lace th e w ords in ita lic s w ith Will you.
5 People / die of serious diseases X Shall I or Shall we, as in th e exam ple.
6 Children / stop going to school X
7 People / go on holiday to the moon /
1 Why don't we spend our holidays in Spain this summer9
Shall we spend our holidays in Spain th is sum ­
mer?
И ЯВЯШ — Ф
2 Do you want me to go to the supermarket for you?
^ ■ *,v
e t
3 Can you pick up the children from school for me.
We use:
please?
♦ W ill you ...? to ask someone to do som ething for
us (request).
4 Why d o n ’t we listen to that new CD?
e.g. W ill you p o st these letters for me, please?
(= Can you post these letters for me, please?)
5 Do you want me to book the tickets for you?
♦ S hall I ...? w hen w e o ffe r to d o so m e th in g fo r
som eone else.
6 Can you take my jacket to the dry-cleaner’s for me.
e.g. S hall I help you clean your room?
please?
( - Do you want me to help you clean your
room?)
♦ Shall we ...? to m ake a su g g e stio n .
e.g. S hall w e go to the theatre tonight?
(-W h y don't we go to the theatre tonight?) b'llO li A.LlbAVt£-lb'

^ e.g. Will you pay the bills? Yes, I will.

a A sk q u e s tio n s using th e p ro m p ts , a s in
> th e e x a m p le . Will you...?
No. I/we won t.
1 The garden is very untidy. (I / cut / the grass)
S h a ll I c u t th e g ra s s ? Wl„ he/shem will.
2 It’s a lovely evening, (we / go for / a walk) No. he/she/it won t.

3 I need a hot drink. (I / make / som e tea) Will they ...? YeS’ they will‘
No. they won’t.
4 It’s very quiet in here. (I / turn on / the radio)

5 The Smiths are back, (we / visit / them) /^ 4 .

C - In pairs, ask and a n s w er questions using
. .........*....... ...................... ” 7...... ••••••••••......................... ^ th e prom pts below , as in th e exam p le.
6 I ve cut my finger. (I / get / a plaster) " r r
SA: Will you have a p a r ty on y o u r b irth d a y th is year?
SB: Yes. I will. / No. I won’t.

л W h a t d o es w ill/shall exp re s s in e a c h sen - 1 have a party on your birthday this year?

^ te n c e ? U n d e rlin e th e c o rre c t m e a n in g . 2 go to university when you finish school?
3 travel abroad if you have enough money?
1 Tidy your room or I w o n ’t let you go to the party. 4 go out with your friends at the weekend?
(threat/request) 5 watch TV this evening?
2 Your daughter will have a very successful career. 6 study hard for next term ’s exams?
(warning/prediction) 7 learn how to drive next summer?
 A n s w e r th e fo llo w in g q u e s tio n s a b o u t
y o u r s e lf u s in g I th in k /l h o p e /l expect I ' l l ... o r 13L- CPoLLiej Vo
I'm s u re /l’m afraid I ' l l ..., a s in th e e x a m p le .

W here will you be at 5 o 'clo ck tom orrow afternoon?

I expect I'll be a t home.
2 W here will you go at the weekend?
3 W here will you spend your holidays?
4 W hat will you d o if you fail your exams?
5 W hen will you buy your ow n car?
6 W ho will you ask for help if you are in trouble?

NOTE:

We do not use the future sim ple after: w hile,

before, until, as soon as, after, if and when. We
use the present sim ple instead.
e.g. I'll make a phone call w hile I w ait for you.
(N O T:... while I will-weH for you.) He is going to throw the ball.

W hen” can be fo llo w e d by the futu re sim ple if it

is used as a question w ord. We use be going to:
e.g. When w ill you return? ♦ fo r plans and intentions we have about the near
I don't know when Helen w ill be back. future.

W hen” is follow ed by the present sim ple if it is e.g. Bob is g o in g to drive to Manchester
tomorrow morning.
used as a tim e word.
e.g. Please phone me when you finish work. ♦ when there is evidence that som ething is going
to happen in the near future.
e.g Look at that tree. It is going to fa ll down.

у j P u t th e v e rb s in b r a c k e ts in to th e
I /v iiii m v-.ilve
A p r e s e n t s im p le o r th e fu tu r e s im p le .

1 They ...w ill/7/ go... (go) to school when th e y ............

......................................................... (be) five years old. I am
He/She/It is going to
2 I ............................................. (call) you before I .............
J leave.
's
..............................................................(leave) for Paris. You/We/They are •re
3 H e ...................................... (write) a letter to her every
day w hile h e ....................................... (be) at college. Ih k M io o iiU v ^
4 W e ..................................................(do) our hom ew ork
when we ....................................................(get) home. Am I
5 J o h n .............................................. (fix) the tap as soon Is he/she/it I going to
as h e .................................... (come) back from work. Are you/w e/they J leave-
6 When ................................................ (you/pack) your
suitcase? КЧчи;ifvc-
7 I ................................................. (not/do) anything until
you ............................................................... (be) ready.
8 When ............................................... (you/phone) me?
I am not *m not
9 I promise I .................................... (buy) you a present [g o in g to
He/She/It is not isn't
when I .................................(return) from my holiday.
You/We/They are not aren't J leave.
10 When s h e ........................................ (pass) her driving
test, she .....................................................(buy) a car.
 UNIT 5
T rr* E .u tu re
Jennifer and Mark are going to spend their
F ill in e a c h g a p w ith be g oin g to a n d one
o f th e ve rb s fro m th e lis t. holidays in d iffe re n t p laces this summer.
Look a t th e ta b le . In p a irs , a s k and
a n s w e r q u e s tio n s u sin g th e p ro m p ts
rescue, explode, jump, fall g iv e n , a s in th e e x a m p le .

SA: le J e n n ife r g o in g t o ta k e h e r p a e e p o rt?

SB: Yea, ehe le.

J e n n if ir M ark

take/passport / /

travel/by train X /

boy/souvenirs / /

spend/much money ✓ X

hire/a car / X

1 She ...is going t o 2 The car

jum p... out of the
plane. into the river. Fill in th e g a p s w ith w ill/shall or th e
c o rre c t fo rm o f be going to an d th e
v e rb in b ra c k e ts .

A: (1) ...S h a ll we go... (we/go) to the football m atch on

Saturday?
В I can ’t. I ( 2 ) ......................................(help) my sister.
A Oh yes. She is m oving house, isn't she?
В That’s right. (3) ................................. (you/help) us?
A Yes, I’d like to. W hat time ( 4 ) .....................................
(I/come) to your house?
B: I’m not sure yet. I ( 5 ) ............................... (probably/
phone) you on Friday to tell you. Is that alright?
A Yes. I think I (6) .....................................(be) in then.
В Okay. (7) ...........................(we/go) for a walk now?
A I'd rather not. Look at those black clouds.
It ( 8 ) ................................................(rain). Let's stay in
3 The aeroplane
and watch a video.
B: Great idea.
the boy.

. . Fill in th e g a p s w ith shall, w ill o r th e c o r

v■ r e d fo rm o f be going to.
S l i d t Л Lib-we-1 b
1 A: The shops are closed tom orrow.
В: I ...will... buy bread and milk today then.
2 A: ....................................we tell Mr Peck about the
e.g. Are you going to ca ll him ? Yes, I am. accident?
B: That's a good idea. Maybe he can help.
Yes. I am/we are. 3 A: It's too dark in here to read.
Are you...?
No, I'm not/we aren't. B: Is it? I ........................................ turn on the light.
4 A: Please com e and see us.
Yes. he/she/it is. B: W e .................................. visit you soon, that's a
Is he/she/it...?
No. he/she/it isn't. promise.
5 A: ...................................I wear a jum per or a coat?
Yes, they are. B: It's very cold. Take your coat.
Are they...?
No, they aren’t. 6 A: Can we go out to play. Mum?
B: No, w e .....................................have dinner now.

55

to Il o w i n g
lirf --"'V
We can use th e fu tu re s im p le , be g o in g to , p re s e n t
c o n tin u o u s o r p re s e n t s im p le to ta lk a b o u t fu tu re
a c tio n s .
a) H e’ll se ll his car.
(will: the future action may or may not happen)
b) She's g o in g to s tu d y abroad next year.
(be goin g to: to express intention)
c) They’re le a vin g for M exico tomorrow.
(present continuous: for an arranged action)
d) The bus leaves at nine o ’clock.
(present sim ple: for timetables)
. - P u t th e v e rb s in b ra c k e ts in to th e
■v a p r e s e n t c o n tin u o u s o r th e p r e s e n t
s im p le .
1 u...le G o rd o n com ing... (G ordon/com e) w ith us
tonight?" “ No. he ...le n ’t... (be/not)"
2 My sister ................................................................. (go)
to university in September.
3 W hat tim e ........................................................................
(the play/start) tom orrow ?
4 N a ta lie ..............................................................................
(have) a birthday party on Saturday.
5 Megan ..............................................................................
(sing) in the school concert tom orrow night.
6 The flight to Berlin .........................................................
(leave) at six o'clock.
7 The Browns ....................................................................
(move) to their new house this weekend.
8 What time ........................................................................
(the ferry/reach) Calais tom orrow afternoon?

Jonathan is not satisfied w ith his life as it

is. He has already de cid e d to change a лл' Fill in th e g a p s w ith o n e of th e verbs
num ber o f things. L o o k a t th e p r o m p ts * J fro m th e lis t in th e c o rre c t te n s e .
a n d s a y w h a t h e in te n d s t o d o , a s in
th e e x a m p le . walk, come, post

• m ove to the city centre

He Ie going to move to
the c ity centre.
A1.
• sell his car
v — w Don't worry. I
о .................it for you
on my way home.
• buy a bigger house ■ 't f

m arry Susan

apply for a jo b w ith a law firm

В Now look at Jonathan's diary. What has he

the tightrope
already arranged to do? M a k e s e n te n c e s ,
a s in th e e x a m p le .

• M onday, 8th April — m ove to/the city centre

“] He's moving to th e c ity centre on Monday, 3 th Tom F o rd .......
..................to our
April.
town next week.

£ Tuesday, 9th April - Mr Brown com e/collect/the car

W ednesday, 10th April — sign the contract/fo r a
new house
• Friday, 12th April — have an interview w ith Mr Ford
at 10 o ’clock Really?
• Sunday, 20th June — get married That's great!

56
 C o rre c t th e m is ta k e s .
15>

Will I take the children to the playground for you?

Rob Brown and M olly Gould are opera singers. A
I'll call you when I will finish work.
reporter has interviewed them about their summer
Will you to clean the carpet, please?
plans. Look at the table and, in pairs, ask and answer
The film is starting at 8 o ’clock.
questions using the prompts, as in the example.
Wait here until he will come.
The Queen w on't not attend the parade tomorrow. e.g. SA: Is Rob going to give any concerts in the summer?
SB: Yes, he is. Is M olly going to give any concerts
in the summer?
SA: Yes, she is.

Box
Rob Brown Molly Gould
10 P u t th e verb s in b ra c k e ts in to th e • give / concerts / ✓
^ c o rre c t te n s e .
• go / to India / X
• appear / in a TV show X /

Dear Martha, • go on / holiday

/ /
in August
I 1) ...Vn writing... • take part / in charity
(write) to tell you my / /
events
good news.
• sing / at the Queen
12) ...................................
Mother’s birthday X X
(save) enough money
celebrations
from my part-time job
and, at last, 13 ) ........... • make / a record / X
.........................................(open) a/low er shop. M y/ather • sing / in a rock opera X /
4 ) ...................................... (own) a shop years ago and
he 5) .......................................... (give) me some advice
and suggestions. He 6 ) ..........................................(think)
that my shop 7 ) ..................................... (be) a success,
because there isn’t another flow er shop in the area.
The shop isn’t ready yet. My brother 8 ) ..................... ^ u jjL i / y q
..............................(already/paint) the inside o f the shop Activity
and tom orrow he 9) ............................................ (paint)
the outside. 1 1 0 ).........................................(need) to buy Look at your notes from the Oral A ctivity above and
com plete the newspaper article about Rob Brown and
a new sign. My mother 11) ............................................
M olly Gould.
(want) me to call the shop “ Rose” , but I 1 2 ).................
........................(still/think) about it. Anyway, I ju st hope
Rob Brown and Molly Gould, up-and-com ing opera
the local people 1 3 )..................................... (like) it.
singers, talked to our reporter, Emma Smith, yesterday.
I 1 4 )...................................(start) work next Monday.
She asked them about th e ir future plans, and this is
I 1 5 )...............................................(probably/phone) you
what she found out:
some time next week if I 1 6 )..................................(have)
Rob and M olly are going to give concerts in the
time. Wish me luck.
summer. R o b .....................................................................
Best wishes,
Nicky

57
 Revision 1 (Units 1 - 5) )

5 Grandma ..............
( j R e w rite th e s e n te n c e s p u ttin g th e Grandad ................
> ad verb in b ra c k e ts in th e c o rre c t p la c e . 6
................ (paint) the front door.
1 I go to bed after midnight, (seldom) 7 Bob and Sally ..... ................................. (walk) when
I seldom go to bed a fte r midnight. it ............................ .............................. (start) to rain.
2 I don't drink tea in the morning, (often) 8 W h a t.................................................(you/talk) about

3 She washes the dishes after dinner, (usually) 9 I ........................................

th e y .......................................... (knock) on the door.
4 I eat in restaurants, (rarely) 10 As F io n a ............... ....................................(wash) the
glass, she ............ ........................... (cut) her finger.
5 Do they go for a walk on Sunday afternoons? (often) 11 Mother ................. .......................... (break) the vase
while she .............
6 Do you visit your grandparents on Saturdays? 12 My brother ........... ....................(build) a sandcastle
(usually)

7 Mary is late for meetings, (never)

P ut th e verbs in b ra c k e ts in to th e p a s t
s im p le o r th e p re s e n t p e r fe c t s im p le .
8 They d o n ’t go abroad on holiday, (usually)

P ut th e verb s in b ra c k e ts in to th e
p re s e n t s im p le o r th e p re s e n t c o n tin u o u s .

A: Excuse me. What time 1) ...does the bus for

Plymouth leave...? (the bus for Plymouth/leave)
B: It 2 ) ......................(leave) in half an hour. 3 ) ................
........................................ (you/go) to Plymouth too?
A: Yes. I 4) ...................................... (visit) my grand­
daughter. She 5 ) .....................(live) there. And you?
В: I 6 ) ......................(live) there too. I 7 ) ..........................
..................................... (do) a course at the college.
A: What subject 8) .................................... (you/study)?
B: Tourism. Well-known pop singer Zippy Spring 1) ...has
A: That’s interesting. recently signed.... (recently/sign) a new record deal
В: I 9) ................................................ (come) here twice with Star Records in London.
a week because I 1 0 ) .................................(work) in Zippy’s success 2 ) .................................(begin) five
a hotel at the moment. It’s work experience. years ago when he 3 ) ..................................... (record)
A: Yes. I 1 1 )........................................ (think) that is very a song which 4 ) ....................................(go) to the top
important. 1 2 ) ............................ (you/like) the work? of the charts. However, he 5 ) .......................................
B: Yes. I 13) .......................................................(love) it. (have) a car accident six months ago and 6)
Ah. look! Here com es the bus! ..................................(stay) in hospital for a long time.
He 7 ) ........................ (make) his first public appear­
ance three weeks ago and 8 ) .......................................
P ut th e verb s in b ra c k e ts in to th e (thank) his fans for all their love and support.
p a s t s im p le o r th e p a s t c o n tin u o u s . The music he plays 9 ) ......................... (be) popular
with older people since the beginning of his career.
but recently younger people 1 0 )..................................
1 He ...was watching... (watch) TV when the tele­
(start) to take an interest too.
phone ...rang... (ring).
Zippy only 1 1 ) ........................................... (sign) the
2 I ............................................(clean) the house while
deal last week but he 1 2 ) .............................................
h e .............................................(work) in the garden.
(already/write) a number of songs for his new record.
3 When we ............................................... (find) the cat
He 1 3 ) .................................................(just/announce)
i t ...............................................(play) under the bed.
that he 1 4 ) ........................................ (start) to plan his
4 J o a n .............................. (have) a shower when the next European tour.
window c le a n e r.............................................(come).

58

f m Fill in th e g ap s w ith has/have been (to) o r
V 2 > has/have gone (to).
1 A: I ...have... never ...been to... Austria, but I would
love to go.
В: I .................................... there three times. It’s a
beautiful country.
2 A: .................. y o u ................... the Italian restaurant
in town?
B: No, but P a u lin e ..................................there twice.
She said it was lovely.
3 A: Are Mandy and Kate com ing to the cinema?
B: No, t h e y ..........................................out with their
cousins.
4 A: Where is Dad?
B: H e .................................. work.
A: But it’s Sunday. He doesn't work on Sunday!
Fill in th e gaps w ith already, yet, ever, never,
just, so far, since, how long, always o r for. Some
Г й
of th em can be used m ore than once.
A: 1) ...How long... have you been in Rome?
B: I’ve been here 2) ...................... last week. What
about you?
A: I’ve been here 3) ......................only three days.
Which places have you visited 4 ) ......................?
B: Well. I’ve 5) ...................... visited the Vatican
museum twice and I've spent a whole m orning in
the Piazza di Spagna.
A: I haven’t been to the Vatican 6 ) ....................... but
I intend to. Have you eaten at a traditional restau­
rant 7 ) ...................... ?
B: No. I haven’t. But I've 8 ) ...........................................
visited Fontana di Trevi.
A: Oh. yes. I’ve 9 ) ....................................... wanted to
go there and throw a coin in the water! Have you
1 0 ) ................................................ been to Venice?
B: No. I have 1 1 ) ...................................... been there.
but I’ve 1 2 ) ............................................arranged to
spend two days there before I return home.
Revision 1 (Units 1 - 5 )
Put th e verbs in b ra c k e ts into th e pre
7 sent s im p le o r fu tu re s im p le .
1 I ... will/I I help... (help) you with the shopping before
I .........................................................(go) to the gym.
2 I .............................................(not/be) at home when
my p a re n ts ......................... (have) the dinner party
3 K a re n .................................... (go) to the airport after
s h e ............................. (finish) work on Friday night.
4 When we ................................(arrive) on the island.
w e ...................................(go) straight to the beach.
5 T h e y ....................................... (buy) a new car when
th e y ..............................................(sell) their old one
6 When Bob and M a rie .......................................... (get)
married next month, they ..........................................
(move) into their new house.
Choose th e c o rre c t ite m .
( &
1 We ..3 ... on holiday next weekend.
A go В are going С goes
2 James is a good student. H e ..........his homework
every evening.
A do В is doing С does
3 I ...........this film. Let’s watch something else.
A have seen В saw С am seeing
4 Fred fell off the ladder while h e ........... the ceiling.
A used to paint В was painting С painted
5 T e d ............ his car last month.
A sold В has sold С is selling
6 The s u n ............ every morning.
A is rising В rises С was rising
7 I .........my first cassette player when I was eighteen.
A have bought В am buying С bought
8 D o n n a ............ her hair. It is still wet.
A has just washed В is washing С washes
9 J e n n ife r...........eat vegetables, but now she does.
A used to В d id n ’t use to С doesn't
C o rre c t th e m is ta k e s .
1 Peter plays football at the moment.
2 My parents have bought a new fridge yesterday.
3 Sarah was writing three letters so far today.
4 I am going to the gym every Tuesday.
5 I expect I go shopping on Saturday.
6 Do you com e with us tom orrow morning?
7 Did you see my dog? He's run away.
8 Mandy will buy a car as soon as she will pass her
driving test.
59
 A d o cto r is a person w h o /th a t D ogs are animals w h ic h /th a t we This is a couple w hose favourite
treats sick people. can keep as pets. winter sport is skiing.

♦ Relative pronouns (who, which, whose, that) intro­
duce relative clauses. We use relative clauses to
identify the noun in the main clause.
e.g. The man who owns the shop is French.
Look a t th e p ic tu re s an d th e p ro m p ts
b e lo w a n d a s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s tio n s ,
as in th e e x a m p le .
SA: Who was Dickens?
SB: He wae> th e man w ho /th a t wrote Oliver Twiet.

?
relative clause

♦
(The relative clause identifies which man we are talk­
ing about.)
We use w ho/that instead o f subject pronouns (I,
£
Dickens / write
Oliver Twist
wnrr
Volta / invent the
electric battery
Ъ
Columbus / dis­
cover America
you, he, etc.) to refer to people.

Д
e.g. The girl - {s te {lives next door - is from India.

The girl w h o lth a t lives next door is from India.

♦ We use w hich /th a t to refer to o b je cts o r anim als. Von Zeppelin / build the Kelloggs / make C leopatra /
the first airship the first cornflakes rule Egypt
e.g. The horse - ^ w o n the race - i s black.

The horse w h ic h /th a t won the race is black. Look a t th e p ic tu re s a n d m a k e

♦ We use whose instead o f possessive adjectives Cl . s e n te n c e s , a s in th e e x a m p le .

(my, your, his, etc.) w ith people, objects and an­ e.g. A dishwasher is a machine w h ich /th a t you use
im als in order to show possession. t o wash dishes. A flamingo is a bird w hich /th a t
e.g. That's the man - ,ft/s,car was stolen. lives In a warm clim ate.

That's the man whose car was stolen.

flamingo/live
That's the bag - ^ strap is broken. in a warm
dishwasher/ climate lawnmower/
wash dishes cut grass
That's the bag whose strap is broken.

people w ho/that
things/anim als w hich/that
possession whose
typewriter/ lion / live in the photocopier/make
type letters jungle photocopies

40
 \ Fill in th e c o r r e c t re la tiv e p ro n o u n . T h e n,
M a tc h c o lu m n A w ith c o lu m n В to m a k e
4 j w rite S for s u b je c t or О fo r o b jec t. Finally,
c o rre c t s e n te n c e s .
s ta te if th e re la tiv e s c a n be o m itte d or
not, in th e boxes provided.
A В
1 The cup ...w h ic h /th a t... I bought
0 om itted
1 The girl ---------- a w hich you bought is broken.
from the pet shop? 2 How old is the b o y ......... hit you? 2

2 Is this the puppy b whose wife had an
a ccid e n t lives next
3 The doctors door.
с whose husband is a
4 The man banker?
— ► d w ho lives next door
is called Helen.
5 The country
e w hich I like m ost is
Austria.
6 The bicycle
1 w ho w ork in this hos­
pital are very good.
7 Is this the wom an
g which I was riding
belongs to my brother.
l \ M p i LV jg L- L О Lie* U Life' c te ,
h'ubjeei ol О I:
3 Have you used the gloves .......... 3
..........................I bought you yet?
4 Laura is talking to the m a n .......... 4
5 Did you return the b o o k s .............. 5
you borrow ed from the library?
6 They live in a big house .............. 6
.................... is in the countryside.
7 I’m w riting a letter to my aunt
............................ lives in Australia.
8 Is he the m a n ................................. 8
lives on the farm?
9 Is that the film ................................ 9
we saw last week?
10 Is that the m a n ............................... 10
stole your bag?
11 Where did you buy the d re s s .......... 11
...... you were wearing yesterday?
12 Have you replied to all the letters 12
................................ you received?

♦ We d o n o t o m it th e re la tiv e p ro n o u n w he n it is w ho’s = w ho is or w ho has

the s u b je c t o f th e re la tiv e cla u se , th a t is, w hen e.g. W h o ’s (Who is) there?” "It’s Julie."
th e re is n o t a nou n o r s u b je c t p ro n o u n betw een W ho’s (Who has) got the dictionary?
the re la tiv e p ro n o u n a n d th e verb. w h o se = p o sse ssive
e.g. I m et a girl. ,S/7e,/s from Japan. e.g. Jenny is the girl w hose mother is a lawyer.

I m et a g irl w h o /th a t is from Japan. (The rel­

ative pronoun is the subject, there is not
another pronoun o r noun betw een w h o and
the verb is.)
♦ We can o m it th e re la tiv e p ro n o u n w hen it is th e
o b je c t o f th e re la tiv e cla u se , th a t is, w he n th e re
is a nou n o r a s u b je c t p ro n o u n betw een th e re l­
ative p ro n o u n and th e verb.
e.g. That’s the hat. I b o u g h t^ la s t week.
That's the hat (w h ic h /th a t) I bought last week.
(The relative pronoun is the object, there is the
subject pronoun I between w h ic h /th a t and
the verb b o u g h t.)
10 Rob is the one ............. .........eaten all the biscuits.
1 That's the boy ...w ho’s. .. going to sell m e his bike.
2 Her brother. .................. name is Jack, is a fireman.
3 She’s the g i r l .................
this year.
4 That’s the man ............ ...................... house was on
fire yesterday.
5 Sheila is the girl ........... ....................... m other works
in the flower shop.
6 She is the w om an ...... ....................................having
a party tom orrow.
7 He’s the m a n ................
prom oted at work.
8 Mike is the m a n ........... ............... wife is in hospital.
9 I am the p e r s o n ........... ............................... sister got
m arried last week.

41
 ♦ We usually avoid using p re po sitio ns before rel­
ative pronouns.
I v t r l u i i V lr A - d j t O l b S'
a) The reception to w hich we went was held at a (\Vlllrl L-/W Wtrll/wliy)
hotel. (formal English - unusual structure)
b) The cafe w hich /th a t we usually go to is near our
house, (usual structure) ♦ W hen is u sed to re fe r to tim e.
c) The caf6 we usually go to is near our house,
(everyday English)
♦ In relative clauses we do n o t use object pronouns 1996 was the year
w he n they went on
a fter prepositions.
a cruise.

S tudy the exam ple:

We spent our holidays with some friends. They are

from Belgium. The friends we spent our holidays with ♦ W here is used to re fe r to place.
are from Belgium. (NOT: The friends we spent our
holidays with t t w f l are from Belgium.)
A tennis court is a
place w here we
play tennis.

R e w rite th e p a irs o f s e n te n c e s , a s in
<sb th e e x a m p le .
1 Larry went to the cinem a with a girl. The girl is his
sister.
a) The girl w h o /th a t L a rry went to th e cinema
w ith is his s is te r.
b) The girl L a rry w ent to th e cinema w ith is his
s is te r.
2 Max talked to a man. The m an w as from Canada.
a) The m an .....................................................................
b) The m an .....................................................................
3 D ebbie is looking at a photo album . The photo
album is mine.
a) The photo a lb u m ......................................................
b) The photo a lb u m ......................................................
4 Anna is looking for her ring. The ring belonged to
her grandm other.
a) The ring ......................................................................
b) The ring ......................................................................
5 Bob has gone to a bank. The bank is near the Town
Hall.
a) The bank ...................................................................
b) The bank ....................................................................
6 Sharon had dinner with a man. He was her lawyer.
a) The man .....................................................................
b) The man .....................................................................
7 They invited me to a party. It w asn’t very exciting.
a) The party ...................................................................
b) The party ....................................................................
8 I was talking to a boy. He lives next door.
a) The boy ......................................................................
b) The boy ......................................................................
♦ W hy is used to give reason.
He had a fight with
his best friend,
that's w h y he is
sad.
Fill in th e g a p s w ith who, why, where,
when, w hich o r whose.
Dear A u n t Joan,
How are you? My new address, 1) ...w h ich ... I was
supposed to give you a long time ago, is a t the top of
this page. Sorry!
The village 2) .................................... I live now is
very quiet and peaceful. In fact, that is the reason
3 ) ...........................................................I decided to rent a
house here. The people 4 ) ..................................................
live next door to me are very frie n d ly . The day
5 ) ............................ I moved in, they invited me fo r tea.
The w om an 6 ) .........................house I’ve rented lives in
the same street as you. Her name is Mrs Fitzgerald. Do
you know her? I m ust go now, the telephone is ringing.
W rite to me soon.
Love,
Rachel

42
 Fill in th e g a p s w ith who, w hich , whose,
w hy o r where.
A: Hi Helen! W here are you going?
B: I'm goin g round to Jane's house, the w om an
1) ...whoee... children I often look after. She has to
go to the dentist this m orning, that's 2) ...................
she’s asked me to go to her house.
A: Is she the w om an 3 ) ......................................................
works in the post office?
B: Yes.
A: W here does she live?
B: She lives in the big house 4) ......................................
is next to the field.
A: W hich field?
B: The one 5) ............................................. Mr M cG regor
keeps his sheep.
Fill in th e g a p s w ith where, when, why,
who o r w h ich .
Martin Foster, (1) ...who... is 50, is a gardener. 1964
was the year (2) ...................................... he got his
first job. He looked after the gardens of a huge
house (3) ................... a very rich fam ily lived. He
loves his jo b and that’s the reason ( 4 ) .........................
he d o e sn ’t m ind getting up very early in the m orning
to w ater the plants and flowers. His favourite tim e of
year is spring (5) ....................................... all the
flowers begin to open and leaves grow on the trees.
The part of the garden he likes m ost is the kitchen
garden (6) ....................................... the vegetables
grow, because it has flowers bloom ing all year round.
Martin says flow ers and plants m ake o u r w orld
beautiful. "That’s (7) ...................................................
you m ust protect the environm ent around you — it's
som ething ( 8 ) .................. ca n ’t be replaced."
IN OTHER WORDS
S tu d y t h e s e e x a m p le s . T h e s e c o n d s e n te n c e
h a s a s im ila r m e a n in g to t h e f ir s t s e n te n c e .
1 This is Sara. She teaches us ballet.
who This is Sara w h o te a ch e s us ballet.
2 That’s Simon. His father is a lawyer.
w h o se That’s Simon w hose fa th e r is a lawyer.
3 That’s the hotel. I spent my holidays there,
w h e re That's the h o te l w h e re I s p e n t my holi­
days.
4 This is the story. It won first prize in the competition,
w h ich This is the s to ry w h ic h w o n firs t prize in
the com petition,
th a t This is the s to ry th a t w o n firs t prize in
the com petition.
C o m p le te e a c h s e n te n c e w ith tw o to
fiv e w o rd s in c lu d in g th e w o rd in bold.
1 That's the jum per. I knitted it myself.
w h ic h T hat’s the ...Jum per which I k n itte d ...
myself.
2 He's the man. His dog often chases my cat.
w h o s e H e's the ...........................................................
chases my cat.
3 That's the church. We got married there.
w h e re That's the ........................................ married
4 That's the shop. I bought m y new dress there,
w h e re T hat’s t h e .................................................. my
new dress.
5 Philip is the man. He lives in a castle.
w ho Philip is the ......................................................
a castle.
6 These are the people. Their daughter is a rock
singer.
w h o se These a r e .........................................................
is a rock singer.
7 That is the dog. His owner is a fam ous actor,
w h o se That is t h e ........................................................
is a fam ous actor.
8 Jess is the girl. She speaks eight languages,
who Jess is the .............................................eight
languages.
9 This is the magazine. I bought it yesterday.
th a t This is the ....................................yesterday.
10 Sam is the boy. He ran away from home.
who Sam is t h e .......................................................
from home.
11 That’s the hospital. I was born there.
w here That’s the ..............................................born.
12 That’s the ring. Sophie found it yesterday.
th a t That’s the ring ................................................
yesterday.
 С к г U S 'If- S '

T here are tw o ty p e s o f re la tiv e c la u s e s : id e n tify in g re la tiv e c la u s e s and n o n -id e n tify in g re la tive clauses.

An id e n tify in g re la tiv e c la u s e g iv e s n e ce ssa ry A n o n -id e n tify in g re la tiv e c la u s e g iv e s extra in ­

in fo rm a tio n a n d is e s s e n tia l to th e m ea nin g o f the
m ain se n te n ce . T he cla u s e is n o t p u t in com m as.
W ho, w h ic h and th a t can be o m itte d w hen th e y
are th e o b je c t o f th e re la tiv e clause.
e.g. People risk their lives. (Which peop le? We d o n ’t
know. The m eaning o f the sentence is not clear.)
People w ho/tha t drive d ang erously risk their lives.
(Which people? Those who drive dangerously.)
The book was exciting. (Which book? We do not
know. The m eaning o f the sentence is no t clear.)
The book w h ic h /th a t/— y o u le n t m e was exci­
ting. (Which book? The one you lent me.)
fo rm a tio n and is not essential to th e m eaning o f the
m ain sentence. In no n-id e n tifyin g relative clauses
th e re la tive p ro n o u n s c a n n o t be o m itte d . T hat
c a n n o t re p la c e w h o o r w h ich . The cla u se is p u t in
com m as.
e.g. M r Stevenson is my neighbour. (The m eaning o f
the sentence is clear.)
M r Stevenson, w h o u s e d to w o rk in a bank, is
m y neighbour. (The relative clause gives extra
information.)
My car is a Fiat Uno. (The meaning o f the sentence
is clear.)
My car, w h ic h I b o u g h t five years ago, is a Fiat
Uno. (The relative clause gives extra information.)

Fill in th e re la tiv e p ro n o u n . P u t c o m m a s
w h e re n e c e s s a ry . W rite I fo r id e n tify in g , C h o o se th e c o rre c t a n s w e r.
< 5> N1 fo r n o n -id e n tify in g a n d if th e re la tiv e
c a n b e o m itte d o r n o t.
1 An airship is an aircraft ...0... looks like a big balloon.
Mr Cross, who lives next door, 1 A who В which С why
N1 not omitted
broke his leg last week. 2 The Titanic hit an iceberg. That’s ...............it sank.
That’s the w om an ................... 2 A where В why С which
drives the school bus. 3 Guy Fawkes was a m a n ............... tried to blow up the
My s is te r ..................... is called 3
English Houses of Parliament in 1605.
Sarah is younger than I am. A who В which С whose
4
The c a k e ................was covered
4 The rabbit is an a n im a l...............only eats plants and
in chocolate was delicious.
5 vegetables.
I know a b o y ................... m other A who В whose С that
is a builder.
6 5 Athens is the c it y ............... the first modern Olympic
This is the p e n ........................he
Games took place.
gave m e for m y birthday.
7 A that В which С where
S tu a rt................is older than me
loves riding his bicycle. 6 Edison was the m a n ............invented the light bulb.
8 This b o o k .........................is very 8 A when В which С who
old belongs to my father. 7 1966 was the y e a r...............England won the football
9 World Cup.
Have you seen the c a t ...............
has only got three legs? A when В which С who
10
10 F re d ...................... is thirty years 8 1492 was the year ............... Columbus discovered
old got m arried last week. K_ J ______________ ! America.
11
11 The g ir l.......................... is sitting A which В where С when
on the floor is called Emily. 9 Whales are m a m m als...............can stay under water
12
12 That c a r ......... is very expensive for 20 minutes without having to come up for air.
belongs to my Uncle George. A who В that С whose

44
 C o rre c t the m ista k e s.

1 He's the man which writes songs for a lot of famous

singers. Erica spent a weekend at a chalet in the Swiss Alps.
2 W here’s the book I bought it last week? Who d id she m eet there? Look at the notes and
3 That's the w om an w h o ’s house is m ade of glass. m a k e se n te n ce s using who or whose, as in the
4 My sister, who she is 10 years old, is called Betty. exam ple.
5 The reason when I was late was that I overslept.
6 The man I was talking to him is my uncle.
7 That’s the hotel w hich I spent my holidays last year.
8 London, that is a big city, is the capital of England.

j m Put the ve rb s in b ra c k e ts into the p a s t

\ ^ s im p le or th e p a s t c o n tin u o u s .
1 Ron is a ski-instructor.
Erica m e t Ron who is a sk i-in s tru c to r.
HIJACKERS Yesterday, a plane which (1) ...was flying... j 2 Claire’s husband ow ns the chalet.
м D C from London t0 New York was hijacked.
The two hijackers (2) .......................... 3 Jack’s son is only three but he can already ski.
(order) the pilot to fly the plane to Canada. At the time of the hijack
most of the passengers (3 )............................ (watch) the in-flight 4 Jessie works for a sports magazine.
film while others (4 )........................... (sleep). The flight attendants
(5)............................... (get) ready to serve dinner when the two ( 5 Peter is a fam ous writer from New York.
hijackers (6 )............................ (appear). They (7 )......................
................................... (carry) guns and they (8) ............................................

(threaten) the passengers. When the plane finally (9 )....................

.........................(land) at the airport, the hijackers (10)................
...........................(manage) to escape. Luckily, nobody was hurt.

Erica is w riting a letter to her friend Monica. Fill in the

g a p s w ith th e c o rre c t re la tiv e c la u s e and th e n
C ho ose the c o rre c t a n sw e r.
c o n tin u e th e le tte r u s in g th e n o te s fro m th e O ral
Activity.
1 How long ..3 ... each other?
A do they know В have they known Dear Monica,
С did they know
I'm w riting to te ll you m y latest news. I've just
2 S h e ............ with her parents at the moment. been to the Alps! The reason ( 1 ) ..............I decided
A is staying В stays С stayed to s p e n d a w eekend in the Swiss Alps was that I
3 J o h n ........in the town centre and walks to work. wanted to improve my skiing. The day ( 2 ) ...............
A has lived В lived С lives I arrived at the village it was snowing heavily, but it
4 When th e y ........... young, they travelled a lot. lo o k e d b ea u tiful. The c h a le t ( 3 ) ..........................
A was В were С have been I stayed was small and cosy.
5 I ........... that song before. I met som e interesting people there. I m et Ron
whn
A have never heard В never hear
С have always heard

45
UNIT 7
Prese

How long has Karen been reading the book? She is tired. Has sh e b e e n p la y in g ?
She has been reading the book for three hours. No, she hasn't.
She has b e e n s tu d y in g for two hours.

We form the present perfect continu ous w ith the aux­
iliary verb have/has, the past pa rticiple o f the verb to
be (been) and the main verb w ith the -ing suffix.
e.g. He has been reading his newspaper for an hour.
We form questions by putting have/has before the
subject.
e.g. Have you been livin g here long?
We form negations by putting not between have/ has
and been.
e.g. They have n ot/h aven’t been w aiting fo ra long time.
She has n o t I hasn 't been w orking here long.
' 4 ' In pairs, a s k and an sw er questions using
' ^ th e prom pts given, as in th e exam ple.
SA: How long has 5am been working for th is company?
SB: He has been working fo r th is company fo r two
years.
1 Sam / w ork / for this com pany / tw o years
2 Mary / teach / French / 1990
3 the robbers / hide I in a farm house / a week
4 Peter / m ake / m odel planes / 1992
5 Julie / play / the guitar / four years
6 the children / watch / TV / tw o hours

Atilt iiu-Uvt?
Long form Short form ■ д Put the ve rb s in b ra c k e ts into the
[ 2 л. c o rre c t form of the p r e s e n t p e r fe c t
have ’ve c o n tin u o u s .

i has

have
’s

've
}
been
studying. 1
2
W hat ...h a v e y o u been doing... all week? (you/ do)

(Jim/repair)
his car all day?

In te l к ч и -Uvc- I 3 I ...................................... this book for weeks, (read)

4 a lot this year? (Ben/swim)
Have I 5 Mr Bell is busy. H e ..........................................................
been
Has he/she/it on the phone for an hour, (talk)
Have you/w e/they } studying?
6 I’ve got a penfriend. I .....................................................
to her for five years, (write)
7 John w o n ’t pass his exams. He ................................
..................................... any hom ework lately, (not/do)
Long form S hort form 8 M o lly ................................................................... with me
since last month, (stay)
I have not haven’t 9 We .....................................................................................
n't 1 been
He/She/It has not hasn on this project since December, (work)
You/We/They have not haven1
n’t JГstudying
10 S a m ........................................................................... how
to ride a horse for three months, (learn)

46
 l-i eseni P#rtec1
M atch C o lu m n A w ith C o lu m n В to m ake
UbCr &
c o rre c t sentences.

We use th e p re se n t p e rfe c t c o n tin u o u s fo r:
♦ an action w hich started in the past and continues
up to the present.
He has b ee n p a in t­
in g the house fo r
three days. (He
began painting the
house three days
ago and he is still
painting it.)
♦ an action w hich has recently finished and its
result is evident now.
В
1 How long have you a H e’s been planting
been waiting? ^ — trees all day.
2 Bill is in the garden. b That’s why she’s lost
3 You’ve been studying weight,
all morning. с It’s been snowing all
4 Anne's been exercis­ day.
ing a lot recently. d She’s been working
5 It's cold outside. hard all week,
6 Jenny's tired. e I think it’s tim e to stop
7 W e've been practis­ now.
ing all afternoon. ►f For ten minutes,
8 W hat have you been g Lots of things. I've
doing since I last saw been busy,
you? h Why don't you take a
break?

They 're tired. They

have been painting
the garage door all
morning.
(They have just fin­
ished painting and the
result is evident now.
The paint on the door
is still wet and the two
people look tired.)
Note: 1) We use the present perfect sim ple instead of
the present perfect continuous w ith non-con-
tinuous verbs (know, believe, like, etc.).
e.g. I've known Sharon since we were at school
together. (NOT: I've been knowing Sharon
since we-wore^t-school togethor.)
2) With the verbs live, feel and work we can use
the present perfect continuous or the present
perfect sim ple with no difference in meaning.
e.g. He has been living/has lived here since
1994.
f "4 What have these people been doing? M a k e
( 4 L s e n te n c e s using an a p p ro p ria te verb in
th e p r e s e n t p e r fe c t c o n tin u o u s .
1 Catherine went to the superm arket an hour ago.
She’s still there.
Catherine has been shopping fo r an hour.
2 My mum began cooking three hours ago. She
hasn’t finished yet.
3 The team s started playing football twenty minutes
ago. They haven’t finished yet.
4 The headm aster started speaking two hours ago.
He hasn’t stopped yet.
5 Bill began building his house six m onths ago. He
hasn’t finished it yet.
6 I started doing my hom ework three hours ago. I
haven't finished it yet.
In p a irs , a s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s tio n s
u sin g th e p ro m p ts g iven , a s in th e
e x a m p le .

SA: What’s your favourite hobby?

SB: Painting.
lime ^• SA: How long have you been painting?
~~ V. SB: I've been painting since I was fourteen years old.

Time e x p re s s io n s used w ith the p re se n t p e rfe c t 1 favourite hobby

co n tin u o u s in clu d e : 2 best friend / know
3 favourite TV program m e / watch
for, since, a ll m o rn in g /a fte rn o o n /w e e k /d a y , etc.,
4 your address / live
how lo n g (in q u e stio n s)
5 favourite m agazine / read

47
UNIT 7
Prese ect Continuous

6 . Fill in the gaps w ith one off the verbs from Slioii E L iib -v v e is -
^ the list in the p re s e n t p e r fe c t c o n tin u o u s .

work, snow, exercise, play e.g. Have you been working hard? Yes. I have.

Have y o u ...? Yes. I/we have. No. I/we haven’t.

Has he/she/it...? Yes. he/she/it has. No. he/she/it hasn’t.

Have th e y ...? Yes. they have. No, they haven’t.

Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and

1 Everything is white out-
side. It ...has/'s been
snowing... all night.
answer questions using the prompts below,
as in the example.
2 He is hot. He
SA: Have people been taking photos since 1751?
........................
SB: No, they haven't. They've been taking photos
for tw o hours
since 1351.

1851 1894

1 take photos/1751 2 listen to the radio/1824

1791 1903

3 They are tired. They 4 He has got a headache.

....................................... H e .................................
volleyball all afternoon. hard all m orning.
4 travel by plane/1903

Put the verbs in brackets into the p re s e n t 1856

<£. p e r fe c t c o n tin u o u s .
3 ride bicycles/1771

A: Hi Liz. You look exhausted. 1) ...Have you been 1450

working... (you/work) overtim e again?
B: Yes, I have. I 2) ............................................... (help)
my boss to update the files in the office all week. He
3) (read) the files and I
4 ) (write) dow n names,
addresses, phone num bers and so on. W hat about
you? 6 use fridges/1836
A: Well. I 5) ......................................................... (train)
hard for the cham pionship next week. 1878 1809
В: I see! 6) ......................................................... (you/lift)
w eights all day long?
A: Yes. for two weeks. H ow ’s Sue? 7 ) .............................
........................................... (she/study) for her exams?
B. No. she hasn’t. She 8 ) ................................................. %
(go) out every evening. I w o n ’t be surprised if she
7 use light bulbs/1868 8 store food in tins/1709
fails again!

48
 P re s e n t P e rfe c t

[?(Ш(г1г1 К чгШ C o n t i i i u o u b ’ vtrL vu s I'Lif-b'triii l- V iv e d ^ i u i p li r ^ T

l:_V<cfc4riii l: ciiiC-c| CoiiUnuout: l-ie se u i l-eiivrct gUjLii:le

We use the present perfect continuous: W e use the present perfect simple:
• for an action which started in the past and con­ • for an action which has just finished.
tinues up to the present.

Mr Davis has been They have just made

teaching for six years. a deal.
(He began working as
a teacher six years
ago and he still is.)

to put emphasis on the duration of an action. • to put emphasis on number.

She has been He has painted

painting this picture twenty pictures.
for two hours.
(She started two
hours ago and she is
still painting it.)

P u t th e v e r b s in b r a c k e t s in to t h e present Mary is reading som e letters. P u t t h e v e rb s in

9 a perfect continuous o r t h e p re sen t perfect b r a c k e t s into th e present perfect contin­
sim ple. uous or t h e present perfect simple.

1 A: Am anda ...h a s opened... (open) a shop which

sells newspapers and magazines. A ... I'm planning to buy a new house. I 1) ,..'ve
B: Really? W here is it? been looking... (look) for one for two months now.
2 A: W here's Dan? So far I 2) ......................................... (look) at ten
B: H e ........................................................(just/go) to the houses, but I 3 ) ........................... (not/find) one I like.
post office. H e ’ll be back soon.
3 A: D a v e .......................(learn) to drive for six months. В ... M y Spanish lessons are going very well. I 1)
В: I know. He hasn’t passed his test yet. though. (learn) Spanish for five months now
4 A: I .....................................(know) Alison for ten years. and I love it. 12 ) .................................. (already/learn) a
B: Well. I only met her last week.
lot.
5 A: My uncle is painting his house again.
B: Again? H e ........................................ (paint) it three
С ... Jo h n 1 ) .........................(be) very busy recent­
times this year already.
ly. He 2 ) ......................................(paint) the living-room
6 A: Is Paul sleeping?
and the bedrooms, but he 3) .....................................
B: Yes. h e ...................................................(sleep) since
(notJ start) painting the kitchen yet.
10 o ’clock last night.

49
 ect C o n tin u o u s
j j Put the verbs 5 She has been ill ............................................... a week.
verbs in brackets into the present
■' > perfect co n tin u ou s or the present perfect
contii 6 has he been at home?
sim ple. 7 It’s very early, but Richard has .........................gone
to work.
8 I've sent ten party invitations........................................
9 I haven't spoken F re n c h ..................................... 1990.
10 Have y o u .............................. appeared on television?

IN OTHER WORDS

S t u d y th e s e e x a m p le s . T h e s e c o n d s e n te n c e
h a s a s im ila r m e a n in g to th e first s e n te n c e .

1 Helen started learning French four months ago.

has Helen has bee n learning F re n ch for
four months.
A: G o o d evening and welcom e to our show. Tonight
2 Th ey haven't paid the bills yet.
we have Steve Connolly, the well-known director.
still Th e y still haven't pa id the bills.
W e're glad to have you here Steve. What 1) ...have
3 W hen did you buy your car?
y o u been doing... (do) lately?
since How long is it since you bought your car?
B: Well, I 2) ........................................ (finish) m y latest
film. “Double Crossing".
A: That 3 ) ................................................... (just/come out)
at the cinemas, hasn’t it?
B: Yes. Th e papers 4 ) ........................................................ C o m p le te e ach se n te n ce w ith tw o to
(give) it good reviews. I hope they'll like m y next five w o rd s in clu din g the w o rd in bold.
film too.
A: 5) ................................................................ (you/decide) W hen did Paul sell his house?
what it’ll be about? since How long is it ...since Paul sold his... house?
B: Yes. I 6 ) ............................................................ (read) an Mark started playing the guitar three years ago.
exciting book over the last few weeks and I want to has Mark ........................................................ playing
make it into a film. I 7) ............................................. the guitar for three years.
(not/decide) where to film it yet, perhaps Moscow. Th e children haven't finished their homework yet.
A: Aha! Is it true that you 8 ) ............................................ still Th e children................................................. their
(recently/start) learning Russian? homework.
B: Yes. I 9 ) ..................................................... (study) it for W hen did you last decorate your living-room?
three years now and 1 1 0 ) .............................................. since How long is it .......................................................
(visit) the country twice. your living-room?
A: Steve, thank you very much for being with us, and
W e haven’t called the plumber yet.
good luck with your new film.
still We .................................................................... the
plumber.

Fill in the blanks w ith tim e expressions

from the list below. C o rre c t the m istakes.

since, all morning, already, how long, for, ever,

1 I have looked for him all day. I can't find him.
yet, so far, just, always
2 He has trying to fix the car all morning.
1 The baby has been crying ...all morning... 3 I have buying lots of food this week.
2 Sim on hasn’t started s c h o o l......................................... 4 I not have brought any shampoo.
3 She has ................................. washed the clothes, so 5 It has been snowed, but it's stopped now.
they are still wet. 6 H ow long they have been cleaning the house?
4 Martha h a s ......................................... wanted to go to 7 I've been knowing Lillian for two years.
Mexico. 8 Have you cried? Your eyes are red.

Ю
 UNIT 7
Present Petit

e\Jsion Box
T h e people below like doing different things. Look
at the table. In pairs, ask and answer questions, as
Put the verbs in brackets into the in the example.
present perfect continuous, the present
co n tin u ou s or the present sim ple. e.g. SA: H ow long have you been playing football?
SB: I've been playing football for two years.
SUNDAY | 2 SA: H ow many matches have you played so far?
JU N E U SB: I've played 60 matches.

Sunday 13/6/98 Name H o w long H o w many

Dear Diary,

It’s Sunday again. I 1) ...am ... (be) so bored. I 2) play football play 60
.........................................(not/know) what to do. two years matches
Mum is in the kitchen. She 3 ) .........................................
(cook). She 4 ) .............................................(cook) since
eight o’clock this morning. Dad’s in the garden. He 5)
paint pictures paint 10
................................ (mow) the lawn for two hours.
He 6) ............................................. (always/work) in the 1993 pictures
Jessica
garden on Sunday mornings. Jimmy is in his room. He Hill
7) ...................................... (do) his homework. He 8)
............................... (study) for his history test for an
take photos take 300
hour. He 9 ) .......................................... (never/play) with
nine months photos
me. Grandpa 1 0 )................................(read) his newspa­ Am anda
per and Grandma 11) .................................. (knit). She Price
1 2 )................................... (knit) a jumper for me for two
weeks. The jumper is yellow and I 1 3 ).......................... climb climb 4
(hate) yellow. 114)....................................(sit) alone in my . Darren mountains mountains
bedroom all morning. You’re my only companion... ***!$►у Mason
1992
л- ъ

make pots make 40

Put the ve rbs in b ra ck e ts into the c o r­
i6 > rect tense. six months pots

A To d a y 1) ...Ie... (be) m y father’s birthday. We

2 ) (have) a party tonight, but he write books write 4
3 ) (not/know) anything about it. I 1985 books
4 ) (phone) all of his friends yester­
day and 5 ) ...............................(ask) them to com e to ■ Fiona
Jb.* Carson
our house at 7 o ’clock. It 6 ) ...............................(be) a
big surprise!
В Samuel is a writer. He 1 ) ................... (write) children's
books. At the m oment he 2) .......................................
^ R ]J L L \ c
(write) a story about animals. He 3 ) ............................. Activity
(write) another book when this one is finished.
L o o k at y o u r n otes from the O ra l A ctivity above
С My dog is called Ralph. I 1 ) ...............................(have) a n d w rite a b o u t the p e o p le a n d th e ir h o b b ie s .
him since he 2 ) ............................... (be) a puppy. Begin like this:
Ralph 3) ...................................... (escape) from our
garden once when he was young, but luckily we Oliver Jo n e s ' hobby is playing football. He has been
4 ) ...............................(find) him. He 5 ) ............................. p la yin g football for tw o years. H e has p la ye d sixty
(be) very frightened. I think that's why he 6 ) .............. matches so far. Jessica Hill's hobby i s ............................
...................................... (not/do) it again.
 with the following expressions: enjoy yourself
U -trH lrK L Y e i'L'O LlO LLLlif (have a g o o d tim e), behave yourself (b e g o o d ),
help yourself (y o u ’re w elco m e to take s o m e ­
thing if yo u want).
to em p h a sise the noun or the p ro n o u n of a s e n ­
tence. T h e y usually c o m e after the noun or
p ro n o u n they em p h a sise or at the end of the
sentence.
He has hurt e.g. I m yself m ade this cake. (I m ade the cake, not
himself. som ebody else.)
Peter met the Q u e e n herself. (H e met the
Q ueen, not som ebody else.)
Note: W e d o not norm ally use reflexive pro­
n o u n s with verbs such as dress, wash and
shave. H o w ever, we can use a reflexive pro­
noun with these verbs w hen w e want to show
They m ade their that s om eo ne did som ething with a lot of effort.
costumes e.g. Sarah got up and d resse d in a hurry.
them selves. Although Mrs W ood was ill. she m anaged to
dress herself.
L u cy is only two years old. but she can wash
herself.

Subject Reflexive Fill in the g a p s w ith the co rre c t reflexive

P ro n o u n s P ro n o un s p ro n o u n .

I myself
you yourself
he himself
she herself
it itself
we ourselves
you yourselves
they them selves

W e use reflexive pro n o u ns:

\V with verbs such as behave, b u m , cut, enjoy,
hurt, introduce, kill, look at, teach, etc. w hen the
subject and the object of the verb are the same
person.

Subject Object
e.g. A n d re w has hurt himself.

with the preposition b y w hen we mean "alone,

without co m p a n y " or "without help”.
e.g. Tim painted the kitchen b y himself. (N obody
helped Tim paint the kitchen.)
I like being b y m yse lf sometimes, (alone,
without com pany — on m y ow n)
1 He has hurt ...himself...
2 T h e y are enjoying ........
3 She m ade the cake .....
4 He may burn ..................
5 You must b e h a v e ..........
6 He went fishing b y .......
7 She can't d r e s s .............

52
 UNIT 8
Pronoim*-Bofh/Neither-AJI/Nofie- sssives
M a tch c o lu m n A w ith c o lu m n В to m a k e Fill in myself, yourself, herself, ourselves or
c o rre c t s e n te n ce s . themselves.

COLUM N A COLUM N В A: I like your dress. Kate. Did you make it 1) ...yourself...?
B: Well, I did most of it by 2 ) ......................................... but
1 Leo burnt -------------- a myself at parties,
m y mother helped with som e of it.
2 Babies c a n ’t b by herself, A: My sister makes all of her clothes 3) .....................
3 I always enjoy
с herself to knit, and she makes other things, too.
4 Did you do your
B: Th in gs would be so m uch cheaper if we made
hom ework d by himself?
everything 4 ) ........................................... My parents
5 Sandra taught — ► e himself on the
used to make a lot of things 5 ) .......................................
6 My mother painted
oven. but they d o n ’t have the time any more.
the house m
7 Did William draw f the m anager him­
that picture self. Fill in the a p p ro p ria te reflexive
8 W e spoke to g by yourself? pronouns.
9 Billy fell off his bike h
■i didn’t hurt himself.
but he •
10 I d o n ’t need help. I
1
This morning, John and Helen
can d o it j got up early. Helen dressed
1) ...herself... and John washed
j ...................................Then,
- s i r ! v trb ‘ / ( f -o .e i i о t lu p i they decided to make
some breakfast by
3 ) ..................................
Julie While they were in
Julie and Karen are look­ the kitchen, John
Karen ing at themselves in the
hurt 4 ) ...................
mirror. (Julie is looking at
herself in the mirror and when he tried to
Karen is looking at her­ cut some bread with a sharp knife, and Helen burnt
self in the mirror, too.) 5 ) while she was making some hot
tea. After that, they decided never to make breakfast by
6 ) again!
They are looking at each
other.
(The woman is looking at
the girl and the girl is Fill in the appropriate reflexive pronouns.
looking at the woman.)
1 Help ...yourself... to tea and cake!
2 I m ade ......................................a sandwich for lunch.
3 To m m y bought ............................................ a present.
Fill in the g a p s w ith an app ropriate 4 Jo e doesn't need help; he can fix his bicycle by
3> reflexive p ro n o u n or e a c h o th e r.
5 Sandra painted her bedroom ......................................
1 I look at ...myself... in the mirror every morning. 6 Th e y taught .......................................................to drive.
7 “Shall I help you?" “No. I can do it by .................... "
2 Tim 's line is busy and Brian’s line is busy too. I think
they’re talking t o ............................................................... 8 “W e are going to a party." “E n jo y ........................... Г
3 Fred and Je nny h e lp ....................................... with their 9 W e built our h o u s e ..........................................................
homework. 10 Terry and Annie put up the te n t..................................
11 G race is singing t o .............................................. in the
4 Th e boys are having fun. T h e y are enjoying
bath.
5 “H e lp ................................................to more coffee and 12 Jack, I want you to b e h a v e ...........................................
at school today.
biscuits."
 th/Neither-AII/Nbne-Pbssessives

Bcili/hleiilitfi - A i l / К о Lie

B o th girls a re w e a rin g sunglasses. A ll o f th e m are young men.

N e ith e r girl is w e a rin g a hat. N o n e o f th e m is a woman/are women.

♦ W e use both o r neither to refer to tw o people or things.

B o th has a positive m eaning and is follow ed by a plural verb .

e.g. B o th g irls /B o th the g irls/B oth o f the g irls/B oth o f t h e m are very go o d students.

N either has a negative m eaning and is follow ed by either a sin g u la r o r plural verb in the affirmative.
e.g. N e ith e r b o o k is interesting. (N O T ; Neither book ts n '4 -interestin g *) N e ith e r o f the b o o k s /N e ith e r o f th em
is/are interesting.

B O TH + (the + ) plural noun of the/these/my/your. etc. + plural noun of us/them. etc. + are

N E ITH E R + singular noun + is of the/these/my/your. etc. f plural noun of us/them. etc. + is/are

W e use all o r n o n e to refer to m ore than two people o r things.

A ll has a positive m eaning and is follow ed by a plural verb.
e.g. A ll the students/A ll o f the students/A ll o f th e m h a ve s tu d ie d for the test.

N o n e has a negative m eaning and is follow ed b y either a sin gular o r plural verb in the affirmative.
e.g. N o n e o f th e se cars is/are cheap. (N O T : N e n o of thooo ooro too tforon :t-oheof>.)

ALL + (the + ) plural noun of the/these/my/your, etc. + plural noun of us/them, etc. + are

NONE + of the/these/my/your. etc. + plural noun of us/them, etc. + Is/are

Both/All can go:

a) after the verb to be. e.g. They were both tired. They are all here.
b) after the auxiliary verb but before the main verb. e.g. They have both finished dinner. They will all c o m e to
the party.
c) at the beginning of the sentence, e.g. B oth women are tall. All of the students passed the test.
 Pronouns-Both/Neither-AII/N one-ro
L o o k a t t h e p i c t u r e s a n d d e s c r ib e Fill in t h e g a p s w it h both, all, neither o r
t h e m u s in g all o r both in a s m a n y w a y s
a s p o s s ib le , a s in t h e e x a m p le .
• i none.

e.g. These are all straw berries. A ll o f them are

straw berries. They are all strawberries.

if } rabbits

V
straw berries
A: Have you seen Beth and Angela recently?
B: No. I haven’t seen them since Iasi week.
A: 1) ...N either... of them has phoned me since
Wednesday.
В: I tried to phone them yesterday, but no one was at
coins
home.
A: I think they have 2 ) .................................... gone away
on holiday, but I'm not sure.
candles B: Did you phone any of their friends?
A: Yes, I phoned 3) ......................................of them, but
shopping bags 4) of them knows where Beth
and Angela are.
B: Here’s the postman. Look! There's a postcard here. It's
from Beth and Angela. They are 5 ) ................................
in Scotland. 6 ) .................................. of them is having a
good time, though, because it’s raining there.
A: When are they com ing back?
B: Th e y are com ing back next Sunday.

Fill in th e g a p s w ith both. all. neither o r

Fill in t h e g a p s u s in g both/neither of
us/them.
1 George and Peter went to the cinema to see a film.
...Neither o f them... enjoyed it. though, because it
was quite boring.
2 My sister and I are twins..................................................
have the same colour hair.
3 I tried to open the cupboard, then Jam es tried to
open it. b u t .................................................... could do it
because it was stuck.
4 I made a chocolate cake and a cherry cake, but
...................................................... tasted good because
I forgot to add the sugar!
5 Samantha and Kate were bridesmaids at a wedding
last w eek.................................................... looked lovely
in their beautiful dresses.
6 I phoned Bill and To m yesterday. I think ..................
.............................................. were out because no one
answered the telephone.
none.
1 A: Would you like an apple or an orange?
B: Neither. I'd like a pear, please.
2 A: I looked for Helen and Jane, b u t ...........................
of them were there.
B: They h a v e ......................................gone shopping.
3 A: I’ve got lots of skirts but ......................................of
them fit me.
B: Well, buy some new ones.
4 A: I’m waiting for three friends................................. of
them are late!
B: I’m sure they will be here soon.
5 A: My sisters, Ann and Julie, a r e ..................teachers.
B: Really? I'm a teacher, too.
6 A: There were lots of birds in the garden this morning.
B: Really? Th e y have ................................ gone now.
7 A: Steve and Dave had an accident yesterday.
B: Are they ................................................. in hospital?
A: No. Luckily.................................of them were hurt.
 oth/Neither-AII/None-Possessives
Lo o k a t th e p ic tu re s a n d the p r o m p ts given
a n d c o m p a r e th e t w o jo b s (business*
man/pilot) u s in g both...and o r neither...nor.
e.g. B o th businessmen and p ilo ts work hard.
The lion is a
wild animal.
The tiger is
a wild
animal, too.

B o th the lion a n d the tiger are wild animals.

The lion doesn't eat grass.
The tiger doesn 't eat grass, either.
N e ith e r the lion n o r the tiger eats grass.

♦ We use both ... and to join the subjects of two dif­

ferent sentences in one sentence which has a
positive meaning. Th e verb of the sentence is
always in the plural.
e.g. Both Bob and Paul are from Scotland.

We use n e ith e r... nor to join the subjects of two

different sentences in one sentence which has a
negative meaning. Th e verb of the sentence is
always in the affirmative and agrees in number
with the second subject.
e.g. Neither Sheila n o r Mary wants to travel abroad.
(N O T: Neither ShetkHfor-Mofy dotbt
abroad.)

• work hard
R e w r i t e t h e s e n t e n c e s u s in g both...and • spend m uch time with their families
o r neither...nor, • earn a lot of m oney
• have m uch free time
1 Barry works at the bank. Mark works at the bank. too. • meet a lot of people
B o th B a rry a n d M ark work a t th e bank. • make important decisions
2 Je n n y is from Ireland. Mark is from Ireland, too. • have stressful jobs

3 I d o n ’t like bananas and Marie d oesn’t like bananas, C o m p l e t e t h e a r t i c le b e l o w u s in g y o u r

either. n o te s fro m ex. 1 2 .

4 Jane d oesn’t g o to school any more and her sister

doesn't, either.
Your choice: PILOT or BUSINESSMAN?
This week, we are looking at two different jobs which have very similar
5 My mother enjoys skiing. I enjoy skiing, too. advantages and disadvantages: that ol a pilot and a businessman.
B o th businessm en a n d p ilo ts work ve ry h a rd ...........
6 Lucy d id n ’t spend her holidays at hom e. Bob didn't,
either.

7 Susan went on holiday to Spain last year. Emily

went there, too.

8 Fred hasn’t got long hair and Stuart hasn’t got long
hair, either.
 \ UNIT 8
P ronouns-Both/K either-AII/N one- ssives

W e put possessive adjectives before nouns.

i Possessive pronouns are never followed by nouns
— ' •
e.g. This is he r car. It's black. The black car is hers.

J o in th e tw o parts w ith the c o rre c t form

14> of the po ssessive case.

1 the bags - the women 6 the manager - the hotel

t h e w o m e n 's b a g s 7 the man - the trousers
2 the top - the hill 8 the toys - the children
3 the car — the roof 9 the name - the street
Helen is P e te r a n d Ja n e 's B o b and Ted have got 4 the shop - the owner 10 the clothes the baby
mother. She is their mother. briefcases. 5 the boys the caps
J a n e ’s bicycle is red. These are B o b ’s a n d
The bicycle is hers. T e d ’s briefcases. R ew rite the p a rt of e ach sentence w h ich
15a is in bold using the possessive case, as
We use a) the possessive case, b) possessive adject­
in the exam ple.
ives and c) possessive pronouns to show posses­
sion or relationship. 1 I’ll meet you in an hour. = in an h o u r 's time
Th e possessive case is formed as follows: 2 From the airport, the hotel is a drive of four hours
A: for people or animals: = four ....................................................................... drive
• w i t h ’s for singular nouns Ken’s car 3 Th e advert is in the pa pe r today.
• with * for plural nouns ending in -s. = in ..........................................................................paper
the girls’ dresses, the birds’ nests 4 I heard it on the new s yesterday.
• w ith ’s for irregular plural nouns, = o n ..........................................................................news
the women's clothes 5 It’s on the m e n u this week.
• w hen the same thing belongs to two or more = t h is ....................................................................... menu
people, we a d d ’s only to the last noun. 6 T h e results this year are better.
e.g. Gina and T o m ’s car. (The car belongs to = this ..................................................................... results
both of them.) 7 I will make the phone call in five minutes.
• when two or more things belong to two or = i n ............................................................................. time
more people and we want to show that each 8 That is the m agazine from last month.
person has his/her own thing, we a d d ’s to = last ...............................................................magazine
each noun.
e.g. C la ire ’s and Kate's uniforms. (Each girl has
its = possessive adjective
her own uniform.)
e.g. The d o g is carrying its bowl.
B: we use of to talk about things or parts of things.
e.g. the roof o f the house it's = it is or it h a s e.g. I t ’s (it is ) raining hard today.
(N O T: (ho- -houoo o-roof because ‘house’ is a Let's go outside. It ’s (it h a s ) stopped raining.
thing)
When we refer to place or time, the possessive
case is formed as follows:
Fill in the g a p s w ith it's or its.
• phrase of place (shop/business, etc.) + ’s 1« *
at the butcher’s (we mean the shop)
• phrase showing measurement of tlme+ *ьГ 1 T h e dog buried ...its ... bone in the garden.
(to show how long things last) 2 Th e book isn’t m ine................................m y brother's.
a day’s walk/two hours’ drive 3 I c a n ’t wear this jum per because ................................
got a hole in it.
Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns
4 Th e bird built .................................. nest in the tree in
my our mine ours our garden.
your your yours yours 5 very cold today. I think it might snow.
his their his theirs 6 It was raining earlier b u t ..................... stopped now.
her hers 7 quite a good novel but I didn’t
its enjoy the end very m uch.
8 Th e cat was cleaning ......................................... paws.

57
UNIT 8
Pro ПО' *,rnPixrth/J Jeithsr-AII/None-ltossessives
Look at the objects and say w ha t belongs
to each person using the possessive case.
1 ...B o b'e ... trumpet
5 .................shirts
Subject P ro n o un s
in the morning a n d .......................mother brings
...................... back in the car every afternoon.
2 A: W hose are these football boots? Are they yours?
B: Y e s......................... a r e ...........................
Julie and 3 A: W here are your parents?
Helen B: .......................have gone shopping...........................
have ta k e n .................... brother w ith ........................
4 A: What did you and Jim do last night?
B: ...................... went to the cinema.
A: What d i d ...................... see?
2 ......................... pencils
B: Th e new Jam es Bond film.
A: W a s .......................good?
B: Yes......................was excellent. Both o f .....................
enjoyed.......................
5 A: .......................'m going to a party tonight but
.......................'ve got nothing to wear.
B: D on ’t w orry........................’II g iv e ....................... one
o f .......................dresses to wear.
A: Thanks. C a n ..................ta k e ......................car too?
B: ..................’m a fra id ....................can't...................... ’s
at the garage. Anyway, e n jo y ..................................
at the party!
6 A: Have you seen Georgia and Julian recently?
B: No. but I wrote a letter t o ...................... last week.
A: H a v e .......................written back t o ........................ ?
B: Not yet. but I’m s u r e ...................... will.
7 A: W here are you going?
B: I'm going shopping with Pauline. D o .....................
shoes
want to com e w it h ...................... ?
A: Yes. please......................... would love to come.
8 A: Edward has h u rt................................. is in hospital.
O bject P ronouns B: Really? Let's go and v is it........................then.

I me
you you
U n d e rlin e the c o rre c t item .
he him
she her
it it 1 O h dear! I’ve left m y jm in e wallet at home.
we us 2 O u r s / O u r video recorder is not working.
you you Grandm other is lending us her/hers for a few days.
they them 3 M ine/M y passport has expired. I need to get a new
one.
Subject pronouns go before verbs as subjects. 4 T h e Smiths’ house is the third from the left. And the
Object pronouns go after verbs or prepositions Porsche that is parked outside is their/theirs, too.
as objects, e.g. He is walking barefoot. Look at him! 5 Jo h n and Patrick aren’t at home but theirs/their
cars are in the garage.
6 D o n ’t wash your hair with that sham poo. It’s
m in e /m y.
7 Is that Danielle’s coat? No, it isn’t. H e r/H e rs is the
Fill in the appropriate possessive
adjective o r p ro n o u n (i.e. subject, object, one with the red buttons on the front.
reflexive o r p o s s e s s ive ). 8 Rita has left h er/hers job as a shop assistant
because she wants to be a singer.
1 A: Do you go to the village school? 9 Don't use m y pen. please. Use yo u rs/yo u r instead.
B: No. d on ’t. M y sister a n d .......................go to 10 Is Sue Parker y o u r/y o u rs cousin? I’ve known her for
the school in tow n.........................go there by bus months but she has never told m e that.

58
 \ UNIT 8
Pronoims-l3oth/Neither-AII/None“ &$ives

20 , C o rre c t the m is ta k e s . Q R A j
Activity
1 Neither Nora nor Peter didn't enjoy the party
Look at the table and make sentences, as in the
2 This is ours dog.
example.
3 Neither A n dy and Jane lives in Scotland.
4 This is Freds' watch. e.g. Both the B od y Club and the Fitness Centre have got
5 W e enjoyed us on holiday last year. qualified instmctors. Neither the Body Club nor the
6 Is this him suitcase? Fitness Centre has got a sauna.
7 These are Jo h n s slippers.
8 Jim . Bob and Tim are both doctors.

Box
• qualified
/ /
instructors

P u t t h e v e r b s in b r a c k e t s in to t h e • sauna X X
pa st s im p le , p a st c o n tin u o u s , p re s e n t
21> pe rfe ct s im p le , p re s e n t sim ple or
• less than £40
a month / /
p re s e n t c o n tin u o u s .
• aerobics classes / /
When m y grandfather 1) ...w as... (be) a young boy. he • a large car park X X
2 ) .......................... (like) watching the ships in the harbour
• near the city
of the town where he 3 ) ......................................... (live). A / /
centre
few years later, he 4 ) ......................................... (look) for a
• a swimming-pool X X
job when he 5 ) ................................... (find) one on one of
the ships in the harbour and he 6 ) ........................................
(become) a sailor. My grandfather 7 ) ...................................
......................... (just/retire) and he 8) ...............................................

(enjoy) his free time. Now. he 9 ) ...............................(work)

in his garden and he 1 0 ) .........................(do) all the things
he couldn't do when he 1 1 ) ................................(work). Activity

22 , C h o o s e the c o rre c t a n s w e r.
Lo ok at the table In the O ra l A c tiv ity again and
com plete the article about the B o d y C lu b and the
Fitness Centre.

1 Jill and Anne ...C... tennis now. B o th the B o d y C lu b a n d the Fitn ess C entre are
A were playing В play С are playing excellent sports centres in ou r neighbourhood. Both
2 we g o out for a meal on Saturday night? the B o d y C lu b a n d the Fitne ss C en tre h ave g o t
A Will В Shall С Are qualified instructors................................................................
3 Look out! Y o u .............. hit your head on the cupboard
door.
A are going to В w o n ’t С shall
4 W e .............. for Rome tomorrow morning.
A are leaving В left С were leaving
5 P e o p le .............. to the radio a lot sixty years ago.
A were listening В have listened С used to listen
6 Elizabeth Wilson is the wom an .............. won the
competition.
A which В who С whose

59
 Th e verbs must, can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should and ought are modal auxiliary verbs. They
express certainty, possibility, obligation, necessity, lack of necessity, etc.

Th e main characteristics of modal verbs are the following:

♦ they do not take an -s, -ing or -ed suffix, e.g. He can cook. (N O T : He cone-cook-.)
♦ they form questions, negations and short answers without the auxiliary verb ‘d o ’.
e.g. M a y I go now ? (N O T: D o -Lmay-gthnow ?)
Th e y s h o u ld n ’t make any noise. (N O T: 7hoy don't ohould make ony-noise.)
♦ they are followed by a bare infinitive except for ought which is followed by a to - infinitive.
e.g. You m u s t fasten your seat-belt. (N O T : Y-o u mv et to teeton your soat bolt.)
♦ they do not form all tenses. Th e y usually have present or past tense.
e.g. He can play water polo, (present tense) He c o u ld ski when he was young, (past tense)

Clare has got a с old. She has g o n e to the doc

- L jf e v jj
(o b lig e ! 10 li - и а & Ш У -
to tor's. L o o k a t t h e p r o m p t s a n d s a y w h a t
t h e d o c t o r a d v is e s h e r (n o t) to d o .
(Ы
• stay in bed
You m u s t s t a y In bed.

go to the office
for three days

• take som e medicine

• drink a lot of water

• eat any
ice-cream

take your temperature

twice a day

call me if you have a high

♦ Must and have to express obligation and necessity.
e.g. You m ust c o m e home early.
I have to be at the office at nine o'clock.
♦ Must can only be used in the present tense. We use
have to to form all the other tenses.
e.g. I'll have to work late tomorrow.
He h a d to leave early yesterday. (N O T: Ho muGi
iGGV&-£Grly fOStGrdGy.)
♦ We also use must to give advice.
e.g. You m ust talk to your brother about it.
You m u s tn ’t be late for school.
temperature
L o o k a t t h e p r o m p t s g iv e n . In p a ir s ,
a s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s t io n s , a s in th e
* > e x a m p le .
SA: W hy d id he g o t o th e s u p e rm a rk e t y e s te r d a y ?
S B : b e c a u s e he h a d t o d o s o m e shopping.
1 he / go to the supermarket / do som e shopping
2 she / go to the post office / post som e letters
3 they / call the babysitter / attend a meeting
4 he / call a taxi / go to the airport
5 she / buy a dictionary / translate a novel
6 they / go to a restaurant / entertain som e clients
 Fill in t h e g a p s w i t h don't/doesn't have to,
didn't have to o r w o n 't have to.
1 To m o rrow is Saturday, so I ...w o n 't h ave to ... go to
school.
2 I've already finished m y project, so I .........................
do it in the holidays.
3 W e bought a takeaway pizza last night, so w e ......
.................................. cook dinner.
4 To m and Mary have got a washing-m achine, so
they .............................................. g o to the laundrette.
5 Steve passed his driving test, so he ..........................
take it again.
6 Sally is very rich, so s h e .....................................work.
7 Th e y bought tickets in advance, so they ..................
......................... wait in the queue.
8 Ja n e 's mother wakes her up. so s h e .........................
use an alarm clock.
9 I have already read the book, so I ..............................
read it again.
10 Sam never makes a mess, so h e ................................
tidy his room very often.
You m u s tn 't b e late
again. Miss Jones.
♦ Must not/Mustnt (you aren’t allowed to/it is against
the rules) expresses prohibition.
e.g. You m ustn't park here. (It is against the rules.)
♦ Needn’t (it isn’t necessary) expresses lack of
necessity. We can use don't/doesn't have to
instead of needn’t with no difference in meaning.
e.g. You n e e d n 't/d o n ’t have to b u y me a gift.
(It isn't necessary for you to buy me a gift.)
Fill in t h e g a p s w it h m ustn't o r needn't /
d o n 't have to.
1 A: You ...m u s tn 't... do that again! It was very
naughty!
B: I'm sorry.
2 A: Shall I put som e petrol in the car?
B: No. you ...................................I did it this morning.
3 A: You .................................................... be late tonight.
В: I won't. I'll be hom e early.
4 A: Shall I give you a lift?
B: No. you ................................................I’ll go by taxi.
5 A: Y o u ........................... forget to pay the bills today.
B: I’ve already done it.
6 A: You ............................ lose the m oney I gave you.
B: I’ll put it in a safe place.
7 A: Y o u ........................buy a gift for Daisy’s birthday.
B: Alright. I’ll just send a card.
8 A: Shall we take a picnic with us on Saturday?
B: No. we ....................................... W e ’re going to eat
at a restaurant.
IN OTHER WORDS
S t u d y th e s e e x a m p le s . T h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e
h a s a s im ila r m e a n in g to th e firs t s e n te n c e .
1 Parking your car in this area is forbidden.
m ust You m u s t n o t p a rk y o u r c a r in this area.
2 It isn’t necessary to buy any meat. We've got plenty,
n e e d n ’t You n e e d n 't b u y a n y meat. W e've got
plenty.
have You d o n ’t have to b u y any meat. W e’ve
got plenty.
3 Is it necessary for you to call him?
have Do y o u have to call him?
C o m p le te e ach se ntence w ith tw o to
five w o rd s in clu din g the w o rd in bold.
1 It isn’t necessary to wait for us.
have You ..don’t have t o w ait... for us.
2 Taking pictures inside the m useum is forbidden,
m ust You .........................................................inside
the museum.
3 Is it necessary for you to leave so early?
have Do ......................................................so early?
4 It isn’t necessary to g o by taxi. I'll give you a lift,
n e e d n ’t You ...................................................... by taxi.
I'll give you a lift.
5 Keeping pets in the building is forbidden.
m ust You ........................................ in the building.
6 It isn’t necessary to water the flowers.
have You .............................................. the flowers.
 Cali - C o uld - 13е able io (ability)

Peter c a n re a d but his sister. Mrs Turner c o u l d p la y tennis before Rachel w as ab le to re a c h the
Rose, can't. she had the accident. top of the mountain.

♦ Can expresses ability and c a n t expresses lack of ability in the present.

e.g. Kate can speak a foreign language. Tim c a n ’t p la y the piano.
♦ Could expresses general ability in the past.
e.g. Alan c o u ld sing very well when he was young. (But now he can’t.)
♦ Was/Were able to (managed to do) expresses ability that we had in the past in a particular situation. It shows that
someone did something, but with effort.
e.g. It was a very difficult test, but Meryl was able to answ er all the questions. (She managed to answer all the
questions.)
♦ Couldn't expresses lack of ability in the past, either generally or in a particular situation.
e.g. My little brother c o u ld n ’t ride a bicycle when he was two. (Generally, not in a particular situation.)
Helen tried but she couldn't open the door. (She didn't manage to open the door lack of ability in a particular situation)
We use could (not wae/were able to) with the verbs see, hear, feel, smell, taste, understand, remember, guess, etc.
e.g. Marian could feel that something was wrong the moment she entered the room. (NOT: Ш гк ю we&abto to fool that...)
Can has only present and past tenses. We use be able to to form all the other tenses (future simple, present
perfect, etc.).
e.g. I hope I II be able to take you out to dinner next week.

л Look at th e p ro m p ts give n and, in pairs, Fill in the g a p s w ith can/can't,

^ m a k e s e n te n ce s , as in the ex a m p le . V ^ co u ld !co u ld n 't or w aslwere able to.

SA: Th e y c a n 't e n jo y m u c h p e a c e a n d a u ie t now. 1 W hen I arrived. I ...could... see a few people waitin-
SB : When th e ch ild re n g ro w up, t h e y ’ll be a b le t o for the train.
e n jo y s o m e p e a ce a n d (\uiet. 2 After saving their m oney for ten years, they ..........
......................................................................buy a house
3 Sam and B e th ............................ speak Italian fluently
NOW
can ’t they?
• enjoy m uch peace and 4 you tie your shoelaces wher
• go out in the evenings you were four years old?
• d o lots of sports 5 It was a very tricky question, but Paul .....................
• visit their friends answer it.
6 I ....................................... hear what they were sayinc
often
because the music was too loud.
• go to the theatre with
7 Although it was difficult, the children ........................
their friends
build a tree house.
8 S u s a n .......................... come to the phone. She's bus\

62
 Fill in t h e g a p s w i t h could, c o u ld n 't o r was
able to.

I was walking in the woods one evening when

something terrible happened. I slipped and fell dow n a We also use can and could to:
hill into a stream. It was quite dark and I 1) ...couldn't...
see very well. I called for help but no one 2 ) ............. ask for permission. Could is more formal and
................................hear me. I had hurt m y ankle and I polite than can.
3) walk very easily, but I tried.
After som e time. I 4 ) ..............................start going up
the hill again.
It was late and I was cold and wet. I wanted to go
home, but it was too far to walk. It took me a long
time, but eventually I reached the edge of the w oods.
There was a house there, so I 5 ) ............................... call
my father. He cam e in the car and took me home.
The following day. the doctor cam e and examined
my ankle. I had to stay in bed for two days. It was a
week before I 6 ) .......................... walk properly again.
make a request. Could is more polite than can.

C h o o s e th e c o rre c t a n s w e r.

1 I ...A ... understand what he was saying because he

was speaking Spanish.
A couldn’t В can ’t С can
C o u ld y o u find these
C a n y o u explain this
2 S te v e n ............. walk when he was one year old. people's phone
w ord to me, please?
A can’t В can С could numbers, please?

3 Th e door was locked so I ............. go inside. make a suggestion.

A will be able to В w asn’t able to С can
We c a n /c o u ld
4 W e ......... g o out for a meal since we bought the car. visit the museum
A has been able to В haven't been able to tomorrow morning
С can

5 W hen I am older. I .............. live by myself.

A can't В have been able to
С will be able to

6 I ............. run faster than m y brother now.

,
A will be able to В could С can

7 J e n n y .............. type since she went to college. W h a t d o can a n d c o u ld e x p r e s s in e a c h

A has been able to В can С can’t
10 sen te n ce ?

8 I .............. hear you very well. Please speak louder. 1 W e can watch the new show on TV. (s u g g e s tio n )
A am able to В can С can't 2 It was cold last Saturday so we co u ld n ’t go on a
9 W e arrived at the shop just as it was closing, so we picnic.
3 C a n I g o cam ping with m y friends at the weekend?
.............. d o our shopping.
A are able to В can С couldn't 4 If you are not feeling well, you cou ld stay at home.
5 C o u ld you shut the window, please?
10 My b ro th e r.............. drive yet. He's too young. 6 C o u ld I speak to you for a moment, please?
A can В can't С couldn’t 7 C a n you call G reg and tell him I'll be late?
UNIT 9 У
M o d r! «rb s I
6 A: What skills do you have?
D R B: Well, I .......................use computers and I ...............
speak two foreign languages.
( y iv iu y / 1«^lubiuy |:ш и и «й 'и ),.. 7 A: What shall we buy Mum for her birthday?
B: W e .........................get a big box of chocolates.
8 A: It’s hot in here......................... you open the win
dow, please?
♦ We use can to give permission.
B: Of course.
e.g. You can sit here. 9 A: I’m going to the shops. I w on’t be long.
♦ We use can’t to refuse permission. B: Alright.
e.g. You c a n ’t use this computer. A: D o you want anything?
B: Y e s .........................you get me a magazine?

j j Look at the pictures and m ake sentences /\7l и Ь' i

* using can o r ca n t. (lo o ie e l
e.g. You c a n 't ta k e p h o to g ra p h s here.

P
take smoke park
photographs

0
com*: s»*or
They m ust be lost.

♦
They c a n ’t be at home.

We use must for positive logical assumptions.

e.g. Jason must be at work. (I’m sure Jason is at
cross the ride a have
bicycle coffee work.)
road
♦ We use c a n l for negative logical assumptions.
e.g. Sam ca n ’t know about this. (I'm sure Sam
( .2 \ Fill in the g a p s w ith can, ca n ’t o r could. doesn't know about this. N O T:
1 2 j| T h e n , s a y w h a t th e y exp re ss in e ach know about-thiar)
se n te n ce .

1 A: M um , ...can... I go on holiday with m y friends

this year? (a sking fo r p e rm issio n )
B: I'm afraid y o u ............................ Y o u ’re too young.
2 A: Sir, I need to leave work early tonight, if that's
possible.
B. You ............................ leave early if you finish all
your work first.
3 A: My m um always said that I was a clever child.
B: What do you mean?
A: Well. I ........................... read and write when I was
four years old.
4 A: It’s raining, so w e ........................... go out tonight.
B: Well, we'll stay in then.
A: But. I want to do something nice, i’m bored.
B: W e ......................... play chess.
5 A: Excuse me?
B: Yes.
A: ........................you tell m e the time, please?
B: Yes. it’s almost two o ’clock.
1 3> Fill in th e g a p s w ith must o r can’t.
1 A: W ow! Look at that man in the beautiful car.
B: Yes, he ...m u st... be very rich.
2 A: I passed m y exam!
B: Congratulations. Y o u .................... be very happy.
3 A: Aunt Sheila’s dog died.
B: Oh no. S h e ................................ be very sad.
4 A: That wom an always wears smart clothes and
lots of jewellery.
B: I know. S h e ................................be poor.
5 A: I’ve been working all day without a break.
B: Sit down, y o u ................................. be really tired.
6 A: I’ve finished tidying m y room. I’m ready to leave
now.
B: Y o u ............................. be ready so soon! You only
started ten minutes ago!

64
14>
C o rre c t the m istak es. О R A j
Activity
1 You can go out until you finish eating.
Alan Roland has just become the director of the com­
2 Dad. must I borrow the car. please?
pany he works for. Look at the information below and
3 I haven't be able to write the letter yet.
talk about the changes in Alan’s life, using the modal
4 He ca n ’t run long distances when he was a boy. verbs in the list.
5 You mustn't wake up early tomorrow. It's a holiday
6 He drives a Porsche. He must be poor. has to - will have to - needn’t/doesn't have to -
can ■ will be able to • won't be able to
e.g. Alan has to g o to work earlier now.

©vision Box

Fill in th e g a p s w ith the p r e s e n t sim p le,

15> p re s e n t c o n tin u o u s , p a s t s im p le , p re s e n t
p e rfe ct, future s im p le o r b e g o in g to. Alan Mary (wife) Rick and Kate
(children)

• go to work earlier now

• drive to work (a chauffeur picks him up)
• work overtime sometimes now
• send the children to a better school next year
• Mary not work any more (they have enough
money)
• move to a bigger house next month
• take a family holiday this year (Alan has too much
work)

Charles Maxwell 1) ...worke... (work) in a bank in the

centre of London. At the mom ent he 2 ) ...........................
L o o k at y o u r notes from the O ra l A c tiv ity and
............................... (look) for a new house. He 3 ) .........................
complete the letter that Alan has sent to his friend.
..................... (live) with his parents all of his life but now
he 4 ) ...................................(want) to m ove because he
5 ) ........................................ .........(decide) to get married. Dear Keith.

So far. he 6 ) .....................................(look) at ten houses. I’m writing to tell you that I got a promotion last
but he 7 ) ................................................... (not/like) any of month. I am the director of the com pany now. so our
life has changed in a number of ways.
them. He 8 ) .............................. (see) another one later
T o begin with, I have to go to work earlier...............
today. He thinks he 9 ) ........................... (like) it because
he 1 0 ) .........................................................(already/see) a
photograph of it and it 1 1 ) .......................(be) beautiful.
Good luck. Charles!

65
 - T h e "-in<y fo rm

Vlie I LlllLlliu VCr VVl- иьчгIIUr Lkul - IiiiiniiiVL-:

♦ after modal verbs (can. must, etc.).

e.g. You can g o home now.
♦ after the verbs let and make.
e.g. M y parents let m e have a party for my birth
day last month.

W rite w h a t t h e fo llo w in g w o rd s / p h ra s e s
1 a r e fo llo w e d b y : to - in fin itive ( T . l . ) o r bare
in fin itiv e ( B .l .) .

1 could + 3.1 9 make sb +

2 agree + 10 seem +
3 let + 11 expect +
4 must + 12 can ’t +
They w a n t to s p e n d their life together. 5 want + 13 it is nice +
They w o u ld like to h a ve two children. 6 learn + 14 hope +
They m a y b u y a car next year. 7 decide + 15 may +
8 promise + 16 advise +
The infinitive is the root form of the verb. There are
two kinds of infinitive:
a) the to - Infinitive e.g. to stay, to go In p a irs , s a y w h a t y o u r p a re n ts (don't) let
o r (don't) make you d o u s in g th e p ro m p ts
b) the bare infinitive which is the root form of the Q . b e lo w .
verb without to. e.g. stay, go
SA: M y p a re n ts d o n ’t let me w atch TV la te a t night.
Wcr u.b'tr UiCr - itiiiiiiiiVL-: S B : M y p a re n ts make me s t u d y hard.

watch T V late at night tidy m y room

♦ after ve rb s such as advise, agree, decide,
study hard invite friends home
expect, h o p e , m a n a g e , offer, p ro m is e , refuse,
go to parties at the have breakfast every
s e e m , w a nt, etc.
weekend morning
e.g. H e re fu s e d to a n s w e r m y question.
wear anything I want play music loud
♦ after be + adjective such as glad, h a p p y, nice,
sorry, etc.
f л | Fill in t h e g a p s w it h o n e of th e v e rb s from
e.g. It is n ic e to b e back home.
V Jm th e list in t h e c o r r e c t fo rm .
Ja ck will b e g la d to s e e you.
climb, help, go, open, buy. post, stay, take,
♦ after s o m e ve rb s such as k n o w , learn,
wash, ask
r e m e m b e r, ask, w a n t to k n o w , etc. w hen there
is a question w ord (w ho, what, where, how, 1 I think I will ...buy... som e flowers for m y mother.
etc.) after them. W h y ’ is not followed by an 2 Bill went to the post o ffic e ...................some letters.
infinitive, but b y a subject + verb. 3 Let m e ................................you with your homework.
e.g. I don't k n o w h o w to a n s w e r this question, 4 I want ........................... a mountain before I’m thirty.
but I didn't k n o w w h y h e w as c r y in g 5 W e must ...................... the car today. It’s very dirty.
♦ with too and enough. 6 He's too y o u n g ........................... in the house alone.
e.g. It s to o co ld to g o outside. 7 I don't know h o w ................................the windows in
Jo e isn 't old e n o u g h to vote this room.
♦ to express purpose. 8 I couldn’t ............................. on holiday last summer.
e.g. I went to the florist's to b u y som e flowers. 9 Can I .................................... you a question, please?
10 Th ey made h e r .............. the money out of the safe.

66
 UNIT 10
Infinitive - Tое/Ы ощЬ - The -me Ip rm "
Fill in the g a p s w ith one off the verbs
Vlitr Ь'иЬ[(Ж o( i lief Lui iuii ive" ffrom the list in the c o rre c t fform off the
infinitive.
be * leave - do - make - meet - tell

/ w a n t to p la y
the yellow ball.

1 I really d o n ’t know 2 You m u s tn 't...............

what ...t o do... . ........................ anyone
I w a n t y o u to about this.
d r a w a picture. ,

3 I can ................... I want you

When the subject of the main verb and the subject m y own clothes. quiet.
of the infinitive is the same, then the subject of the
infinitive is omitted.
e.g. I w o u ld like to stay here. (The subject o i the
main verb and the infinitive is T . )
When the subject of the infinitive is different from
the subject of the main verb, then the subject of the
infinitive is not omitted. Th e subject of the infinitive
can be a name (Mark), a noun (the boys) or an 5 I don't think the boss 6 I'm pleased
object pronoun (me, you, them, etc.) and goes will let me ................... you
before the infinitive. earlier today.

Lucy
e.g. I w o u ld like the girls to stay here. Put the verbs in b ra c k e ts into the
her c o rre c t fform off the infinitive.

Dear Emma,
Rephrase the following, as in the example.
I’m w riting (1 ) ...t o invite... (invite) you to my
birthday party next Saturday.
1 You must help me.
As you know, I’ll be sixteen, so this is going to be a
I want y o u t o help me.
very special occasion/or me. I’ve invited almost all of my
2 Th ey m ustn’t leave n ow .............................
Jriends and I really hope they’ll all be able (2 ) ................
I don't want ..................................................
(com e). Could I ( 3 ) ..................................... (ask) you (4)
3 She must eat her dinner.
....................... (help) me with the preparations, though?
I w a n t ..............................................................
I would like ( 5 ) ............................... (decorate) the house
4 He must visit Aunt Linda.
w ith white and pink /lowers, but I’m afraid I w o n ’t
I w a n t ..............................................................
(6 ) ........................ (have) time to do everything by
5 You mustn't talk to strangers.
myself. I’ve also decided ( 7 ) ........................ (m ake) my
I don't want ..................................................
ow n cake and I’ll certainly need your help with that!
6 Fiona mustn't go on holiday by herself.
Please write back soon and let me ( 8 ) .......................
I don't want ..................................................
(know ) if you can make it.
7 Th e y must d o their hom ework now.
I w a n t .............................................................. Best wishes,
8 You must go to bed now. Sandra
I w a n t ..............................................................

67
UNIT 10
Infinit s -T o o / E n o u g h -T h e w-in g form
M a t c h c o l u m n A w i t h c o l u m n В to make
V o o / lz L lO U L lll c o rre c t se n te n ce s.

A [ H | в Щ Ш

1 It's only 6 o'clock. a enough to live alone.

He is too short to reach She 's tall e n o u g h to
the biscuits. reach the top shelf.
♦ T o o g o e s before adjectives or adverbs. It has
a negative m eaning and s h o w s that som ething
is m ore than enough, m ore than necessary or
m ore than wanted.
у ** ^
too + adjective/adverb + to - infinitive
e.g. Sarah is to o y o u n g to g o to school. (Sarah is
so young that she can't g o to school.)
He speaks to o q u ic k ly for m e to u n d e rs ta n d
him. (He speaks so quickly that I can 't under-
stand him.)
♦ E n o u g h goes before n ouns but after adjectives
or adverbs. It has a positive m eaning and
sho w s that there is as m uch of som ething as is
wanted or needed.
adjective/adverb + enough \ + t Q m infinitive
enough + noun 1
e.g. She's o ld e n o u g h to g o out on her own. (She
can g o out on her own.)
I've got e n o u g h bu tter to m a ke a cake. (I
can make a cake.)
enough ... + to - infinitive (positive meaning)
e.g. He is s tro n g e n o u g h to lift the suitcase.
not enough ... + to - infinitive (negative m eaning)
e.g. He is n o t s tro n g e n o u g h to lift the suitcase.
too ... + to - infinitive (negative meaning)
e.g. He is to o w e a k to lift the suitcase.
too ... for som ebody/som ething + to - Infinitive
(negative meaning)
e.g. The suitcase is to o h e a v y for h im to lift.
It’s too b cold to go out
without a coat.
2 He wasn't tall с enough to go to
bed now.
3 I’m not old
d enough to reach the
4 It’s too cupboard.
e expensive for me to
5 Th e girl wasn’t early buy.
f early to go to bed.
6 Th e dress was too
g rich enough to buy a
7 I'm not tired yacht.
h enough to catch the
8 W e aren’t train.
д C o m p l e t e t h e r e s p o n s e s u s in g too o r
en o u gh .
1 Can she win the race? (fast) Yes, she’s f a s t enough.
2 Can he buy this car? (cheap)
N o ..........................................................................................
3 Can he wear this jacket? (small)
N o ..........................................................................................
4 Can she carry the bags? (heavy)
N o ..........................................................................................
5 Can he hear the music? (loud)
Yes.........................................................................................
6 Can he touch the ceiling? (short)
N o ..........................................................................................
q R e w r it e t h e s e n t e n c e s u s in g too o r
* ^ enough.
1 D on’t wear a T-shirt. It's cold outside.
It’s to o cold o u ts id e t o wear a T -s h irt.
2 It’s very hot today. Let's go to the beach.
I t 's .........................................................................................
3 W e’re not going to the party yet. It's early.
I t 's .........................................................................................
4 You can't touch the ceiling. You're short.
Y ou ’re n o t ...........................................................................
5 You can buy this sweater. It’s cheap.
This sweater is .................................................................
6 You can walk to school alone. You aren’t too young.
Y o u ’r e ..................................................................................
7 They can buy a luxury yacht. They're rich.
They're ...............................................................................
8 You can lift this box. It's light.
This box .............................................................................
 Infinitive -Too/Enough-The -
LL N O TE:
Vll(r Lllfc} tOLlll W e can use the -ing form or the to - infinitive
after the verbs start, begin, continue, like, love,
prefer and hate. e.g. He started writing/to write
his speech last night.
W e use the to - infinitive and not the -ing form
after the expressions w ould love/would like/
w ould prefer, e.g. I w o u ld love to have m y own
house one day. (N O T : I w o u ld love having m y own
/-»/->! П /~| / Л . Л Л /-/r»U 1
rWUoU^srit^tJtfy./
W e can use the bare infinitive or the -ing form
after the verbs see, hear, feel and watch. Note
the difference in meaning, however.
a ) I s a w Peter c ro s s the street. (I saw the whole
action - by the time I left. Peter was on the other
side of the street.)
b ) I saw Peter c ro s s in g the street. (I only saw part
of the action - I don't know if Peter got to the
other side of the street b y the time I left.)

M a t c h c o l u m n A w i t h c o l u m n В to m a k e
Mr Scott likes painting.
10 c o rre c t se n te n ce s.
Painting is his favourite hobby.
A В
T h e “-in g fo rm ” is the verb form with the -ing
suffix. 1 Writing letters to — a is very tiring.
e.g. Sam likes fishing. friends b is bad for your teeth.
2 Th e baby started
3 Running long с crying when I left the
room.
distances
ь j i b i;j3 и л } lu ts s i" :
4 Speaking foreign d skiing last winter,
♦ as a noun. e.g. Walking is a good form of exercise. languages -► e is one of my hobbies,
5 Th e y went
♦ usually after the verbs like, love, dislike, hate, f washing the dishes,
6 Eating lots of sugar
enjoy, prefer.
7 To m doesn’t like g is useful for everyone.
e.g. Helen likes w a tc h in g old films on TV.
♦ after the verbs start, begin, stop, finish.
e.g. He started w riting his composition an hour j j P u t t h e v e r b s in b r a c k e t s in to th e
ago. * •J ) c o r r e c t infinitive form o r t h e -ing form.
♦ after prepositions.
e.g. I'm tired o f g o in g to work by bus every 1 I would like ...to qo... (go) out tonight.
morning. 2 He hates ................................................... (play) cards.
♦ after the verb g o w hen we talk about activities. 3 She is too e x cite d ............................................ (sleep).
e.g. We usually g o skiing at the weekends. 4 You m u s t ...................(get up) early in the morning.
5 I re g re t...........................................................(spend) so
♦ after the expressions b e busy, it’s n o use, it’s n o
much money last weekend.
g o o d , it's (n o t) worth, what's the use o f ...?,
6 They go ..................... (run) every Tuesday evening.
there's n o p o in t in. 7 I saw Helen ..........................................................(wash)
e.g. Father is b u s y repa iring the car. the dishes. It took her only ten minutes.
♦ after verbs such as avoid, adm it, co n fe ss, deny, 8 I started .......................................... (learn) French two
lo o k fo rw a rd to, m in d , regret, risk, sp e n d , years ago.
s u g g e s t, etc. 9 He was very pleased ...................... (see) her again
e.g. Tony a v o id e d a n s w e rin g m y question. 10 Th e dentist advised h im .................................... (stop)
eating sweets.
 ^ w
UNIT 10
Inf ini*/^ ^ H b o / E n o u g h - T h * " ‘ i n g f o r m "
Put the verbs in b ra c k e ts into the 4 A: Let’s ........................................... (go) to the ice-rink

2 » co rre c t infinitive form or the -ing form. at the weekend.

B: You know I hate ................................... (ice-skate).
A: But yo u’ve only tried it once. Anyway, you love
..........................(roller-skate). It’s the same thing.
B: That’s different.
5 A: Dad, Lucy has started .................................(have)
riding lessons. Will you let m e ................................
(go) riding too?
В Do you really w a n t.......................................... (go)?
A Yes, I’d ........................................................ (love) to.
В Well. I'll talk to your mother and. if she agrees.
I’m sure we c a n ........................................(arrange)
some lessons for you.
Last weekend, To by's parents let him (1) ...go... (go)
A Thanks Dad.
to the funfair with his friends. When they arrived, they
6 A Did you know that Scott is going to ask Laura
didn’t know which ride ( 2 ) ............................ (try) first, but
................................................................ (marry) him?
someone suggested (3) ....................................... (start)
В Really? How do you know that?
with the ghost train. Everyone agreed that this was a
A I saw th e m ..........................(look) at engagement
very good idea. After they had finished ( 4 ) .......................
rings in a jewellery shop.
(ride) the ghost train, they moved on to the other
В Oh. that’s interesting.
rides. To b y admitted ( 5 ) ............................. (be) afraid on
7 A; Are you looking forward to ............................ (go)
the fast roller-coaster, but he was still happy enough
on holiday?
( 6 ) .............................. (go) on it three times! He and his
В Yes. I’m busy ...............................(plan) m y week.
friends wanted ( 7 ) ...............................(try) all of the rides
A I s u g g e s t.................................(visit) the museums
but they were too exhausted (8) ......................... (do)
and art galleries. They're fascinating.
everything in one day. To b y suggested ( 9 ) .....................
В That’s a good idea. Actually. I wanted ................
(come) back the following weekend. Then, they all
............................ (ask) you what the town is like
decided (10) ................................ (go) home. They all
before I decide w h a t............................ (do).
loved (11) ................................... (visit) the funfair and
they are looking forward to (12) ....................................
(return) this weekend.
IN O T H E R W OR DS
S tu d y th e s e e x a m p le s . T h e s e c o n d s e n te n c e
Put the verbs in bra cke ts into the
h a s a s im ila r m e a n in g to th e first s e n te n c e .
co rre ct infinitive form o r the -ing form.
1 Jerry was so short that he couldn't reach the top shelf,
1 A: Are you busy ...reading... (read)? too Jerry was too short to reach the top shelf.
B: Yes. but I d o n ’t mind .................................... (help) 2 Fiona is too young to go out at night.
you. What do you want? old Fiona isn’t o ld e n o u g h to g o out at night.
A: Do you know the answer to this question? 3 Driving fast is dangerous.
B. Yes. Look. I'll show you how .................................. drive It is dangerous to drive fast.
(do) it yourself.
2 A: I've decided .........................(get) a part-time job.
B: Really? What kind of job do you w a n t..................
........................... (find)? C om plete e a c h se nten ce w ith tw o to
A: Well. I really e n jo y ........................................... (look five w o rd s including the w o rd in bold.
after) animals, so I wouldn't mind .........................
..................... (work) in a pet shop. Alec is too short to be a basketball player,
3 A: Th e police caught the man who burgled my tall Alec isn’t ...ta ll enough t o be., a basketball
house last month. player.
B: Really? How did they m anage................................. Exercising regularly is good for you.
(catch) him? exercise It is good ........................................regularly.
A: I don't know, but he a d m itte d ................................. Mary was so late that she didn't catch the bus.
(steal) things in our neighbourhood. too Mary w a s .......................................... the bus.
B: Well. I’m happy ......................................(hear) that This book is too boring for me to read.
the thief was caught. enough This book isn't ..................................... read.
 Infinitive - Too/(Enough -T h # ,r-m §

C o rre c t the m istak es. Q l M j ,

Activity
1 I’m not too tall to reach the top cupboard.
2 He is enough fast to win the race. Jake Potts, a dangerous criminal, has escaped from
3 I'm old enough travelling alone. prison. Look at the information in the poster below
and make sentences, as in the example.
4 You must to get up now.
5 She suggested to go to the cinema on Friday night e.g. Jake Potts m anaged to escape from Walton Prison
6 H e promised sending me a postcard. this morning.
7 It's no use to try to change her mind.
8 She knocked before to open the door.
9 He is tired enough to com e to the party.
10 I am poor enough to buy a new sports car.
WANTED: JAKE POTTS
HAVE YOU
SEEN
THIS MAN?
tension Box
1 m 85
85 kilos
Brown hair
C h o o s e the c o rre c t answ er.
Brown eyes

1 I'm thirsty. I ....... C........for two hours. manage/escape/Walton Prison this morning
A have run С have been running make/people/trust him
В am running be clever enough/disguise himself
2 Kate and Alice enjoy going to the theatre. enjoy/go/bars and cafes
A Both В Neither С All police/suggest/look out for him in these places
3 This is the park ........................ I take my dog every police/continue/look for him
afternoon. police/advise/people/keep away from him and
A where В what С which avoid/talk/him
4 The children are tired. I think th e y .................... to bed anyone who/see/him/should/contact the police
early tonight. on 263419
A are going В will go С go
5 A lic e ........................to Japan four times so far.
A has gone В has been going С has been
6 his boss let him leave early?
A Shall В Must С Will
7 Jack is in a hurry. H e .................... his boss in twenty You hear a new s bulletin on the radio about Jake
minutes and he has to be on time. Potts. Look at the Oral Activity again and complete
A will meet В is meeting С meets the bulletin below.

8 My husband painted our house all b y ........................ This is the nine o ’clock news. A dangerous criminal
A himself В him С his m anaged to escape from Walton Prison this morning.
Th e bus drivers were on strike yesterday, but Alex Jake Potts makes p e o p le ...................................................
...................... get to work.
A was able to В has been able to С could
10 R o b e rt..................... lunch when his uncle phoned.
A was having В has had С had
 Revision 2 (U n its 1 - 10
Look at the pictures and the prom pts Fill in the ga ps w ith the correct
and m a k e se n te n ce s u sing who or w hich. pronoun.

1 Rebecca has got a kitten. She found ...it... in the

park.
2 Where are m y k e y s ? .................can't fin d .....................
3 This is Terry. This motorbike i s .....................................
4 "Now listen, children. B e h a ve .........................................
1 Marconi/invent 2 a washing-machine/
at the party.”
the radio wash clothes
5 The Smiths cam e to our house yesterday...................
b ro u g h t.........................some flowers.
Л 6 I've got a dog and Fiona has got one too. but my
dog is older th a n ......................................
7 Mary decorated the c a k e .....................................
з M L ш и н 8 I left m y dictionary at home. Can I u s e ........................
telephone 4 zebras/have got stripes please?

R ew rite the se n te n ce s using both ... and

< > or n e ith e r... nor.
f *

5 a vacuum cleaner/ 6 Jackie Kennedy/marry 1 Hilary likes skiing. Emily likes skiing, too.
clean carpets Aristotle Onassis b o th H ila ry a n d Em ily like skiing.
2 Samantha goes shopping on Saturdays. Eric goes
1 M arconi w as th e m an who invented th e radio.
shopping on Saturdays, too.
2
3 3 Brian doesn't play football. Simon doesn't play
4 football, either.
5
6 4 Peter is a good dancer. Sally is a good dancer, too.

5 David doesn't know how to drive. Linda doesn't

know how to drive, either.
C ho ose th e c o rre c t a n sw e r.
6 Jane doesn't like carrots. I don't like carrots, either.
1 ...A ... dog is this?
A W hose В W ho С W h o ’s
2 That was the year ........................ I bought m y first
car.
Cho ose the co rre c t answ er.
A where В when С w hy
3 This is the restaurant ......................... we ate last
weekend. 1 You buy any biscuits because we’ve got lots
A where В who С when already.
4 That's the m a n .........................garden is always full A could В needn't С can’t
of flowers. 2 Y o u .........................telephone your uncle tomorrow.
A who's В whose С who He wants to speak to you.
5 That's the h o u s e .........................she lives. A must В are able to С can’t
A when В where С who 3 Y o u ...................... play ball games near the windows.
6 The year ......................... I was born m y parents A d o n ’t have to В needn’t С can’t
moved to the country. 4 I speak to you in m y office, please?
A why В where С when A C a n ’t В Must С Could
7 There's no re a so n .........................he can't com e with 5 He ......................... speak two languages when he
us. was ten years old.
A where В when С why A needn’t В could С may
8 Did she s a y ......................... she was late? 6 M a rth a .........................leave hospital yesterday.
A why В who С whose A can't В can С was able to

72
 R evision 2 (Units 1 - 10)
Alice is too short to be a model.
Put the v e rb s in b ra c k e ts into the
а c o rre c t infinitive form o r the -ing form tall Alice isn’t ................................. to be a model.
Meeting old friends is always nice.
to It i s ....................................................old friends.
Helen was so excited that she couldn’t sleep,
'г ж too H e le n ......................................................... sleep.
_________ ______________________________________________ -

if, .* , J i ”
Put the verbs in b ra c k e ts into the
■ U r Ж i
c o rre c t tense.

\ V 1 A: I ...m e t... (meet) Sim on Jones last week.

Last weekend I went 1) ...cam ping... (cam p) with
my brother. J expected 2 ) ................................... (have) a
terrible time, but. in fact. I didn't want 3 ) ........................
(go) home at the end of the trip. W e managed 4)
............................. (put up) our tent by ourselves and we
were very pleased 5 ) ........................... (see) that it didn't
fall down again! After we had finished 6 ) ........................
(put up) the tent, w e began 7) ...............................
(make) som e sandwiches because we were very hun­
gry after all that hard work! During the weekend we
went 8 ) ...................................(swim) in the river and we
went 9 ) ............................... (walk) in the countryside. W e
had a lovely time. 1 0 ) ............................. (cam p) is great!
Fill in the g a p s w ith too or enough
1 I’m not old ...enough... to go to nightclubs.
2 I’m not lu c k y ......................... to have m y own bed ­
room. I share it with m y sister.
3 My brother i s .........................young to go to school
He's still a baby.
4 The bag i s ......................... heavy for me to carry.
5 The books are sm a ll.........................to put in this box
6 It i s .........................hot to wear a jacket today.
B: Really. I ........................ (not/see) him for a long
time.
2 A : ......................... (you/do) anything this evening?
B: No, I ............. ........... (stay) at hom e this evening
because I .... ....................(be) tired.
3 A : ......................... (Steve/phone) you yesterday?
B: No, h e ........... ....... (not/phone) me. I .........................
(probably/give) him a call later this evening.
4 A : ......................... (be) you busy?
B: Yes. I ............ ............(be).
A: W h a t............. ...........(you/do)?
В: I ..................... , (study) for an exam at the moment.
5 A: W hy are your eyes red?
B: Because I .... .................... (work) on the computer
for three hours.
6 A : .......................... (you/ever/go) to France?
B: Yes. I ......................... (go) there on holiday last
year.
A: I ...................... ... (never/go) there, but I want to go
next year.
7 A: H ow lo n g ..... ...................(you/live) in Russia?
В: I ...................... ... (live) here since I was born.
8 A : ........................ . (you/post) the party invitations yet?
B: Yes. I ............ ............(do) it this morning.
9 A: W hy are you crying?
B: Because I .... .................... (just/cut) m y finger.
10 A: W e ................ .......(go) to a restaurant last night.
B : ........................ . (be) the food good?
A: Yes, I ............ ............(enjoy) it very much.

1 0 , C o rre ct the m istakes.

C o m p le te e a c h se nten ce w ith tw o to
S , five w o rd s inclu din g the w o rd in bold.
1 He is the man who's daughter won the competition.
Mary was so tired that she couldn't study any more, 2 I want he to help me in the garden.
too Mary was ...to o tire d t o e tu d y... any more 3 Did you hear him to shout?
Th e boys are too young to play in the street. 4 We went to the bakery for to buy some bread.
old Th e boys ............................ play in the street. 5 Would you like me do the washing-up?
This car is too expensive for him to buy. 6 When have you met her?
not This car i s ............................................... to buy. 7 He is tired because he has painted the gate since
Jim was so shocked that he couldn’t say anything, this morning.
too Jim was .............................................. anything. 8 It's not worth to wait any more.

75
 Past Perfect Continuous
4 i P u t t h e v e r b s in b r a c k e t s in to t h e
c o r r e c t f o rm of t h e p a s t p e r f e c t s im p le .

1 Jason ...h a d returned... (return) home before the

storm broke out.
2 (Lucy/pack) her
suitcase by the time you called her?
3 Th e c h ild re n ........................................................ (finish)
doing their homework by nine o'clock.
4 (Julie/type) the
letters by the time her boss came to the office?
5 I ............................................................... (not /finish) my
lunch when uncle Bill came.
6 After S a r a h ........................................................ (do) the
shopping, she had coffee with her friends at a cafe.
7 When I got to the garage, the m e c h a n ic .................
....................................................... (not/repair) m y car.
8 The boys were frightened because they .................
........................................... (not/be) on a plane before.

It was Marie's birthday yesterday and she

What had Lesley done before her husband came home?
She had cooked dinner, but she hadn’t laid the table.
We form the past perfect simple with had and the
past participle of the main verb.
We form questions by putting had before the subject.
W e form negations by putting not after had.
gave a party for her friends. What had she
done before the day of the party? L o o k a t
th e p ic t u r e s . In p a irs , a s k a n d a n s w e r
q u e s tio n s u s in g t h e p r o m p t s b e lo w , as
in t h e e x a m p le .
SA: W h a t had M arie done before th e d a y o f th e p a r ty ?
SB : S h e had prepared th e food.

Л1Ш lutiUVc-

Н аррЦ t
I
finished/
He/She/It had ’d
You/We/They } left.
prepare/the food put up/the decorations

Illlul lot! till VC

}
finished/
finis
Had he/she/it
left'?
left?
you/we/they
bake/a cake
clean/the house
K 444iilvc

He/She/It had not hadn't I finished/

You/We/They J l0ft-
send/the invitations borrow/some CD s

74
 UNIT 11
Post Perfect Simple - Post Perfect
M atch co lu m n A with co lu m n В to m ake
3 co rre ct sentences. W hich Is the first
action in e ach pair?

We use the past perfect simple:
♦ for an action w hich happened in the past
before another past action. T h e action which
happened earlier in the past is in the past per­
fect sim ple, and the action w hich happened
later is in the past sim ple.
Column A
By the time he reached the airport с (f ir s t a ctio n :
th e plane had a lre a d y taken o ff)
2 Mary was angry because
3 Th e bank robbers had escaped
4 W e went to the theatre
5 Th e actress gave an interview

They h a d d o n e their
Column В
homework before they
w e n t out to play a her husband had forgotten her birthday,
yesterday afternoon. b after we had bought the tickets,
( = They did their с the plane had already taken off.
homework first and d after she had won the prize,
then they went out to e before the police arrived.
play.)

♦ for an action which happened before a stated time Use the p ro m pts to m a k e sentences, as
in the past. in the e x a m p le .

e.g. a ) A fte r/W h e n S u e h a d packed her su itca se , she

She h a d w a te re d all called a taxi,
the flowers b y five b ) S u e had packed her s u itc a s e before she called
o ’c lo c k in the a taxi.
afternoon.
(= S h e had finished
First Then
watering the flowers
• Sue/pack/her suitcase call/a taxi
before five o'clock.)
• Bob/eat/the meal pay/the bill
• Mary/read/the contract sign/it
• the boys/watch/the match turn off/the TV
❖ as the past equivalent of the present perfect simple.
• Peter/borrow/some money buy/a car
That is, we use the past perfect simple for an action
which started and finished in the past, but we use
the present perfect simple for an action which
started in the past and finished in the present. J o in the senten ces using the w o rd s In
brackets.
e.g. Jill w a s n ’t at home. She h a d g o n e out.
(Jill was out then.) 1 She cleaned the house. Then, she watched TV. (after)
Jill i s n ’t at home. She h a s g o n e out. A f t e r she had cleaned th e house, she w atched TV.
(Jill is out now .) 2 I found a solution to m y problem. Then. I felt happier,
(w h e n )..................................................................................
3 Th e boys finished their homework. Th en , they went
out to play, (before)
IГ * X
L in e I
4 He locked the door. Then, the phone rang, (after)

5 Sarah washed the dishes. Then, her husband arrived,

Tim e expressions used with the past perfect (by the t im e )......................................................................
simple include: 6 The concert finished. Then, the fans left the stadium.
before, after, already, just, till/until, w h e n , by, b y the (w h e n )..................................................................................
tim e , efc. 7 The play started. Then. Henry arrived at the theatre,
(already... w h e n )................................................................

75
 act Simple - hist Perfect Continuous
Rick and Alison went on holiday last weekend.
L o o k a t t h e p r o m p t s a n d , in p a irs , ask
io n A i i b w e i b '
a n d a n s w e r q u e s tio n s , a s in t h e e x a m p le .

SA: H ad th e y b o u gh t tic k e ts before th e y left?

e.g. H ad you read the book before you saw the film? S B : Yes, th e y had.
Yes. I had./No, I hadn't.
* #■
Yes. I/we had. buy / tickets /
Had y o u ...?
lock / house /
No. I/we hadn't.
leave / car at
Yes. he/she/it had. the garage /
Had he/she/it...?
book / hotel room /
No. he/she/it hadn't.
set / burglar alarm /
Yes. they had. feed/the cat /
Had they...?
phone / neighbours /
No. they hadn't.

l-eibi 1-iMtCrd S i11ш I (r - C o u i m u o u b - - 1члп b 'iu i[:ilr

l l H i 1Ч ч к ч Ч Simpler C O lililfc I4ih4 S litii’ k-

• We use the past perfect simple • We use the past continuous for a • We use the past simple for actions
for a past action which happened past action which was in progress which happened immediately one
before another past action. when it was interrupted by another after the other in the past.
action.

293

They h a d eaten dinner when their They w e re eating dinner when their They ate dinner when their friends
friends came. (They had dinner first. friends came. (They were still eating came. (Their friends came and they
Their friends cam e afterwards.) dinner when their friends cam e.) had dinner immediately.)

P u t t h e v e r b s in b r a c k e t s in to th e p a s t s i m p l e , p a s t p e r f e c t s im p l e o r p a s t c o n t i n u o u s .

A: Where 1) ...w ere... (be) you last night?
В: I 2 ) ..................(be) at the cinema. I 3 ) .......................
(watch) a great film when a fire 4 ) ...........................
(break out).
A: Oh gosh! How 5 ) .................................(it/happen)?
B: Som eone 6) .................................. (drop) a match
into a waste-paper basket.
A: 1 ) ................... (you/go) to the beach on Saturday?
B: No. I 2 ) ............................... (go) on Sunday instead.
A: 3 ) ........................................ (you/have) a good time?
B: No. I didn't. I 4 ) ................................................. (sun­
bathe) when it 5) ............................................ (start)
raining, so I 6 ) ..............................................(leave) in
a hurry.
A: I 1 ) ................................... (lose) m y keys yesterday.
B: W here 2 ) ........................................(you/lose) them?
A: I don't know. I 3 ) ................................... (go) shop­
ping and when I got back. I 4 ) ..................................
(realise) that I 5 ) ..............................................(leave)
m y keys somewhere.
L-e*b'i l: ei ( eel (J o n i iiuUD^t U s e

♦ We use the past perfect continuous as the past

equivalent of the present perfect continuous. That
He h a d b e e n is, the past perfect continuous puts emphasis on
w o rk in g on the the duration of an action which started and finished
com puter for in the pa st whereas the present perfect continuous
an hour before puts emphasis on the duration of an action which
she cam e to help started in the past and continues up to the present
him. e.g. He had been waiting for the bus for half an hour
before it came. (He isn't waiting for the bus now.)
He has been waiting for the bus for half an hour.
(He is still waiting for the b u s )
We form the past perfect continuous with had been and
the main verb with the -Ing suffix. We form questions by ♦ We use the past perfect continuous to show that the
putting had before the subject. result of an action which happened in the past for
e.g. H a d Peter been driving for two hours before he had some time was evident in the past, whereas we use
the accident? the present perfect continuous to show that the result
We form negations by putting not after had. of an action which started in the past is evident in the
e.g. H e had not/hadn't been driving for two hours before present
he had the accident. e.g. She was tired. She had been working hard all day
yesterday. (We could see that she was tired. The
A K Ii iiuiilvc- result was obvious in the past.)
She is tired. She has been working hard all day.
(We can see that she is tired. The result is obvious
I in the present.)
\ been
He/She/It had ’d
/studying.
You/We/They

Ink-1 к ч ч -.il vc- ViLue I b q : l e s s terns;

1 I been T im e expressions used with the past perfect

Had he/she/it >
studying? co n tin uo us include: for, since, h o w lo n g , before,
you/we/they J
until, etc.

Nc-ti ill Ivc-

a P u t t h e v e rb s in b r a c k e t s into th e c o r r e c t
4 fo rm of t h e p a s t p e r f e c t c o n t in u o u s .

been 1 Sophie ...h a d been p a in tin g ... (paint) the walls all
He/She/It had not hadn’t
You/We/They } studying. day before she finished them.
2 (you/wait) long when
the boss announced that he couldn't see you?
3 To m ................................................. (look) for a job for
Ь' К о Li /XnsvveLs six months when he found one.
4 W e .............................................. (watch) T V for half an
hour when the doorbell rang.
W e form short a n s w e rs for the past perfect 5 Th e y ........................................ (sunbathe) for an hour
continuous in the sam e w a y as for the past perfect when it started to rain.
simple (see page 76). 6 Stan .............................................(work) as a postman
e.g. Had you been sleeping for long when I called you last for forty years when he retired.
night? Yes, I had. INo, I hadn't. 7 I ....................................... (live) in France for ten years
when I met m y husband.
UNIT 11
Past Rr ed Simple - Rost Perfect Continuous
Fill in the g a p s w ith one off the m y shopping and cleaned the house, Saturday
ve rb s from the list in the p a s t p e rfe c t was nearly over. What about you?
c o n tin u o u s . A: Well. I 2 ) .............................. (plan) to go out with my
friend but she was late and I 3) ........................
play, work, walk, wait, discuss, sit ................... (wait) for nearly two hours before she
phoned me to say she couldn't come after all.
B: That’s a shame. Next weekend, we should go
somewhere nice together.

Put the verbs in b ra c k e ts into the past

pe rfe ct sim ple or th e past simple.

A Bert and Willy 1) ...w ent... (go) fishing on Sunday.

1 She was wet. She
...h a d been walking...
in the rain.
3 He was irritated. He
.................................. for
the bus for half an hour.
2 Th e y were happy.
Th e y 2 ) ................................. (take) som e sandwiches
T h e y ........................
together for hours. and som e coffee with them. Th ey 3 ) ..........................
(sit) on the river bank all day. but by the time they
4 ) ..............................(leave), they 5 ) .................................
(not/catch) anything.
В Ja m e s 1 ) ................... (be) late for work this morning.
He 2 ) ..................................... (forget) to set his alarm
clock and then, when he 3) ........................ (get) to
work, his boss 4 ) .................... (be) very angry.
С Barry 1) ............................ (have) lots of work to do
4 He was hot. He yesterday. He 2 ) ............................ (get up) very early
............................ and by six o ’clock, he 3 ) .................................. (finish).
in the barn. Th en , he 4 ) ............................... (have) time to relax.
D Yesterday. Liz 1 ) .......................... (go) to a party. She
2 ) (have) a great time, but when she
3 ) (get) home, she 4 ) ............................
(realise) she 5 ) ................................ (forget) her jacket.
So. she 6 ) ..................(go) back to the party to get it.

Put the ve rbs in b ra c k e ts into the

p a st p e rfe ct sim ple o r the p a st perfect
5 He was suntanned. He 6 Th e y were tired. Th ey co n tin u o u s.
.......................................... ....................... business
in the sun for hours. problems for four hours.
Yesterday was a bad day for Andrew. He 1) ...h a d n 't
slept... (not/sleep) well because there was a terrible
Put the verbs in b ra c k e ts into the storm in the night. After he 2 ) ................................. (have)
lO jft p a s t p e rfe c t s im p le o r the p a s t perfect a shower, he made breakfast. After he 3 ) .........................
c o n tin u o u s . (eat), he got into his car and drove to work. He 4)
................................................ (only/drive) for five minutes
1 A: Are you alright? You look tired.
when he remembered that he 5 ) ........................... (leave)
B: Yes. I am. I didn’t sleep very well. I 1) ...had J u s t
his briefcase at hom e. He turned the car around and
gone... (just/go) to sleep last night when a lot of
went hom e again. Th e n , he realised that he 6)
noise outside woke me up. I got up and went to
................................ (lock) himself out. The keys were still
the window. I 2 ) ............................ (stand) there for
inside the house! Andrew was already late for work, so
a few minutes when two police cars stopped out­
he decided to leave the briefcase and go to work.
side m y house. I went downstairs and a policeman
When he arrived, his secretary told him that his boss 7)
told me that two prisoners 3 ) .....................................
........................................ (try) to call him at home. Andrew
(escape) from prison and were hiding in the area.
went to find his boss. W hen he asked his boss why he
A: Did they catch them again?
8 ) ....................................... (call), he told him that it hadn’t
B. Yes. but I didn’t sleep very well after that.
been necessary for him to com e to work that day after
2 A: Did you do anything exciting at the weekend?
all! Poor Andrew drove all the way home again.
B: Not really. By the time I 1 ) .............................. (do)
 UNIT 11
Post Perfect Simple - Post Perfect rA in u o u s

Q R A f .

sion Box Activity

Linda Is married to Nick and they have a baby. Last
weekend, Linda had to go away on business, so Nick
was at home. Unda asked him to do some things.
Look at the list and say what Nick had or hadn't done
by the time Linda returned home.
C ro s s out th e u n n e c e s s a ry w o rd .
e.g. Nick had fed the baby.

1 Th e w om an who she lives next door is a flight feed the baby /

attendant.
2 Sam is going to on holiday next month. cook something X
3 Karen had been finished her homework by the time
her parents cam e home. do the shopping /
4 Peter couldn't to dive when he was young.
5 Mary did used to like sweets, but now she doesn't. make the beds /
6 Neither Liz nor Kim is not tall.
take the rubbish out X
7 Th e box was too heavy for Paul to lift it.
8 That blouse isn't yours. It's mine blouse.
put the baby's toys away /
9 H e is not never late for work.
10 Jack is not too short to reach the ceiling. pay the phone bill /

C h o o s e the c o rre c t a n s w e r.

1 That's the girl .. 3 . . . dog bit me last week.

A w ho В whose С that
Linda is writing a letter to her friend Lucy. Look at the
2 I ............. the house all day. I need a break! Oral Activity again and complete Linda's letter.
A am tidying В have been tidying С tidy
Dear Lucy,
3 Charles and Monica a r e ............. doctors.
A both В all С none Hi! I hope you’re well. I’m writing to tell you what a
busy weekend I had. As you know, I had to go away
4 You ............. finish your hom ework before you go on business, so Nick was at home with the baby. As
out to play. usual, he had done only halj the things I had asked
A mustn't В must С can't him to. He had Jed the baby but he hadn't ................
5 Archie w e n t ............. his uncle.
A phone В to phone С phoning

6 My father lets m e ...........up late on Saturday nights.

A stay В to stay С staying

7 Marion d e n ie d ............. the window.

A to break В break С breaking

8 I ............. your mother three times this week. When I asked him why he hadn’t done all the things, he
A have seen В see С have been seeing told me he had just been lazy! I was so angry with him!
Anyway, I’ve got to go now because I have a million
9 R o g e r ............. a luxury yacht.
things to do and I haven’t got time to be lazy.
A has recently bought В buys С was buying

10 I ............. fairy tales when I was a child. Best wishes,

A was reading В used to read С have read Linda

79

/'Легу - KViylii - Could
- u h 'Liia i l o t m ib b io u )'
••
There's a lot of traffic. I m ay/m ight/
c o u ld b e a little late for the meeting.
Yes, of c o u rs e d )
♦ We use may/might/could to express possibility.
e.g. Where's Paul?’ He may/m ight/could be at the
cinema. ' (Perhaps he is at the cinema.)
: We use May l...?/Could l...?/Can I...? to ask for
permission. Note the difference in the following
questions.
M a y I use your telephone? (Formal - we do not know
the other person very well.)
Can I use your phone? (Informal - we know the other
person very well.)
C o u ld I use your phone? (more polite than can'.)
♦ When someone asks for our permission, we can
reply in the following ways: Yes, of course./Of
course./Certainly. When we know the other person
very well, we can reply with Sure, or No problem.
maybe (adv) = perhaps
e.g. Jack isn't here. M a y b e he's at home.
may be (modal + bare infinitive)
e.g. Sheila m a y be in the office.
Fill in t h e g a p s w it h may o r may not a n d
o n e off th e v e r b s ffrom t h e list.
leave, buy. com e. be. enjoy, cut, go, visit, cook
1 I ...m a y n o t go... to school tomorrow. I don't feel
very well.
2 F a th e r............................. the grass today. It looks as
if it is going to rain.
3 Dan isn't at home. H e .....................................................
at the football field.
4 I ...............................a new dress. I haven’t really got
enough money.
5 W e .................................... the Smiths. There is a film
on TV we want to watch.
6 Let's take Molly to the funfair. S h e .........................it.
7 M o th e r.............................................something special
tonight. It's m y birthday.
8 I ..............................................work early today. I have
almost finished everything I have to do.
9 S a lly ......................................home late tonight. She’s
got a lot of work at the office.
U n d e r l in e t h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r .
A: G ood morning, madam. 1) M a y /M ust I help you?
B: You 2) m ig h t/m u stn 't be able to. I need a ball of
wool that is the same colour as m y jumper.
A: Just a moment, please. I 3) m u s t/m u s tn 't look in the
stock room. W e 4) m ig h t/m ig h t n o t have some left.
I'm not sure.
B: Th e wool 5) m u st/m u s tn 't be exactly the same
colour, it 6) m u st/m u s tn 't be different.
A 7) C o u ld /M u s tn 't I ask you a question, madam?
В Yes.
A What do you want the wool for?
В I 8 ) c o u ld /m u s t finish knitting this jumper. It only
has one sleeve at the moment!

b'lioulo' - О u e lit i e (udiviur)
S lie 11 v W l i r
(oilcm - sfuo^obliou - юциоь!)
UNIT 12
Modes bs II
Joan doesn 't always do the right thing. What does
her mother advise her to do? Use the prompts
to make sentences, as in the example.
V e.g. You should do y o u r homework.
^ j*~
• She doesn't do her homework.
*
• She talks all the time.
• She never washes the dishes.
• She d oesn’t tidy her room.
You should/o ught • She eats lots of chocolate.
to drink all your milk. • She argues with her sisters.
• She doesn't put her clothes away.
• She never takes the dog for a walk.

Fill in the g a p s w ith the question w ords

from the list an d shall we.

when, what, how , h o w m uch, who. where

1 'W here shall we go on Saturday night?'

‘Let's go to a restaurant.’
2 *................................... spend on a present for Ja n e ?’
‘£10.’
♦ We use should/ought to to give advice. 3 ‘ ................................................................. pay?’ ‘In cash.’
4 ' .......................invite to the party?' ‘Just our friends.’
e.g. Young children should/ought to go to bed early.
5 ‘ ..................... decorate the house?’ This weekend.’
you should not/shouldn't \ spend so much 6 *.................................................... do on your birthday?’
ought not to/oughtn 't to f money on clothes. ‘W e can have a party.’
7 ' ...............................................................do on M onday?’
’W hy don't we go swim m ing?’
8 *.............................................. take the dog for a walk?’
‘Let's take him to the beach.’

Mrs Patterson asks the nanny to do some

things while she's gone. Use the prom pts
to m a k e requests, as in the exam ple.
e.g. Will y o u give th e baby a b a th ?

• give the • take the

Shall I s h o w you
baby a bath rubbish out
another tie?

♦ We use shall In questions a) when we offer to do

something, e.g. Shall I carry your shopping for you?
(Would you like me to carry your shopping for you?), • feed • water
b) when we make suggestions, e.g. Shall we visit the baby the plants
your cousins tonight? and c) when we ask for
suggestions, e.g. ‘What time shall I call you?' Give
me a call at six. ’

♦ We use will In questions when we want to make a • put all the • iron
request, e.g. Will you phone the doctor, please? toys away the clothes

81
Я Д
P p B T T e r b s II
f \ R e w r i t e t h e s e n t e n c e s u s in g m o d a l
l: u iie iio u s ot v e r b s , a s in t h e e x a m p le .

/Лоо'оЛ Vхl-1 bb' 1 It isn ’t n ece ssa ry for her to wear a suit to the office.
5he needn’t/doesn't have to wear a su it to the
office.
F U N C T IO N M O D AL VERBS 2 You aren’t allowed to take those books out of the
library.
obligation/ You must/have to study hard.
necessity (You're obliged t o ...) 3 It is possible that M ark will be at home this evening.

advice You m ustlshouldlought to see a 4 W ould you like me to make some sandwiches for you?
doctor. (I advise you to ...)
5 I advise yo u to leave early.

prohibition You m ustn't talk in the library. 6 E m ily m a n age d to find a job after looking for six
(You aren't allowed to...) months.

7 I’m sure Paul isn ’t from Canada.

lack of necessity They n e e d n t/ d o n t have to call us
tonight. (It isn't necessary.)
8 W e are o b lig e d to take exams every six months.

ability Tony can run fast, (present) 9 I’m sure the children aren’t happy with your decision.
When he was young, he cou ld climb
trees, (general ability in the past) 10 P erhaps w e will g o to Florida on holiday.
She was able to get into the house,
(single action in the past)

C h o o s e the c o rre c t a n s w e r.
permission Can/Could/May I use your phone?
(asking for permission)
You can take my car tonight, (giving 1 I ...C ... rem em ber to go to the bank. I haven’t got
permission) any money.
You can t take photographs inside the A d o n ’t have to В needn’t С must
museum, (refusing permission)
2 I take your order, please?
A M ustn’t В Must С May
request Can you lend me your pen. please?
3 you ride a bicycle?
C o u ld you open the door, please?
A Can В Should С May
Will you post this letter?
4 S t e v e n ............. read and write until he was seven
suggestion We can/could watch a film tonight. years old.
Shall we eat out tonight? (Why don't A must В could С couldn’t
we eat/How about eating out tonight?) 5 you make dinner tonight?
A Shall В Will С May
possibility He m aylm ight/could be ill.
6 S usan ............... you com e outside and play with me?
(Perhaps; it is possible.) A will В shall С may
7 Y o u ............. go to bed late during the week.
offer Shall I carry the shopping for you?
A cou ld n ’t В shall С shouldn’t
(Would you like me to carry ...?)
8 Y o u ............. visit your grandparents more often.
logical She must be at work. (I'm sure she is .) A ought to В were able to С shall
assumption She can't be at work. (I'm sure she 9 we go to the cinem a at the weekend?
isn't...) A Mustn't В M ay С Shall

10 W h e r e ............. we meet?' At m y place.’

A must В shall С ought to

82
 UNIT 12
bs 11
11 P e te r............. go to the dentist before his toothache
gets worse.
A ought to В shall С can

12 Y o u ............. do the ironing. I’ll do it instead.

A needn’t В must С m ustn’t

13 Y o u ............. cross the road without looking first. It's M a t c h th e s e n t e n c e s in C o l u m n A w it h

dangerous. t h e r e s p o n s e s in C o l u m n B.
A needn't В m ustn’t С must

C o lu m n A

R ead w h a t e a c h p e rso n s a ys and

r e w r i t e t h e ir c o m m e n t s u s in g a n o t h e r
m o d a l ve rb .
1 D o I have to do the shopping today?
2 Can I ask you a question?
3 Will you buy me some stamps at the post office?
4 If you're tired, we could have a short break.
5 May I borrow your mobile phone, please?
6 Edward can't be in his office.

C o lu m n В

a Certainly.
Can you read b Yes. that would be nice,
louder, please? с No. you don't. I did it yesterday,
d Yes. I agree. He must be at the bank,
e Sure. H ow many do you want?
f Of course. What do you want to know?

1 ...c... 2 ........ 3 ........ 4 ........ 5 ........ 6

U n d e r l in e t h e c o r r e c t ite m .

You needn’t sign

the paper now. Dear Henry,

I'm writing to you because I need some advice.

1) Can/Shall you help me, please? My boss offered
me a job in Italy and I 2) could/must make a decision
about it soon. I've been thinking about it since last
week but I 3) haven’t been able to/wasn’t able to
decide! I’m a bit worried that I 4) shall/may not
enjoy living in another country. I 5) might/ought to
find it difficult to learn Italian. However, I 6) w o n ’t
have to/m ustn’t stay there if I don't tike it. What do
you think? 7) Should/Will I move to Italy or 8) could/
You should call them should I stay here? 9) Could/May you write to me
now.
and tell me what you think?
I hope to hear/rom you soon.
1 IV/// yo u rea d louder, please?
Best wishes,
2 Ronnie
3

85
UNIT 12
M o d rA erbs II
Fill in th e g a p s w ith an appropriate 3 I'm bored. Let's watch TV.
11 m oda l verb. S o m e tim e s m ore th a n one shall l’m bored.....................................................TV?
a n s w e r is co rre ct. 4 I'm sure those are Paula's sunglasses.
m ust T h o s e ........................... Paula's sunglasses.
1 A: I ...could... roller-skate when I was young.
5 I advise you to stop eating fatty foods.
B: So could I. Th ose were the days.
ought Y o u ................................................ fatty foods.
2 A: D ad’s car broke down yesterday.
B : ....................... h e ......................... repair it? 6 Perhaps the children are in the playground.
A: No. he took it to the garage. m ay The children ..............................playground.
3 A: Th ose men look alike. Th e y ..................................... 7 I’m sure they com e from Spain. They've got a
be brothers. Spanish accent.
B: Yes. they are. m ust They ....................................................................
4 A: Y o u .............................. leave your toys on the floor. They've got a Spanish accent.
B: Why?
A: You'll cause an accident. /. _\ Read the situations and com p lete the
5 A: Shall I do G ran d m a’s shopping for her? 1 3 л se ntences w ith an appropriate modal
B: No. yo u .............................She wants to do it herself. verb.
6 A: You ................................. tidy your bedroom today.
1 You are at school. Your teacher tells you to bring
B: Oh. do I ...........................?
your homework with you tomorrow.
7 A: W here is Colin?
You m u st bring your homework with you tomorrow.
B: I’m not sure. H e .............................. be in his office.
2 You have fallen over. Your arm hurts. Your friend
8 A: W h a t ....................................we do at the weekend?
thinks it might be broken. She advises you to go to
B: W e .........................................................go swimming.
hospital
9 A: My b ro th e r.....................................ride a motorbike.
................................................................... go to hospital.
B: Really? ....................................... he drive a car. too?
3 Your friend is having a birthday party on Saturday.
10 A: I'm really tired.
You want to go. Ask your parents for permission.
B: Y o u ......................................go to bed early tonight.
...................................................go to m y friend’s party
11 A: .............................................................. I help you. sir?
on Saturday?
B: No thank you. I’m just looking around.
4 You are eating lunch with your family. You can’t
reach the salt. Make a request.
IN O T H E R W ORDS ..................................................... pass the salt, please?
S tu d y th e s e e x a m p le s . T h e s e c o n d s e n te n c e 5 Your mother asks you where your brother is. You
h a s a s im ila r m e a n in g to th e first s e n te n c e . think he is at the cinema with his friends.
..................................................... be at the cinema with
1 I advise you to look for another job. his friends.
should You should look for another job. 6 Your parents are planning to go on holiday this
ought You ought to look for another job. summer. Th e y can’t decide where to go. You
2 Perhaps Mary is at the library, suggest going to America.
m ay Mary m ay be at the library. ..................................................................go to America.
3 Let's leave the party now. 7 You are at the beach with your mother. She is going
shall Shall we leave the party now? to buy a drink. She asks you if you want anything.
Ask for an ice-cream.
4 I’m sure Jack isn’t married,
.................................... buy m e an ice-cream, please?
ca n ’t Jack can’t be married.
5 I'm sure Peter has a lot of money.
m ust Peter m ust have a lot of money.
C o rre c t the m istakes.
(Q >
1 Might we visit Mary and To n y tonight?
C o m p le te e a ch se ntence w ith tw o to 2 I’m not sure where Ed is. He mustn't be at work.
12> five w o rd s including the w o rd in bold. 3 Will I help you wash the dishes?
4 You mustn’t get up early tomorrow. It's a holiday.
1 Perhaps Nick is at the office. 5 Martha had a bad cold but she could do all her work
m ay Nick ...m a y be a t the... office. at the office.
2 I don’t think Mary is very happy at the moment, 6 You shouldn’t go to the dentist if you have toothache.
can’t M a r y ............................................. very happy 7 Shall I borrow your pen. please?
at the moment. 8 I might climb trees when I was young.

84
 UNIT 12
£bs II

ewsion Box
P u t t h e v e r b s in b r a c k e t s in to t h e
c o r r e c t infinitive form o r t h e -ing form.
A flre-fighter is visiting your school. He wants to tell the
students what they should/shouldn’t do if there is a
fire. Look at the prompts below and say what his
advice is.
e.g. You should leave the classroom at once.

A I went (1) ...sw im m ing... (swim) last week. Even

though it is only April, it was warm enough ( 2 ) ...........j leave the classroom at once
................... (swim ). I hope ( 3 ) ..................... (go) again stay behind to collect your things
next week if the weather is good. follow your teacher’s instructions
use the lift
В I also m anaged ( 1 ) ................................. (find) time to
g o to the cinem a to see the new Brad Pitt film last run down the stairs
week. Th e film is worth (2 ) ................................ (see) J go to a safe place
because it is very exciting. panic

C h o o s e the c o rre c t a n s w e r.
'5 « >

Dear Melanie,
Hi! I’m w riting 1) . . 3 . . . you some good news.
My father 2) ................................... fo r a new job ^ R H N N c

fo r tw o months 3 ) ........................................ he found Activity

one last week. It is in CarrfieId and that means
that we 4 ) ..................................move back. I’m very Look at the Oral Activity again and complete the leaflet
happy about this because I 5) ..............................see that the fire -fig h te r g a v e the s tu d e n ts , as in the
m y old friends again. I was very sad 6 ) .................... example.
we left two years ago, but now I’m looking fo r­
w ard 7) ..............................back.
Well, I must go now. I hope 8) ............................. W hat to d o in case of fire
you very soon.
Best wishes, You should leave th e cla ssro o m a t once.
Je n n y

1 A give В С giving

2 A had looked С
В was looking

3 A until В fter С while

W hat not to d o in case of fire
4 A should В ave to С shall

5 A have been able to С was able to

В will be able to

6 A when В С as soon as

7 A com e В

8 A see в С to see

85
 У
UNIT 13
ssive
Lo ok at the p ic tu re s a n d the p ro m p ts
1 a n d m a k e s e n t e n c e s u s in g t h e p re s e n t
s i m p l e p a s s i v e , a s in t h e e x a m p le .

1 Volkswagen ca re a re m ade in G e rm a n y.

rlco

Volkswagen cars/
snails/eat/
make/Germany a lot of rice/
France
eat/India
The Parthenon w as built in the 5th century B C .
It is visited b y thousands ot tourists every year.
’"1
W e form the passive with the ve rb to be and the
past participle of the main verb.

to be + past participle (p p)
C o ca Cola/
coffee/grow/
jr
produce/the cricket/play/
USA Brazil England
♦ T h e passive verb forms are:

present sim ple: am/is/are + pp M a t c h C o l u m n A w i t h C o l u m n В to

The office is cle a n e d twice a week. m a k e c o r r e c t s e n t e n c e s u s in g th e p a s t
present continuous: am/is/are being + pp s i m p l e p a s s i v e . T h e n , in p a ir s , a s k an d
a n s w e r q u e s t io n s , a s in t h e e x a m p le .
The office is b e in g cle a n e d now.
past sim ple: was/were + pp e.g. SA: Who wae '‘Oliver Tw ie t" w ritte n by?
The office w as clea n e d last week. S B : It wae w ritte n by Charlee Dickene.

past con tin uo us: was/were being + pp

C o lu m n A C o lu m n B
The office w as b e in g cle a n e d when the boss
arrived. 1 ‘Oliver Twist’ (write) " a Leonardo da Vinci
2 The Mona Lisa’ (paint) b Steven Spielberg
present perfect sim ple: have/has been + pp
3 Th e Eiffel Tow er (build) с Alexander the Great
The office has not been c le a n e d yet.
4 ‘Jurassic Park’ (direct) d Charles Dickens
past perfect sim ple: had been + pp
5 C a rm en’ (com pose) e Georges Bizet
The office h a d b e e n cle a n e d b y two o'clock.
6 Alexandria (found) f Gustave Eiffel
future sim ple: will be + pp 7 America (discover) g Christopher Columbus
The office w ill be cle a n e d tomorrow. 8 Th e telephone (invent) h Alexander Graham Bell

♦ W e form que stio n s by putting the verb to be
before the subject.
e.g. Is y o u r ca r b e in g serviced?
W e form negations with the word not.
e.g. The furniture has not been delivered yet.
e.g. SA:
♦ W e form the passive of infinitives like this:
to be + past participle
e.g. He wants to be told the truth.
♦ W e form the passive of m o dal ve rb s like this:
m odal ve rb + be + past participle
e.g. The roof of the house m u st b e repaired.
Mrs Edison is a businesswoman. She was away
on a business trip but now she is back. She wants
to know what has been done while she was away.
U s e the p r o m p ts a n d , in pairs, a s k and
a n s w e r q u e s tio n s , a s in th e e x a m p le .
Have th e y delivered m y new deek?
SB : No, it h a e n t been delivered y e t.
SA: Have y o u p o e te d th e in vita tlo n e ?
SB: Yee, th e y have a lre a d y been poeted.
1 they / deliver / m y new desk? (No)
2 you I post / the invitations? (Yes)
3 they / repair / the photocopier? (Yes)
4 you / type / last month’s reports? (No)
5 you / place / advertisement in the newspaper? (No)
6 you / pay / the bills? (Yes)

86
 Emma Doyle has got three children. Yesterday
she had to go out. What had been done by the
children by the time she got hom e? L o o k at
U s e
t h e p r o m p t s a n d m a k e s e n t e n c e s u s in g
the p a s t p e rfe c t p a s s iv e , as in the exa m p le .
W e use the p a ssive when we want to show that the
e.g. The beds had been made. action of the verb is m ore im portant than the per­
The dishes had not been washed. son w h o carries out the action.

a beds / make / e cat / feed A The missing climber

b dishes / wash л f dinner / cook X
was found yesterday.
с plants / water / g rubbish / take out /
(The action (was
d carpet / hoover / h windows / clean л
found) is more
important than the
person who found the
Fill in t h e g a p s w i t h t h e c o r r e c t p a s s iv e
climber.)
t e n s e of t h e v e r b s in b r a c k e t s .

1 A: These flowers are great. ♦ T h e agent (the person w h o carries out the
B: Th e y ...were sent... (send) to m e yesterday by action) is introduced with the preposition by
one of m y fans. and is m entioned o nly w hen the identity of the
2 A: Have you ever appeared on TV? agent is im portant or needs to be stated.
B: Actually. I ........................................................................ e.g. Australia w as disco ve red b y Captain Cook.
(recently/ask) to take part in a show. (b y Captain C ook - The identity of the agent is
3 A: W hen will I have m y car? important.)
B: I t ................................................................... (deliver) to
your house the day after tomorrow. ♦ T h e agent is not m entioned w hen:
4 A: So. when did they tell you about the robbery? a) it is unknow n.
B. I (inform) by the police
as soon as they found out.
5 A: W hy can't we g o over the bridge? Jim 's car was stolen
B: Because it .........................(repair) at the moment. fast night.
6 A: I'm tired. (We don't know who
B. S o am I. But these reports m u s t ............................. stole Jim 's car.)
.........................(type) before we leave.
7 A: W ho looks after your baby when you're at work?
B: Well, he ........................(look after) by m y mother.
8 A: Those pictures are beautiful. b) it is unim portant.
B. T h e y ...........................................(paint) by m y father
while he was on holiday last summer.
9 A: W ho does the washing-up in your house? Olive oil is p ro d u c e d
B: Th e d is h e s ........................... (wash) by m y brother in Mediterranean
and then t h e y ............................ (dry) by m y sister. countries. (The agent
10 A: W hy can't I use your car? is unimportant.)
B: Because i t ......................................... (service) at the
moment. You can take M um 's car if you want.
11 A: Did you post the letters?
B: No. they .............................................. (already/post) c) it is o b vio u s from the context.
b y the time I cam e in.
12 A: What will happen to the criminals?
The bank robbers are
B: T h e y ................................. (punish) for their crimes.
b e in g chased. (It is
13 A: Th a t’s a very pretty tablecloth.
obvious that the police
B: I t ............... (give) to me last year for m y birthday.
are chasing them.)
14 A: Have you m oved house yet?
B: Yes. Th e last b o x e s ..............................(just/move).
15 A: Have you heard about Jack?
B. Yes, he .................. (promote) to senior manager.

87
 ^ s iv e

Vumiiiy iiicr e d i v e into iluf- p a s s i v e . ж

T o turn a sentence from the active into the passive:

a) T h e object of the active sentence b eco m e s the sub)ect in the passive sentence.
b) T h e active verb ch an g es into a passive form.
c ) T h e subject of the active sentence b eco m e s the agent.

subject verb object subject verb agent

active Kim baked a cake. passive A cake was baked by Kim.

Study the following table:

active passive

present simple She types the letters. The letters are typed
present continuous She is typing the letters. The letters are being typed,
past simple She typed the letters. The letters were typed,
past continuous She was typing the letters The letters were being typed
present perfect simple She has typed the letters. The letters have been typed
past perfect simple She had typed the letters. The letters had been typed,
future simple She will type the letters. The letters will be typed
infinitive She has to type the letters. The letters have to be typed
modals (modal + be + pp) She may type the letters. The letters may be typed.

♦ O n ly the verbs that take an object can be turned into the passive, e.g. Susan c le a n s the silver. Th e silver
is c le a n e d by Susan. B u t: It is s n o w in g today. (This sentence cannot be turned into the passive because the
verb does not take an object.)
♦ W h e n the subject of the active sentence is one of the following w ords: people, one, som eone/som ebody,
they, he, etc., the agent is often omitted in the passive sentence.
e.g. P e o p le watch TV all over the world. TV is watched all over the v/orld (by people).
♦ O bject p ro n o u n s (m e, you, him, etc.) b eco m e subject pron ou ns (I, you, he, etc.) in the passive.
e.g. He gave this book to m e. I was given this book.
♦ W hen the verb of the active sentence is followed b y a preposition, the preposition is kept in the passive
sentence as well. e.g. Burglars b ro k e in to our house last night. O ur house w as b ro k e n into last night.

6 Som eone left the front door open.

6 ^ Rew rite the s e n te n ce s in the passive.
7 Jenny didn’t break the window.

1 Th e pop star sang the song.

8 Som eone is using the computer.
The song w as sung by th e pop s ta r.
2 Th e chef hasn’t m ade dinner. 9 His brother taught him to drive.

3 An explorer has found a dinosaur egg. 10 Many people speak English.

4 Mrs Gates will look after the baby. 11 Th e doctor had already told him to go on a diet.

5 Th ey won't take him home after the party. 12 Th e author is writing a new book.

88
 \

T u r n t h e f o llo w in g q u e s t io n s in to th e R e w rit e th e s e n te n c e s in th e p a s s iv e in
p a s s iv e . b o th w a y s , a s in th e e x a m p le .

1 Do they make bread in this factory? 1 His father gave Billy a new bicycle.
le bread made in thie factory? a ) b illy wae given a new bicycle b y hie father.
2 Will Susan decorate the bedroom tomorrow? b) A new bicycle wae given to Billy by hie father.
2 Fred has offered Mary a watch.
3 Did they find the ring in the garden? a )
b )
4 Is To m drawing the picture? 3 Lisa is sending Tim an invitation.
a )
5 Has Sim on sent the invitations yet? b )
4 She brought me some oranges.
6 Had Paul repaired the door before he left for work?
a )
b )
5 Soma is going to lend me some money.
a)
Note:
b )
W h e n w e want to find out w h o or what did
6 Jack will show me the new car.
som ething, then the passive is formed as fol­
a)
lows: W h o / W h a t ... by?
b )
e.g. W ho was America discovered b y? 7 Th e y paid him a lot of m oney for the job.
a )
b )

W rit e q u e s t io n s in th e p a s s iv e to w h i c h
t h e w o r d s in b o ld a re t h e a n s w e r s , a s in
th e e x a m p le s .
R e w r it e t h e s e n t e n c e s in t h e p a s s i v e .
1 Captain C o o k discovered Australia.
Who wae Auetralia discovered by? 1 Th e y will not deliver the new sofa on Friday.
2 A d o g was chasing Paul. The new eofa will not be delivered on Friday.
What wae Paul being chaeed by? 2 You can use this saucepan for cooking spaghetti.
3 Sim on is going to organise the party.
3 I have to finish m y homework tonight.
4 A bee stung him.
4 You must tidy your bedroom.
5 Fiona cooked this delicious turkey.
5 You ought to put these clothes away.
6 An international com pa n y publishes these books.
6 The boss gave the secretary some letters to type.
7 A b o m b killed the soldier.
7 W e should eat this cake immediately.

8 Sally sent Peter a birthday card.

With verbs w hich take two objects, such as ask,
bring, tell, send, sho w , teach, prom ise, offer, 9 You must take the dog for a walk.
give, pay, lend, etc., we can form the passive in
two ways. 10 Th e cat is not chasing the mouse.
A ctive: Som eone sent H elen som e flowers.
Passive: a) H e le n w as sent som e flowers. 11 Do they produce oil in Spain?
b) S o m e flow ers w ere sent to Helen.
T h e first w a y is used m ore often because we 12 Did a dog bite him?
are m ore interested in the person (H e le n ) than
the thing (so m e flowers). 13 Edward has not recorded a new song.

89
UNIT 13
The e sive
R e w r it e t h e f o llo w in g p a s s a g e in th e
11 p a s s iv e .
Som ebody sent m e a bunch of flowers. Th e man from
the flower shop delivered them to m y house. H e told
me that they were a present. A young man had
ordered them. He had put no card in the flowers. I still
don't know who sent them.
R e w r it e t h e f o llo w in g p a s s a g e in th e
p a s s iv e .
Someone started a fire in the Courtney National Park
early yesterday morning. Th e y had used a match and
some petrol to start the fire. The fire had burnt a lot of
trees before som eone called the fire brigade. Th e police
have arrested a man. Th ey are still questioning him.
IN O T H E R W ORDS
S tu d y th e s e e x a m p le s . T h e s e c o n d s e n te n c e
h a s a s i m i l a r m e a n i n g t o t h e f ir s t s e n t e n c e .
1 A famous artist will paint his portrait.
be His portrait will be painted b y a famous
artist.
2 You must post these letters as soon as possible,
m ust These letters m ust be posted as soon as
possible.
3 Som ebody stole my wallet yesterday,
was My wallet was stolen yesterday.
C o m p l e t e e a c h s e n t e n c e w it h t w o to
13J, five w o r d s in c lu d in g t h e w o r d in b old.
1 Th ey built the house last year.
was The house ...wae built... last year.
2 Th ey are planting trees in the garden.
being Trees ............................................................... in
the garden.
3 Th e dog was chasing the cat around the house,
w as Th e cat ................................................................
around the house by the dog.
4 Th ey haven't cleaned the floor yet.
been Th e flo o r......................................................yet.
5 Th e y had eaten all the food by the time I got there,
had All the f o o d .........................................................
by the time I got there.
6 You must finish the project by Wednesday afternoon,
be The p ro je c t.........................................................
by W ednesday afternoon.
7 Mr Brown sent us a wedding invitation.
w as A wedding invitation ........................................
to us by Mr Brown.
8 They should inform the citizens as soon as possible,
should Th e c itize n s ........................................................
as soon as possible.
(л A i in the active or passive form of the
V ^ verbs in brackets.
Mrs Wilson is a rich young lady. She (1) ...llvee... (live) in
a big house on the outskirts of the city with her husband
and her two dogs. Every day, Mrs Wilson ( 2 ) ................
............... (take) into the city centre. Her car ( 3 ) ...............................
(drive) by her chauffeur. She then (4) ...........................
(go) shopping in her favourite shops. Her bags ( 5 ) ........
.................................. (carry) by the chauffeur. Mrs Wilson
(6) ............................................ (buy) lots of things every
week. She ( 7 ) ................................. (need) lots of clothes
because she goes to lots of parties. In fact, this week she
( 8 ) .......... ......................................... (invite) to a big birthday
party which ( 9 ) ......................................................... (hold) in
a large mansion in the country. All of her friends will be
there, so Mrs Wilson ( 1 0 ) .......................................................
..............................(look forward) to it very much.
 \
me

C o r r e c t t h e m is t a k e s .

1 Th e dishes has been washed.

2 Th e letters are being opened every morning in the
office.
3 Your homework must finished by Monday.
4 Th e wom an seen taking the children to school.
5 Mike has been tell about the new job.
6 Th e cars stole from the car park.
7 The house is been decorated recently.
8 Th e centre will visit by the King next month.
Max Hunter has inherited an old factory and he has
decided to turn it into a club. Look at the pictures and
the notes below, then make sentences in the passive,
as in the example.
the walls/painted, the windows/replaced, garden lights/
put in, the roof/repaired, trees/planted, the sign/put up,
the door/fixed
e.g. The walls have been painted.

C h o o s e th e c o r r e c t a n s w e r .

Pompeii is an ancient town in Italy (1) ...C... was

destroyed when a volcano ( 2 ) .........................in 79 AD.
The lava and ash from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius
buried the town along with everything and everyone in
it. Most of the site (3 ) .................................. studied by
archaeologists (4) ............................... have uncovered
many objects am ong the ruins. Th e town is now a
popular tourist attraction and is visited ( 5 ) ......................
thousands of people each year. Th e y ( 6 ) .......................
Imagine you are Max Hunter. Look at your notes from
walk along the streets which ( 7 ) ............................ once
the Oral Activity and write a letter to your friend telling
a part of the busy market town and (8) ......................
him about the changes to the factory.
now an important part of history.
Dear Harry,
1 A where В who С which
2 A erupted В has erupted С had erupted I have some exciting news. I've recently inherited
3 A has been В was being С had been an old factory and I’ve decided to turn it into a club.
4 A whose В they С who So far, the walls have been painted .........................
5 A by В from С with
6 A could В can С are able
7 A was В have been С were
8 A were В are С has been
Diana h a d a m e e tin g yesterday. To d a y . Diana m e t Alison. Alison asked her what
the y h a d said. D iana told her that they w ould
use her plans.

We'll use your plans, Diana

Direct S pe ech is the exact w o rd s som eone said. W e use quotation m arks ( ‘ ’) in direct speech.
e.g. ‘I ’m very tire d .' Mary said.
♦ Reported S pe ech is the exact m eaning of what s om eo ne said, but not the exact w ords. W e d o not use
quotation m arks in reported speech. W e can either use the w ord that after the introductory verb or we
can omit it. e.g. Mary said (that) she w as very tired.

W e use the ve rb say:

♦ both in direct and reported speech without the preposition to w hen it is not followed by the person
being spoken to.
e.g. Jerry said, 7 need som e money. ’ Jerry said (that) he needed som e money.
♦ both in direct and reported speech with the preposition to w h en it is followed by the person being
s poken to.
e.g. Je rry said to me, ‘I need som e money. * Je rry said to m e (that) he needed som e money.
♦ in expressions s u ch as: say good morning/afternoon, etc.. say something, say one’s prayers, say so. etc.

W e use the ve rb tell without the preposition to:

♦ both in direct and reported speech w hen it is followed b y the person we are talking to.
e.g. Je rry told m e, 7 need som e m oney. ' Jerry told m e (that) he needed som e money. (N O T : Jerty -tokH o-me
-that-he...)
♦ in expressions such as: tell the truth, tell a lie. tell a secret, tell a story, tell the time, tell the difference, tell sb
one's name, tell sb the way. tell one from another, etc.

В What shall we do?' asked Carrie. ’It’s raining out­

Fill in t h e g a p s w i t h say o r tell in t h e
c o rre c t tense.
A Richard (1) ...to ld ... Sarah that he was having a
party on Saturday night. He (2) .................................
that it would start early but it would finish quite late.
He (3 ) ................................. her to bring her sister
along as well. Sarah ( 4 ) .........................she was look­
ing forward to going. Richard (5) ............................
her he would probably call again on Friday to (6)
................................. her the way to his house.
side. so let’s watch television.’ I ( 1 ) ............................
I turned on the television and Carrie ( 2 ) ......................
to me, 'Look! That's m y favourite programm e. Let’s
watch it.' T o ( 3 ) ................................. you the truth, I
d on ’t like it,' I ( 4 ) ...................................
С G o o d morning. Mr Pearson,’ ( 1 ) ..................... Bella.
G o o d morning, Bella,’ he replied. 'I’ve got lots of
letters for you to type today.' he ( 2 ) .............................
to her. 'Alright,' Bella ( 3 ) ................................... 'I'll type
them after I finish writing this report for you.'
 I’m having
a great time. I
really like their Yesterday, th e Johnsons an d the
new house. Smiths h ad a b a rb e c u e together.
W h a t did Laura say to Jim?
W h a t d id Ed say to C e lia?
Laura told Jim that the hot dogs
w ere delicious and that he was a
great cook. E d told Celia that he was
The hot d o gs are having a great time and that he really
delicious. You’re a liked their new house.
great cook.

♦ W h e n w e report statements (that is, a positive or negative sentence), we use the ve rb s ‘s a y’ or ‘tell’ to
introduce the statement. P ro n o u n s and p o sse ssive adjectives ch a n g e according to the meaning.
e.g. Sophie said, 'I bought a ne w camera yesterday.’
Sophie said (that) she had bought a ne w camera the day before.

♦ W h e n the introductory verb is in the past sim ple, the verb tenses c h a n g e as follows:

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Present Sim ple Past Sim ple

7 want to find a better jo b ,’ he said.
Present C o n tin u o u s
'They're playing table tennis, ’ he said.
Present Perfect
7 Ve ordered a ne w fridge, ’ she said.
Past Sim ple
*Ja ck left the country, ’ they said.
Future (will)
‘I'll send you a letter, ' he said.
H e said he wanted to find a better job.
Past C o n tinu o us
He said they were playing table tennis.
Past Perfect
She said she had ordered a new fridge.
Past Perfect
They said Ja ck had left the country.
Conditional (w o u ld )
He said he w ould send m e a letter.

Certain w o rd s and time expressions ch a n g e as follows:

Direct Speech Reported Speech

tonight, today, this week/month/year. etc. that night, that day, that week/month/year, etc.
now then, at that time, at once, immediately
yesterday, last night/week/month/year. etc. the day before/the previous day, the
previous night/week/month/year, etc., the
night/week/month/year, etc. before
tomorrow, next week/month/year. etc. the day after/the following /next day, the
next/following week/month/year, etc.
two days/months/years, etc. ago tw o days/months/years etc. before
this, these that, those/the/some
here there
com e go

95
 ♦ W hen the introductory ve rb is in the present, future or present perfect sim ple or w hen the sentence
expresses som ething w hich is always true (general truth), there are no c h a n g e s in the verb tenses in
reported speech.

Direct speech: She says, ‘I don't like him .’ I ‘It is cold in the Arctic,’ said the teacher.
Reported sp e e ch : She s a ys (that) she d oe sn 't like him. I Th e teacher said (that) it is cold in the Arctic.

♦ T h e past con tin uo us, past perfect sim ple and past perfect continuous d o not ch a n g e in reported speech.

Direct speech: I w a s w atching T V while she w a s c o o k in g ,’ he said.

Reported sp e e ch : He said (that) he w a s watching T V while she w a s cooking.

♦ Certain modal verbs d o not change in reported speech. Th e s e are would, could, might, should and ought to.

Direct sp e e ch : 'I could run fast when I was yo u n g ,’ To m said.

Reported speech: T o m said (that) he cou ld run fast when he was young.

7 ‘I ca n ’t go out tonight.’ she said to me.

F ill in t h e g a p s w i t h t h e c o r r e c t
p r o n o u n s o r p o s s e s s iv e a d je c tive s .
8 ‘I forgot to pay the bill,’ he said.

1 Mary said, I want to g o out with m y friends.’

9 ‘W e ’ve brought you a present.’ she said to me.
Mary said (that) ...she... wanted to go out with
...her... friends.
10 ‘I’ll phone you tom orrow,’ she said to Peter.
2 To m said. ‘I have lost m y keys.’
T o m said (th a t)........................had lo s t...........................
keys.
3 Bob and Marie said. ‘W e are taking our dog for a In w h ic h of th e follow ing se n te n ce s do
walk.’ 4 j , the te n se s not c h a n g e ? W hy? T h e n , turn
Bob and Marie said (th a t)................. were taking the follow ing s ta te m e n ts from direct
.................dog for a walk. into re p o rte d s p e e c h .
4 Andrew said. ‘My sister is coming to visit me next
week.’ 1 ‘I’ll paint the house next week,' he says.
Andrew said (th at).................sister was going to visit Teneee do not change becauee the introductory
.................the following week. verb le in the preeent eimple. He eaye (t h a t ) he
5 Mr Jones said. ‘I need to buy a present for m y wife.’ will paint the houee .
2 T v e put the washing in the washing-m achine.' Rose
Mr Jones said (th a t).................needed to buy a pre­
said.
sent f o r .................wife.
6 Father said. ’I want you to wash m y car for m e.’
3 ‘A giraffe is bigger than a m ouse,’ he said.
Father said (that) ................. wanted ................. to
w a s h .................car f o r .....................
4 ‘W e haven't seen To m for two weeks,’ she said.

5 ‘I haven't phoned my uncle since last month,’ she says.

T u r n from d ire c t into re p o rte d s p e e c h .
6 ‘Birds can fly.' the student said.

1 ‘I can ’t find m y b a g ,’ she said.

7 ‘H e's studying for an exam now.' she said.
She eaid (t h a t ) ehe couldn’t find her bag.
2 ‘Th e y are working in the garden.’ he said.
8 ‘Leaves fall from the trees in autum n,’ he said.

3 ‘W e got married six months ago.* she said to us. 9 ‘W e visited the circus last weekend,’ they said.

4 ‘I’ll go shopping tomorrow,’ he said. 10 ‘She dropped the vase on the floor.' To n y said.

5 ‘I bought a new car last w eek.’ he said. 11 ‘He took the money to the bank this morning,' she said.

6 ‘W e aren’t doing anything next week.’ they said. 12 ‘T h e Earth moves round the sun.’ the teacher said.

94

iv L - l: O i l L~J. Q U L -b 'i LO jAi?
H o w often do
you exercise?
D o you drink milk?
Yesterday, M ary w e n t to th e d octor's.
The doctor a s k e d Mary h o w often she exercised.
She also asked her if/w hether she drank milk.
♦ W e introduce reported questions with ask or
want to know.
In reported questions, the verb is in the affirm­
ative and the question mark is omitted. Verb
tenses, pronouns and time expressions change
as in statements.
e.g. A r e you w o r k in g t o m o r r o w m o r n i n g ? ' Paul
asked her.
Paul asked her if s h e w as w o rk in g the next
m o rn in g .
♦ W hen the direct question begins with a question
w ord (who, where, how, when, why, what, etc.),
then the reported question begins with the same
question word.
e.g. W h y are you late?’ Mother asked me.
M other asked me w h y I was late.
♦ W h en the direct question begins with an auxil­
iary (is, do, have, etc.) or a m odal ve rb (can,
m ay. etc.), then the reported question begins
with It or whether.
e.g. C a n you speak French?' they asked me.
They asked m e if/w hether I could speak
French.
T u r n t h e q u e s t io n s f ro m d i r e c t in to
G b re p o rte d s p e e c h .
1 ‘How old are you?' he asked me.
He asked me how old I was.
2 ‘W hen will you call m e?' she asked George.
3 She asked. ‘C an you play the piano?’
4 He asked, W ho's there?*
5 ‘Do you like fish?’ she asked Jonathan.
6 ‘What have you done today?' Mother asked.
7 Jim asked, Did you go to work yesterday?'
8 ‘How did you get here?' he asked.
9 ‘Have you seen m y blue jacket anywhere?' she
asked.
10 He asked, ‘Will you take me to work tomorrow?'
11 She asked. Where have you been?'
12 She asked. ‘Will they visit us in the sum m er?’
There has been a fire in a b u sy area of your
town. R e a d t h e r e p o r t e r 's q u e s t io n s a n d
t u r n t h e m in to r e p o r t e d s p e e c h .
1 ‘H ow did the fire start?'
Th e reporter asked how th e fire had s ta rte d .
2 W ho called the fire brigade?’
Th e reporter wanted to k n o w ................................
3 'Did you ask people to leave the building?'
Th e reporter asked ...................................................
4 W as anybody injured?’
Th e reporter wanted to k n o w ................................
5 ‘How many fire-fighters are here now?'
T h e reporter asked ..................................................
6 ‘Have any of the houses been dam aged?'
Th e reporter wanted to k n o w ................................
95

Le t’s make som e cards.
Ruth, sit dow n please.
B e careful with the glue
Don't make a mess.
The teacher s u g g e s te d m aking som e cards.
She asked R uth to sit down.
She told the ch ild re n to b e careful with the glue.
She also told them n o t to m ake a mess.
♦ T o report c o m m a n d s o r Instructions w e use the
ve rb s o rd e r o r tell + sb + (n o t) to - Infinitive.
e.g. Give m e your money!" he said to me.
H e o rd e re d m e to give him m y money.
D on't shoot!' he said to them.
He o rd e re d them n o t to shoot.
'Cut the paper into two pieces. ’ she said to me.
She told m e to c u t the paper into two pieces.
♦ T o report requests, w e use the verbs ask or beg
+ sb + (not) to - infinitive. T h e sentence in direct
speech usually contains the w ord ‘please’.
e.g. 'Listen to me, please. ' Laura said to Bob.
Laura asked B o b to listen to her.
’Please, please d o n ’t tell anyone I'm here,’ she
said to him.
She b e g g e d him not to tell anyone (that) she
was there.
♦ 3
T o report suggestions, we use the verb suggest
+ -In g form.
e.g. ‘Let's play a g a m e ,' Father said to us.
W e can/could play a game, ’ Father said to us.
'Shall we play a gam e?' Father said to us.
'How about playing a gam e?' Father said to us.
Father s u g g e s te d pla yin g a game.
Fill in the g a p s w ith the verbs in the list
in the c o rre c t form.
order, tell, ask, beg. suggest
1 'Let’s call Brian.’ Susan said to me.
Susan ..suggested... calling Brian.
2 ‘D on ’t make any noise,' Mother said to us.
Mother ...............................us not to make any noise.
3 'Please stay a little longer,’ Kate said to her sister.
K a te ........................... her sister to stay a little longer.
4 ‘Fire!’ the General said to the soldiers.
Th e General ................................... the soldiers to fire.
5 ‘Please, please forgive m e.’ she said to him.
She ....................................................him to forgive her.
T u r n the follow ing se n te n ce s into
re p o rte d s p e e c h .
1 Be careful of the glass! The fire-fighter to ld them
t o be careful o f the glass.
2 Stand b a c k !........................................................................
3 Bring the light n e a re r!....................
4 Pass me an axe! ............................
5 G o to the other side of the plane!
T u r n from d ire ct into re p o rte d s p e e c h .
1 Mary said to me, ‘C o m e with me, please.'
M a ry asked me t o go with her.
2 Th e shop assistant said to the child. 'Don't touch
anything.’
Th e secretary said to me. 'Wait here, please.'
4 She said, ‘Shall we go sw im m ing?’
5 The park keeper said to them. Don't walk on the grass.'
6 He said to them, D o n ’t stay out late tonight.’
7 Annie said to Barry. ‘Please, please help m e.’
 R e p o rfe d ^ y ^ ^ M

l u l i o o u d o i -у Y e i Ьь- • > "

Apart from ‘s a y’ and ‘tell’, there are other introductory ve rb s w hich can be used in reported speech. Th e s e
verbs give the m eaning of the direct sentence m ore accurately and are followed by either the to - infinitive or
the ‘-in g form ’. S tu d y the table:

Direct Speech Reported Speech

promise л ‘I'll be h o m e early.’ He prom ised to be hom e early.

refuse \ + to - inf N o , I w o n ’t w ash the dishes.' H e refused to wash the dishes.
offer J ’C a n I get you an aspirin?' H e offered to get m e an aspirin.

'You should stay in b e d .’ H e advised me to stay in bed.

'Please post this letter.’ H e asked me to post the letter.
+ sb + to - inf Please, please listen to m e .’ H e b e g g e d her to listen to him.
D on't m o v e !’ He ordered me not to move.
D on't g o near the fire.’ He w arned me not to g o near the fire.

suggest + -ing form 'Let's have so m e tea.’ He suggested having so m e tea.

‘Shall w e g o to H e len ’s party? H e suggested g o in g to Helen's party.

C ho ose an in tro d u cto ry verb an d turn The p eop le in the picture had a meeting
10. the follow ing from d ire c t into re p o rte d yesterday in w hich they discussed som e
business matters. Read their co m m e n ts
^ speech.
and tu rn th e m into re p o rte d s p e e c h .
advised, asked, ordered, warned, prom ised,
b e g g e d , offered, refused, su gg e ste d

1 ‘I think you should eat more vegetables,’ m y mother

said to me.
M y m o th e r a d v is e d m e t o e a t m o re vegeta bles.
2 Please get m e a glass of water.' he said to Jill.

3 ‘No, I won't help y o u ,’ she said to Jim .

4 ‘I’ll b u y you som ething nice for your birthday,' her

mother said to her.

5 'D on't play near the road because it’s d a n g e ro u s.’

he said to us.

1 Tom : 'W e should advertise on TV .'

6 W o u ld you like m e to d o the sh o p p in g ? ’ she said.
To m s u g g e s te d a d v e rtis in g on TV.
2 Alison: 'I'll help you organise the m eeting.’
7 Please, please don't leave m e alone in the dark,’
she said to her parents. 'I can give you copies of the plan.’
3 Alex:

8 'H o w about going to the cinema tonight?’ he said. 4 Bob: Let’s d o so m e research on the subject.’

9 G o to bed! ... N o w !’ his father said to him. 5 Nick: T il give you all the details next w eek.’

10 'Shall w e watch a video?’ they said. 6 Diana: D o n ’t decide until you know the cost.’

97
T o turn a sentence from reported into direct speech, we follow the sam e steps as we d o when we turn a sen­
tence from direct into reported speech (see page 93). but in reverse order. W e also:

• put the sentence in quotation marks.

• mention the speaker before or after the direct speech.
• put c o m m a s before or after the direct speech.
• begin the direct speech with a capital letter.
• put a question mark and not a c o m m a if the direct speech is a question and the person being spoken
to co m e s after it.

reported speech: J a c k told m e that he was leaving the next day.

direct speech: Ja c k said to me. ‘I'm leaving tomorrow, or ‘I’m leaving tomorrow. Ja c k said to m e

reported speech: T h e boss asked m e if I enjoyed m y work.

direct speech: D o you enjoy your w ork?' the boss asked me. or
T h e boss asked me. 'D o you enjoy your work?

T u rn the following se n te n ce s from 7 ‘Are you go in g out on Saturday night?' Ben asked
re p o rte d into d ire ct s p e e c h . me.

8 A d a m said that he had never ridden a horse before.

1 Tre v o r asked m e if I had posted the letter.
V id you poet the le tte rT Trevor a eked me.
9 ‘We'll g o to the circus tomorrow.' said Mother.
2 Sarah told m e she was looking for a new job.

10 Mr Carter told them to pick up the paper from the

3 Brian wanted to know what time the train to Leeds left.
floor.

4 She said that she didn't like jogging. 11 Julia b e g g e d her parents to let her g o to the party.

5 H e said he would be back the following day. 12 G re g said, ‘Let's have a party on m y birthday.'

6 H e asked how m u c h m y new car had cost.

7 I asked M ane if she could d o the sh o pp in g for me. T u r n the underlined se n te n ce s from
rep o rted into direct s p e e c h .
8 Jill asked Roy to close the w indow.

T u rn from d ire c t into re p o rte d s p e e c h or

vice versa.

1 ‘I've finished the housework,' she said.

She eaid (t h a t ) ehe had finiehed the houeework.
2 ‘W h y did you d o that?’ he asked her.

I met an old friend yesterday. I hadn't seen her for two

3 Susie told her mother that Titanic w as the best film
years. I asked what she had been doing. W e decided to
she had ever seen.
g o for a drink. W e sat in a cafe for three hours. We
talked about m any different things. She asked me to
4 He told them to put the rubbish in the bin.
give her m y phone num ber and she wrote it down.
W hen w e left the cafe, I told her to call m e very soon.
5 ‘Please answer the telephone,' he said to her.
W h a t have you been doing?" I aeked her.
6 Alex said that they were going to Hawaii for their
honeym oon.
 R e p o rte d ^ ^ ^ ^ H

15^ C o rre c t the m istakes. O R a l

Activity
1 H e asked m e where w as the post office.
Tim Stevens, the famous actor, gave a press conference
2 S h e suggested to visit the zoo.
yesterday. Lucy Morton, a young reporter, attended the
3 Mother said, ‘Y o u must always say the truth.' conference. Read what Tim Stevens said. Then, in pairs,
4 T h e doctor told m e to not exercise a lot. ask and answer questions, as in the example.
5 My parents offered giving me a lift to the railway station
S A : What d id Tim Stevens say?
6 O u r teacher said to us that the test was quite easy.
S B : H e said that he was very h a p p y to be in our
7 S h e asked h o w could she contact me.
country.
8 H e said that Kate had left the last month.
S A : What else d id he say?
9 T h e old m an told g o o d night and went to bed.
10 Je n n y said me, I hate Maths.’ 1 I'm very happy to be
in your country. I have already
been to Venice
and Florence.

Box

к * Underline the correct w ord(s).

3 I went to France
two months ago.
A: W here a re y o u g o i n g /d o y o u g o ?
B: T o work. 4 I starred in a film
A: D id y o u d o /H a ve y o u d o n e your hom ework yet? called ‘L'am our’.
B: Yes. I w as d o in g /d id it last night. Г
A: Did you paint the house?
B: Yes. I did it all by m e/m yself. 5 I’ll return with m y wife
A: C a n you get the sugar from the shelf? in the summer.
B. N o. I’m not tall to o / e n o u g h to reach it.
A: D o you still play tennis?
B: No, I u s e d to/didn't u s e to play every week, but
I don't any more. v u j j m v G
A: D o I have to g o to the sh o p s today?
B: No, you n e e d n ’t/m u s tn ’t. I’ll g o instead.
Activity
A: W h y are your clothes all wet? Lucy is writing an article about T im Stevens for the
В. I w as w a sh in g /h a ve b e e n w a s h in g the dog! magazine she works for. Complete the article using the
8 A: Have you read this book? information from the Oral Activity.
B: Of course. It is written/was written by m y aunt!
A: W h o ’s that w o m a n over there? FAMOUS ACTOR VISITS OUR COUNTRY
B: It’s the w o m a n w h o s e / w h o ’s son is in m y class
| Tim Stevens, w ho I’m sure all of you know, was
at school.
[ here f o r a sh o rt visit. I w as lu ck y e n o u g h to
10 A: Shall/M ust w e g o out tonight?
f attend the press conference he gave yesterday.
B: Yes. Let's g o to the cinema.
A: Okay. I have to/will meet you there at 8 o'clock. j This is w h a t M r Stevens told the reporters. He
11 A: I need som e paper. : said that he was very happy to be in our country.
B: The re is so m e in the drawer w h o / w h ic h is on He also said ......................................................................
your right. i ******* ••••• •
12 A: Nicola’s hair is short now. S
} .......................................................................................................................
B: Really? It u s e d to/didn't u s e to be really long.

99
UNIT 15
C ond iA nols - Wishes
C o u u iik n m l > If yo u g o to N e w
York, yo u c a n see
the Statue of Liberty.
There are three types of conditionals. Each type
consists of two parts: the If - clause (hypothesis),
w hich begins with the w ord if, and the main
clause, w hich s h o w s the result of the h yp o th ­
♦ T y p e 1 conditionals express a real or very prob­
esis.
able situation in the present or future. T h e y are
form ed as follows:
if - clause main clause

(hypothesis) (result) Main clause

If y o u are late, y o u w ill m iss the bus.
If + present simple future simple
W h e n the if-clause c o m e s before the main present simple
clause, they are separated with a c om m a . W hen
imperative
the main clause c o m e s before the if-clause,
can/must/may. etc. +
then they are not separated with a com m a.
+bare infinitive
e.g. If Peter has time, he will c o m e to visit us.
Peter will c o m e to visit us if he has time.
♦ W e can use unless instead of if...not in the
if - clause. T h e verb is always in the affirmative
after unless.
e.g.If you d o n 't hurry, we'll be late for school.
T y i’tf 1 C oim iiio iu al U n le s s you hurry, w e ’ll be late for school.
(N O T : Unk>GG y o u don't-hurry ...)

L o o k a t th e p ic t u r e s a n d th e p ro m p ts
If Robert studies hard, G > a n d m a k e s e n t e n c e s , a s in th e e x a m p le .
he will p a s s his exams.
e.g. If y o u g o t o Londo n, y o u ca n eee Ы д Ben.

Rome/the New York/the Empire

Water turns into ice if Colosseum State Building
the tem perature falls
be low 0 °C. London/
Big Ben

Egypt/the Sydney/the Sydney

Pyramids O pe ra House

If you d o n ’t understand,
lo o k at the example.

ф -" '
Paris/the Eiffel
Venice/some Hawaii/some palm
Tow er
gondolas trees

100
 C o n d it io n a ls -

M atch co lu m n A with co lu m n В in order to Put the verbs in b ra c k e ts into the

(2i m a k e co rre c t type 1 co n d itio n a l s e n ­
te n c e s , as in the example.
co rre c t tense.

e.g. If y o u a re tire d , g o t o bed. 1 A: I d like a c u p of coffee.

B: Well, if you ...hold... (hold) the baby for five
C o lu m n A C o lu m n В minutes. I ....................................... (m ake) it for you.
2 A: I must g o to the bank.
1 tired a make a sandwich
B: If y o u ...............................................(leave) now. you
2 hungry b get something to drink
..........................(get) there before it closes.
3 bored с g o to bed
3 A: I can ’t d o everything myself!
4 thirsty d take one of these pills
B: Well, if y o u ................................................ (wash) the
5 seasick e read a go o d book dishes. I .........................................(cook) the meal.
4 A: Are you going on holiday this year?
B: Yes, I ............................ (go) to Spain for two weeks
if I ........................................... (have) som e time off
3} Fill in unless or if.
work.
5 A: I want to cook something special tonight.
1 W e won't g o on holiday ...u n le e s... w e can take our B: Great, if I ....................................(finish) work early.
d o g with us. I ........................... (give) you a hand.
2 w e don't buy it now. w e ’ll have 6 A: C o u ld I have a chocolate biscuit, please?
to get it later. B: Yes. if y o u ...........................(look) in the cupboard,
3 you g o to bed late, y o u ’ll be tired in y o u ...............................(find) som e cakes as well.
the m orning.
4 I c a n ’t finish m y hom ew o rk ................ you help me.
5 W e ’ll have a picnic on Saturday ........................ the A ' Rewrite the sentences, as in the
exam ples.
weather is bad.
6 Y o u ’ll catch a c o l d ...................... you wear your coat.
7 I’ll open the w in d ow ...............................I get too hot. 1 If Harry doesn't phone, w e ’ll leave without him.
U n le ss H a r r y phones, we’ll leave w ith o u t him.
2 Unless Sheila returns the m oney she owes me. I
Put the verbs in b ra c k e ts into the w o n ’t be able to pay m y rent.
c o rre c t tense. Add a c o m m a w he re
« > n e cessary.
If S heila d o e s n ’t re tu rn th e m on e y she ow es me,
I w on’t be able t o p a y m y re n t.
1 If you ..h a ve ... (have) toothache, go to the dentist. 3 Sarah will be disappointed if you don't send her a
2 If P e t e r ........................... (do) lots of exercise he'll be birthday card.
fit and healthy.
3 Please call m e if you ..........................................(need) 4 Maria won't g o to the theatre if Peter doesn't go with
her.
any help.
4 S a r a h ................... (be) angry if w e don't go
5 If you don't pay the electricity bill, it will be cut off.
to her party?
5 Cathy will be able to go on holiday if she ................
6 Unless Kate co m e s hom e soon, her parents will call
(save) e no ug h m oney.
the police.
6 Unless i t ..................................................... (rain) we'll go
for a walk.
7 If the children don't behave themselves, they w o n ’t
7 If y o u ............................................ (work) hard you m ay
g o to the zoo.
be promoted.
8 y o u ................... (give) m e a call if you have 8 Unless m y mother offers to help me, I won't have
time tomorrow? time to make all the preparations.
9 If yo u d o n ’t d o your hom ework I ..................................
(not/let) you watch T V . 9 Unless you tidy your room. I w o n ’t take you to the
10 Mary w o n ’t g o to Australia unless I .............................. party.
(pay) for her tickets.
11 If h e ................................................ (arrive) on time w e ’ll 10 If Dennis d o e sn ’t write soon, I will be very upset.
have dinner before w e g o out.
UNIT 15 r
CondJi noTs - Wishes
Look at the p ic tu re s an d the prom pts.
1у [: Cf- Z CoLlO-LlLOLl^l^ (D . In pairs, ask an d a n s w e r question s, as
in the e x a m p le .

e.g. S A : S h a ll I p a in t t h e fence re d o r g re e n ?
S B : If I were yo u . I'd p a in t i t red.

paint the fence/red/green order a salad/a sandwich

If I h a d a lot of m oney, I w o u ld b u y a b ig h o u se and

I ’d g o o n a cruise ro u n d the world.

♦ T y p e 2 co n d itio n a ls express an im a g in a ry or
im p ro b a b le situation w h ich is unlikely to h a p ­
have som e coffee/orange juice b uy a dog/a goldfish
pen in the present or future.
T h e y are form ed as follows:

If - clause M ain clause

If + past simple would/could/might +

+ bare infinitive
/ F V
e.g. If I h a d the time, I w o u ld take u p a sport. (I g o to Japan/France take up golf/baseball
d o n 't have the time no w . s o it is unlikely that I
will take u p a sport. - im probable situation)
♦ W e can use w e re instead of w a s for all persons,
Put the v e rb s in b ra c k e ts into the
c o rre c t te n se to m a k e c o rre c t typ e 2
e.g. If P e te r w a s !w e re here, he w o u ld tell us what
c o n d itio n a l s e n te n ce s .
to do.

♦ W e use If I w e re y o u ... when we want to give
advice.
e.g. If I w e re you. I ’d talk to him about m y problem .
C h o o s e one of th e p ro m p ts from th e list
to s a y w h a t yo u w o u ld do in e a c h of the
situ a tio n s be lo w .
o rd e r a pizza, co m p la in to the m anager, light
so m e candles, g o to hospital, call the police,
stay in b e d
1 Y o u see s o m e o n e ro bbing a bank.
If I e a w e o m eo ne ro b b in g a bank, I w o u ld c a ll t h e
police.
2 A shop assistant is rude to you.
3 Y o u fall over a nd break yo u r arm.
4 You burn your dinner.
5 T h e re is a pow er cut in yo u r house.
6 Y o u catch a bad cold.
1 If I ...w ere... (be) you, I ...w ould e tu d y ... (study) for
the exams.
2 If w e .............................. (have) a car. w e ..........................
(g o ) for a drive in the country.
3 Kim .......................................(b u y) so m e new clothes if
s h e .............................................. (have) e n o u g h money.
4 If c a m e r a s .................................. (not/cost) so m uch, we
................................... (buy) one.
5 J o h n .......................................... (lend) yo u s o m e money
if y o u .....................................................................(ask) him.
6 H e .......................................(o p e n ) the d o o r if h e ...............
(have) the key.
7 W e .............................................. (paint) the h ouse if we
.....................................................................(have) the time.
8 If she ......................................... (get) g o o d grades, she
................................................................. (go) to university.
9 If I ................................ (b e ) rich, I ........................................
(never/ work) again.
10 H e l e n .......................................... (post) the letters if she
......................................................... (have) so m e stamps.

102

1 у [:о о C o u J . i t ioii_eU ;
Jack missed the bus
yesterday, so he was
late for work.
If Ja ck h a d n 't m is se d
the bus, he w o u ld n 't
have b e e n late for
work yesterday.
T y p e 3 c o n d itio n a ls express Im a g in a r y situations in
the past; that is, they refer to past situations that
did not happen.
T h e y are form ed as follows:
If - clause Main clause
If + past perfect would/could/might +
+ have + past participle
e.g. If she h a d c a lle d earlier. I w o u ld have told her
about the meeting. (She didn't call earlier, s o I didn't
tell her about the m eeting.)
R ich a rd B rooks was very upset yesterday
beca use he m issed an important meeting.
Look at the prompts and m ake sentences,
as in the example.
e.g. If th e airline h a d n 't been
on strike, hie flight w ouldn't
have been delayed. If hie
flight h a d n 't been delayed, ...
the airline / not be / on strike *
his flight / not be / delayed *
he / arrive / in N e w York / on
time *
he / attend / the m eeting *
he / sign / the contract »
his boss / be / pleased with
him *
she / give / him / a promotion
UNIT 15
C o n d itio n a ls ^ ! hes
Put the verbs in b ra c k e ts into the
c o rre c t tense to m a k e c o rre c t type
3 c o n d itio n a l sentences.
If you ...h a d n 't been... (not/be) in a hurry, you
...w o uldn't/m ight n o t have fo rg o tte n ... (not/forget)
your keys.
If he ........................................... (rem em ber) earlier, he
.............................................(send) her a birthday card.
If you ................................................................ (not/be) ill.
you ....................................................... (go) to the party.
Jason ............................................. (not/break) his arm if
h e ........................................................... (be) more careful.
Helen .......................... (get) wet if s h e .............................
(not/take) her umbrella.
If I .............................(do) m y homework, m y teacher
............................................................... (not/shout) at me.
Y o u .................................................(pass) the test if you
........................................................................ (study) more.
8 If she .............................................. (close) the gate, the
r a b b i t ........................................................(not/run away).
She ......................................................(lose) her keys if I
.............................................................(not/pick) them up.
10 If he ............................................... (save) so m e money,
h e .......................................... (be able) to g o on holiday.
Read the story below and write type 3
12, conditional sentences, as in the example.
Ben offered to help his neighbour fix the' roof so he
climbed up the ladder. He fell off the ladder and broke his
leg. He went to hospital. He met U n d a there. They fell in
love and got married six months later.
1 If b e n h a d n 't o ffe re d t o help hie neighbour fix th e
roof, he w o u ld n 't have clim bed up th e ladder.
If he h a d n ’t clim bed up th e la d d e r ,..............................
105
UNIT 15 w
Cond.» naTs - Wishes
7 If I hadn't woken up early. I ............................................
л л P u t t h e v e r b s in b r a c k e t s in t o t h e
1' ' Z c o rre c t te n se . (be) late for work.
8 If I ...............................(have) more time, I would tidy
the garden.
1 A: M um , D ad shouted at me.
9 If J o h n ...........................................................(phone), can
B: Well, if you ... h a d n 't been... (not/be) naughty, he
you take a message?
...w o u ld n 't have s h o u te d ... (not/shout) at you.
10 If I were you, I ........................................ (get) someone
2 A: I d o n ’t know what to d o about m y problem.
to help me.
B: If I ..................... (be) you, I .............................................
(talk) to m y boss.
3 A: If I ............................................ (win) lots of m oney, I H enry is lost in the forest and he's thinking.
..................................................... (buy) a new house. U s e his tho u gh ts to w rite conditional
B: T h a t’s a nice idea. I ........................................... (buy) se nten ces, as in the exam ple. Th en ,
a new car. state the type of conditional (1, 2 or 3).
4 A: I failed m y exam today.
B: Well, if y o u ............................................(study) harder,
y o u ................................................................... (not/fail).
5 A: I’ve got terrible toothache.
B: If I ................................(be) you. I .................................
(go) to the dentist’s.
6 A: I’m sorry.
B: What for?
A: If I ................................. (not/leave) the door open.
the p u p p y ............................................. (not/escape).
7 A: W h y are yo u upset?
B: Because it’s all m y fault. If I ....................................
(not/be) late, w e ........................................ (not/miss)
the bus.
8 A: W here ............................................ (you/go) if you
.........................(can) travel anywhere in the world?
B: If I ....................................... (can), I ..........................
(g o ) to America.
9 A: I’ve lost m y bag with m y purse and m y keys
inside.
B: Well, if I .........................(be) you. I .............................
............................ (report) it to the police. 14 get some water
10 A: O u c h ! I d ro p p e d a glass and cut m y finger. 5 from the stream can
B: Well, if you ....................................(be) careful, you have a drink.
.......................................................... (not/cut) yourself. It's dark. I can't
7 find the path.

Put the verbs in b ra c k e ts into the 1 If I h a d n ’t le ft th e m a p a t home, I w o u ld n 't have

co rre c t tense. lo s t m y way. ( 3 )
2
1 If you ...h a d looked... (look) both ways before cross­
ing the street, you wouldn't have been knocked 3
down.
2 If I ............................................ (be) you. I w ould phone
4
m y mother tonight.
3 If he hadn't stopped the car. he ....................................
(have) an accident. 5
4 I ...................................................... (give) some m oney to
charity if I won a competition. 6
5 Unless w e ..................................................... (leave) now.
w e ’ll be late. 7
6 Your friend wouldn't have phoned if y o u ....................
............................................ (not/meet) her in the street.

104
 I w is h I I w ish m y son
I w is h I w o u ld stop
h a d n 't
c o u ld find interrupting
p a rk e d m y
a job.
ca r here.

♦ We use the verb wish and the expression If only to express a wish. If only is more emphatic than I wish.

♦ W e use wish/lf o n ly + past sim ple for the present w hen we want to say that we w o u ld like som ething to
be different.
e.g. I wish/lf o n ly I h a d a lot of m oney. (But I don't have a lot of m oney.)

♦ W e use wish/lf o n ly + past perfect to expess regret that som ething happened or did not happen in the
past.
e.g. I w is h I h a d c o m e to yo u r party last night. (B ut I didn't c o m e to yo u r party.)
If o n ly I h a d lis te n e d to yo ur advice. (B ut I didn't listen to yo u r advice.)

♦ W e use wish/lf only + w o u ld for a polite imperative, e.g. I wish you w o u ld put your things away, and to express
our wish for a change in a situation or someone’s behaviour because we are annoyed by it.
e.g. I w ish it w o u ld s to p raining, (w ish for a ch a n ge in a situation)
If o n ly Susan w o u ld s to p pla ying the m usic s o loud. (wish for a ch a n ge in som e o n e 's behaviour)
Note: a) W e can use were instead of was in the first and third person singular after wish or if only. However,
were is more often used in formal English.
e.g. I wish I w e re taller, (formal English) - I wish I w a s taller, (everyday English)
b) After the subject p ro n o u n s I and w e, we use cou ld instead of would.
e.g. I wish I c o u ld help you. ( N O T : I w ish I w o u ld help you-.)

T o n y has got a bad cold. He has to stay Scott has been on holiday. H e had a
in bed. R e a d w h a t h e s a y s a n d m a k e terrible time. R e a d w h a t h e s a y s a n d
< «> s e n t e n c e s , a s in t h e e x a m p le . m a k e s e n t e n c e s , a s in t h e e x a m p le .

e.g. I wieh I d id n 't have a te m p e ra tu re .

e.g. I w ieh I t h a d n 't
I've got a temperature ra in e d e ve ry d a y .
I’ve got a sore throat.
I want to play outside
in the snow, but
I c a n ’t. • It rained every day.
I have to take • T h e beach was a long
medicine. way from the hotel.
I have to stay in bed. • T h e hotel was dirty.
I c a n ’t g o to m y • M y hotel room was
friend’s party tonight. small.
N o n e of m y friends • I lost m y luggage.
are here with me. • My wallet was stolen.

105
UNIT 15 r

,
CondjA nafs - Wishes
Mrs Taylor is annoyed with her neighbours. What R e a d t h e f o llo w in g s e n t e n c e s . W h a t

к* does she say? L o o k a t t h e p ic tu r e s a n d th e 20 w is h e s w o u ld yo u m a k e c o rre s p o n d in g

p r o m p t s a n d m a k e s e n t e n c e s , a s in th e to t h e w o r d s in b o ld ?
e x a m p le .
e.g. I wish A la n w ouldn’t p la y hie tr u m p e t la te a t night. 1 Y o u r car has broken d o w n so yo u h a ve to w alk to
w o rk .
I wieh I d id n 't h a ve t o walk t o work.
2 Y o u want to bake a cake, but y o u can't re m e m b e r
the recipe.
3 It is raining heavily and yo u c a n ’t find y o u r umbrella
4 Y o u d id n ’t r e m e m b e r to lock the front d o o r and
thieves broke in.
5 You are on a diet, but you want to eat som e chocolate.
6 Y o u are having an exam today, but yo u h a v e n ’t
Mrs Parker's dog/ s tu d ie d at all.
Alan/play his trum­
bark all d ay Mr Fox/mow the 7 Y o u want to g o on holiday, but yo u h a v e n 't got
pet late at night
lawn at 5 am e no ug h m oney.

IN OTHER WORDS
S tu d y th e s e e x a m p le s . T h e s e c o n d s e n te n c e
h a s a s im ila r m e a n in g to th e firs t s e n t e n c e .

1 I think T o m should look for a better job.

the Smiths/have w o u ld If I w e re T o m . I w o u ld look fo ra better job.
Mrs Edison/leave
a party every Miss Brown/ 2 M ary regrets shouting at her friend.
rubbish on the
w eekend had M ary w is h e s s h e h ad not s h o u te d at her
pavement pick m y flowers
friend.
3 W h y d o n t you stop complaining?
w is h I w is h y o u w o u ld sto p complaining.

P u t t h e v e r b s in b r a c k e t s in to t h e
c o rre c t ten se.
C o m p l e t e e a c h s e n t e n c e w i t h t w o to
five w o r d s i n c l u d i n g t h e w o r d in b o ld .
1 A: It’s still raining.
B: Y es. I wish it ...w ould s to p ... (stop). I want to go
Peter regrets sp e n din g his holidays with his family,
out for a walk.
h ad Peter ...w is h e s he h a d n ’t s p e n t... his holi
2 A: H a ve you seen that film?
days with his family.
B: N o. I wish I ...........................................................(see) W h y don't yo u stop sp e n din g your m o n e y o n use­
it w he n it w as on at the cinema. less things?
3 A: Y o u look tired today. w is h I .............................................................. spending
B: I’ve been busy. I wish I ..................................... (do) your m o n e y o n useless things.
m y Christm as sh o p p in g earlier. Y o u should g o on a diet, Sheila.
4 A: Lisa, I wish you ............................................................... w o u ld If I ............................................on a diet, Sheila.
(remember) to take the dog for a walk. W h y don't you tidy your room m ore often?
B: Sorry. I'll go now. w is h I .......................... tidy your room m ore often.
5 A: D o you like your job, Doris?
B: Yes, but I wish I .............................................................
(not/have) to travel so far every day. 2 2 ^ C o rre c t th e m is ta k e s .
6 A: Did you have a g o o d holiday?
B: Yes. but I wish I ................................................... (be) 1 I wish I w ould g o h o m e now.
still on holiday now. 2 If I were you, I will ask m y father's advice.
7 A: Do you like yo ur n ew car? 3 Unless you don't ask her. she won't com e.
B: Yes. but I wish it ............................................................ 4 I wish you will listen to me.
(not/cost) so much. 5 I wish I saw the play w he n it w a s on at the theatre
8 A: I hate travelling b y bus. 6 I wish I will g o on long holidays to hot places.
B: S o d o I. I wish I ..................................... (can) drive. 7 If I will have time, I will tidy up before I g o out.

106
 Cone

o r a l
evision Box A ctivity
Edward Simpson and Laura Smithers aren’t very
happy with their lives. Look at the prompts and make
sentences, as in the example.

R e w r it e t h e f o llo w in g s e n t e n c e s in th e e.g. Edw ard wishes he didn't have a stressful job.

23i p a s s iv e . H e wishes his wife wouldn't spend so m uch
m oney on clothes.
1 Mother threw that box aw ay weeks ago.
T h a t box wae th ro w n a w a y weeke a g o (b y M o th e r).
2 T h e maid polished the silver yesterday.

3 W e must take the d o g to the vet.

4 T h e m ayor will open the new cinem a tomorrow.

5 W e couldn't put out the fire because of the wind. has a stressful job feels lonely
his wife spends a lot of doe sn ’t go out often
m oney on clothes has difficulty making
6 Have you d on e the w ashing yet?
his children ask him for friends
m oney all the time doesn't have any
has no time for himself hobbies

24> C h o o s e the c o rre c t a n s w e r.

SJ B J -L L ^ e
I ...A ... yo u as soon as J get there. Activity
A will phone В phone С am phoning
Ja so n said that h e ................to Florida before. Edward and Laura sent letters to Dorothy Forester,
A had never been В have never been who is a counsellor, asking for advice. First, read
С will never be D o ro th y ’s letter to E d w a rd and put the v e rb s in
brackets into the correct tense. Then, write Dorothy’s
Y o u .....tidy your room before you g o to the cinema. letter of advice to Laura.
A m ay to В must С must to
J a m e s ............ the new spaper w hen the phone rang. Dear Mr Simpson,
A reads В is reading С w as reading
T h a n k y o u f o r y o u r letter a s k in g f o r m y
This p h o t o g r a p h ...............by m y grandfather. advice.
A was taken В took С taken To begin with, if I C l) ................. (be) you, I
M y sister m ade this cake all b y .................. w ould try to find w ays to change m y life. If you
A herself В her С she to o k tim e o ff w o r k m o re o f te n , y o u ( 2 )
.................. (not/feel) so stressed. If yo u asked
W h o se b a g is this?’ 'It’s .................. ’
y o u r wife to stop spending a lot of m oney, she
A me В mine С my
( 3 ) ........................................ (listen) to yo u . Your
8 Liz is tired. S h e .............. the w indow s all morning. children w ou ld also stop asking you fo r money
A has been cleaning В is cleaning all the time if yo u ( 4 ) ........................................ (be)
С has cleaned stricter. Finally, you w ou ld fee I a lot better if
W h en I arrived. P a u l ................. yo u ( 5 ) ........................................ (take up) a hobby
A leaves В already left С had already left and made some time fo r yoursel/.
I hope m y advice will help.
10 Michael and Steven are friends. T h e y ................like
football. Best wishes,
A both В all С neither Dorothy

107
 Revision 3 (U n its 1 - 15)

C ho ose the co rre c t item. Rew rite the following senten ces in the
Q . Q , passive.

1 Ja m e s ...A ... w hen W e n d y c a m e into the room. 1 You must w ash the car today.
A w as sleeping В slept С has been sleeping The c a r m u s t be w a sh e d to d a y .

2 I think I ..............g o to university w he n I leave school, 2 T h e y are taking him to hospital now

but I’m not sure yet.

A should В will С am going 3 W h o will m ake the speech?

3 My mother a lw a y s ............. the clothes on Monday.

4 T h e cat has destroyed the flowers
A is w ashing В has w ashed С washes

4 T h e y ............. here for twenty years. 5 Shakespeare wrote Hamlet’.

A work В have been working
С were working 6 S o m e o n e sent Susan a red rose.

5 G r e g ............. dow n, opened the book and began to

7 T h e fire had burnt dow n the house by the time the
read.
fire brigade arrived.
A had sat В sat С w a s sitting

6 H e ............. a m agazine o nce a week, but now he

doe sn ’t. 8 W h o invented the television?
A used to b uy В had bought С d id n ’t use to buy

7 W e ............. on holiday to Italy tomorrow.

A have g o n e В go С are going

8 T h e train to London ............. at six o'clock in the

л P u t t h e v e r b s in b r a c k e t s in to t h e
morning. > c o rre c t tense.
A leaves В leave С has left

9 At four o'clock yesterday afternoon, C h r i s ............. 1 A: I’ve lost m y purse. Have you seen it?
his birthday presents. B: N o. If you ...h a d been... (be) m ore careful, you
A opens В was opening С has opened w o u ld n ’t have lost it.
10 T h e c h ild r e n ............. to bed by the time the guests 2 A: Did you buy that dress you saw?
arrived. B: N o, but I wish I ..........................................(buy) it. It
A have already g o n e В will go was lovely.
С had already g o n e 3 A: Y ou should read this article. It's really interesting.
B: Pass m e m y glasses. I c a n ’t see unless I ...........
................................ (wear) them.
C o m p le te e a c h se n te n ce w ith tw o to 4 A: If only I ..........................................(go) to the party.
five w o rd s in clu din g the w o rd in bold. B: Y o u can g o if you help m e first.
5 A: C a n you lend m e som e m oney?
It isn't necessary for you to wear a suit, В: I would if I ................................................ (have) any,
h a ve Y o u ...d o n 't have t o wear... a suit. but I’m broke at the moment.
You are not allowed to g o out after dark. 6 A: You failed your exam because you d id n ’t study.
m ust Y o u ............................................. after dark. В: I know. I wish I .................................. (study) more.
It's possible that sh e ’ll visit us tomorrow. 7 A: Do you want to com e on holiday with me this year?
m ay She ............................................. tomorrow. В: I will c o m e if I .................................................................
I'm sure they're on holiday. (have) enough money.
m ust T h e y ..........................................on holiday. 8 A: If only I .............................................. (not/spend) so
I'm bored. Let’s g o som ew here else. m uch m on e y this month.
shall I’m bored ......................som ewhere else? B: Yes, w e ’d be able to g o out for a meal tonight.
You d o n ’t have to g o to work on Saturday. 9 A: That m usic is very loud.
n e e d n ’t You .................................................................... В: I wish T o m ...........................................(not/play) his
on Saturday. m usic so loud. It gives m e a headache.
I advise you to look for a job soon. 10 A: Shall w e go to the party on Friday night?
ought Y o u ........................................... a job soon. B: We'll go unless I ...............................(be) too tired.

108
 Revision 3 (Units 1 - 1 5 )

P u t t h e v e r b s in b r a c k e t s in to th e
5 к. C h o o s e th e c o rre c t item.
c o r r e c t infinitive form o r t h e -ing form

1 Y o u ...3 ... borrow m y notebook if you want to.

A are able to В can С might

2 I ..............stay late at work tonight. The re is lots of

work to do.
A have to В can С n e e d n ’t

3 C h a r lie ..............speak G e rm a n w he n he w as yo u n g,
but n o w he can.
A c a n ’t В could С c o u ld n ’t

4 Y o u ............. ask for directions if you get lost.

A should В are able to С m ustn’t

5 you water the plants for me?

A M ay В Will С Shall

6 B ill............. get a new job after he had com pleted the My best friend is called Pam . S h e likes (1 ) ...g o in g ...
training course. (go) to the theatre and she also enjoys ( 2 ) .....................
A should В can С w as able to (read). S h e is always h a p p y ( 3 ) .............................(help)

7 ‘..............I help you. sir?’ ‘Y e s please.’ a n y b o d y a nd doesn't mind ( 4 ) ................................. (do)

the housework for her mother every week. S h e tries
A May В Must С Will to avoid ( 5 ) ........................................... (argue) with other
8 S h e ..............visit us on S u n d a y if she has time. people and usually m an a ge s ( 6 ) .........................(keep)
A might В shall С m u s tn ’t a happy smile on her face. S h e has got lots of nice
clothes and she lets m e ( 7 ) ....................(borrow) them
sometimes w hen w e g o out together. I always look
T u r n from d ire c t into re p o rte d s p e e c h .
forward to ( 8 ) ...................................(see) Pam because
6 ж U s e an a p p ro p ria te in tro d u cto ry verb
she is very funny and she makes m e ( 9 ) .........................
w h e re n e ce s sa ry.
(laugh).
1 Ja net said. ‘I'm leaving for Ja m a ic a tom o rrow .’
Ja n e t eaid t h a t she wa& leaving for Jam aica the
following day.
U n d e rlin e th e c o rre c t w o rd (s ).
2 Paul said to m e. ‘O p e n the d o o r for me, please.’

3 A n n a said. ‘Let’s g o ice-skating this w e e k e n d .’ 1 Th is is m y picture. I drew it m e/m yself.

2 T h e reason w hy/w here I’m late is that I missed the bus.
4 'What time is it?’ he said to me. 3 Is this bicycle yo u r/y o u rs ?
4 Tha t house w a s built/built by Harry and Sally.
5 Jonathan said to them, Please, please don't go 5 If only he h a d n 't fo rg o tte n /d id n ’t forget to post the
without m e .’ letter.
6 T h a t’s the girl w h o / w h o s e father is a policeman.
6 A m a n d a said to me, ‘I have found a new job.' 7 Tha t's your coat. Put it/its aw ay now, please.
8 H e has w orked/is w o r k in g in this factory for twenty
7 S am antha said to T im . ‘I’ll send you a postcard from years.
Italy.’ 9 T o m m y is living/lived by himself at the m oment.
10 Th is vase w as a gift from m y parents. T h e y gave it to
8 Mother said. ‘I’ll bake a cake for the party.’ I/me.
11 Laura w as a b le to /c o u ld repair her bicycle w hen it
9 T h e fire-fighter said to the people, D o n ’t g o into the got a flat tyre.
h o u se .’ 12 Th is is the bag w h ic h / w h o I bought in France.
13 If I will s ee/see Peter, I’ll give him your message.
10 Brian said, N o, I won't type the report.’ 14 That's the house that/where I lived when I was a child.
15 Shall/Will I answ er the door for you?
11 ‘C a n you give m e a lift?' she asked her father. 16 Gary, w h ic h / w h o lives next door, ow ns a d o g and
two cats.

109
UNIT 16
Ad Ves-Adverbs-Comparisons
Fill in th e g a p s w it h th e c o r r e c t ad jective
/ \ (i[c r e iiv e b -
1 fro m the list.
lovely, fresh, quiet, cosy, bright, excellent, tall,
com fortable

T h e cottage w a s beautiful. It had a 1) ...co ey... atm os­

phere. T h e room s were small but 2 ) ................................
T h e re w as a 3 ) ...................... fire burning in the fireplace,
and the smell of 4 ) ....................... roses filled each room.
T h e old furniture w as in 5 ) ........................ condition. T h e
gard e n w a s 6 ) ...........................T h e re were 7 ) ......................
trees all round the garden and colourful flowers near
the cottage. It w as very 8 ) ......................and peaceful. I
d id n ’t want to leave.

Fill in t h e c o r r e c t a d je c t iv e .
This is a small village. It looks peaceful. There are
oval, careful, thick, adventurous, long, generous
som e lovely old houses.
1 Explorers are brave and ..........a d v e n tu r o u s .............
♦ A d jectives d escrib e n o u n s (a b ig c a r). T h e y
2 R u g b y balls a re n ’t round, they’re ................................
have the sam e form in the sin g ular and plural.
3 U ncle S a m is a very ....... ...............................man. He
e.g. a s m a ll h o u s e s m a ll h o u s e s
always brings us gifts w he n he visits us.
4 This book is very .............. ..............................It d o e sn ’t
♦ A djectives g o before nouns, e.g. a beautiful girl.
fit in m y bag.
T h e y can also be use d alone after the ve rb to be
5 This dress is t o o ............... .................................... I need
and after ve rb s s u ch as look, sm ell, s o u n d , feel,
to shorten it.
taste, etc. e.g. Ja c k is tall. You lo o k sa d
6 Ricky is a ............................. ....................................driver.

♦ Th e re are two kinds of adjectives: opinion adjec­

\ You have inherited the following things from
tives (beautiful, g o o d , etc.), which show what a
\ 3 jL f yo u r grandm other. D e s c r ib e t h e m b y
person thinks of s o m e b o d y or something, and
p u t t in g t h e a d j e c t i v e s in t h e r ig h t o rd e r.
fact adjectives (lo n g , strong, y o u n g , etc.), which
give us factual information about age, size, e.g. a e m ail w ooden ta b le
colour, etc.

O R D ER O F A D JE C T IV E S
♦ O p in io n adjectives g o before fact adjectives.
e.g. a beautifu l silk dress w
2 som e rou n d !
1 a w o o d e n /sm all/table
china /beautiful plates
♦ W hen there are two or more fact adjectives in a
sentence, they usually g o in the following order:

Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material

a small old square blue Th a i silk scarf 3 a crystal/Venetian/ 4 a(n) g o ld /e xp e n sive /ring
. blue /vase
♦ W e do not usually have a long list of adjectives
before a sin g le n o u n . A n o u n is usua lly
described b y one, two or three adjectives at the two s ilve r/o ld /
most. candlesticks
e.g. an e xp e n s ive P e rs ia n silk carpet 6 a(n) antique/ w o o d e n /
love ly! radio

n o
 UNIT 16
A d j e c t i v e s - A d v e r b s - C o m p B ^i t
♦ S o m e a d ve rb s are not formed acco rd in g to the
Ax' v с 1b Ь' above rules. T h e y have either a totally different
form or the sam e form as the adjective.

A d je c t iv e A d ve rb

good well
fast fast
hard hard
early early
late late

O R D ER O F A D V E R B S
♦ W h en there are tw o o r m ore ad verb s in the
sam e sentence, they usually c o m e in the fol­
lowing order:
m a n ne r — place — time
Farm ers wake up e a rly in the m orning. (h o w ) (w h ere) (w h en)
They work h a r d all day.
H e was studying h a rd
♦ i
in his ro o m
*
last night.
They g o hom e late in the evening.
♦ If there is a verb of m o vem e n t (go, c o m e ,
♦ A n a d ve rb can be o ne w ord (carefully) or a leave, etc.) in the sentence, then the ad verb s
phrase (in the park). A d v e rb s s h o w m anner c o m e in the following order:
(h o w ), place (w h e re ), time (w h e n ), frequency
place — m anner — time
(h o w often), etc.
(w h ere) (h o w ) (w h en)
e.g. H e drives carefully
(H o w does he drive? Carefully. - adverb of
She cam e h o m e b y bus yesterday.
manner)
Your coat is here.
(Where is it? Here. - adverb of place) j | Write the a d ve rb s of the ad jectives in
H e left for Italy yesterday. ^ the list in the c o rre c t box.
(W hen d id he leave? Yesterday. - adverb of time)
H e usually eats out. bad, quiet, im possible, easy, noisy, careful,
(H o w often does he eat out? Usually. * adverb horrible, lazy, sim ple
of frequency)
-ly ly con son a nt lly
♦ Adverbs usually go after verbs, e.g. He walks slowly

♦ A d v e rb s of fre quen cy g o after auxiliary verbs

and the ve rb to be, but before main verbs.
e.g. H e is a lw a y s on tim e for appointm ents.
H e h a s n e v e r visited Paris.
H e a lw a y s c o m e s to work on time.

F o rm a tio n of a d v e rb s Put the w o rd s from the list be lo w into

th e c o rre c t c o lu m n .
♦ W e usually form an adverb by adding -ly to the
adjective. g o o d , nicely, well, monthly, sadly, cheap, tall,
e.g. d an gerou s - d a n g e ro u sly strongly, fast, cold, early, softly, wide, carefully,
late, pretty, loudly, hard
♦ Adjectives ending in -le d ro p the -e and take -y.
e.g. gentle - gently
Adjective Adverb Adjective and Adverb
♦ Adjectives ending in consonant + у drop the -y
and take -lly.
e.g. easy - easily
♦ Adjectives ending in -I take -ly.
e.g. wonderful - w onderfully
UNIT 16
A d je c e s -A d v e r b s -C o m p a r is o n s
P ut the a d ve rb s from the list b e lo w into
the c o rre c t box. U n d e rlin e the co rre c t w ord .

sadly, quickly, here, last month, always, never,

A: I’m go in g to the shops now.
there, slowly, som ew here, tomorrow, cheerfully,
B: Make sure yo u carry the e g g s careful/carefully.
often, now, last week, sometimes, anywhere
D o n ’t break them.
A: I'm go in g to Alison's house for dinner tonight.
B: Y o u ’ll enjoy it. Alison is a very g o o d / w e ll cook.
how s a d ly
A: H a ve you finished that puzzle already?
(adverbs of manner)
B: Yes. it w as really easy/easily.
A: Mr Jo n e s shouted a n g ry/a n g rily today.
В: I know. H e w as in a very b a d /b a d ly m o o d all day.
A: Your mother is always cheerful/cheerfully, isn't she?
B: Yes. she is always in a w e ll/ g o o d m ood.
w here
(adverbs of place)

U n d e rlin e the c o rre c t w ord .

when I organised a surprise party for my friend. Edith, last week­

(adverbs of time) end. All the guests arrived early and waited 1) quiet/quietly
until Edith got there. When she walked through the door, we
all cheered 2) loudlloudly. We went into the garden
because it was a very 3) warm/warmly day. The guests all
gave Edith 4) nice/nicely presents and Edith thanked them
h o w often
5) sincere/sincerely. We danced 6) happily/happy to the
(adverbs of frequency)
music and had a 7) wonderful/wonderfully time. The party
was 8) successful/successfully.

C h o o se an ap p ro p ria te adjective from Put the w o rd s in the c o rre c t order.

7 j the list, tu rn it into an a d ve rb an d p u t it
in the c o rre c t se nten ce.
1 always / wake up / 1 / early
careless, fluent, proud, polite, happy, angry, I a lw a y s wake up early.
heavy, serious, quick, careful 2 b y plane / w e / to Spain / went

1 T h e children were playing .......... h a p p ily...................... 3 to work / she / ran / quickly

2 T h e m an drove .................... .....and crashed his car.
3 T h e teacher shouted ......... ..................... because the 4 every afternoon / sleeps / m y d o g / in the garden /
students were m aking too m u c h noise. peacefully
4 Jonathan speaks English
5 It w a s r a in in g .........................
w e stayed indoors. • 5 they I in the kitchen / quietly I were talking
6 T h e sh o p assistant placed the crystal v a s e .............
.................. o n the shelf. 6 all m orning / happily / he / played / in his room

7 I asked the m an ................. .........................to help m e

7 they / the street / carefully / crossed
cross the road.
8 Harry ran .....................................to catch the bus. but
8 yesterday / b y taxi / 1 / went / to work
it had already left.
9 T h e actor w h o w o n the A c a d e m y Aw ard w as smiling 9 in winter / they / never / g o / to the beach
................................. on the stage.
10 He looked at m e ................ ...................... and told me 10 som etim es / takes / he / to the park / his children
never to lie to him again.

112
 UNIT 16
A d je c tiv e s -A d v e rb s -c !o m frc 5 tisons

C 0 L l l [ ’ 0 .l Ib 'O L lb ' >•

S IZ E : 6 m etres S IZ E : 35 m etres S IZ E : 80 metres

C O S T : £3,000 C O S T : £4,000,000 C O S T : £30,000,000
The s p e e d b o a t is big. The yacht is b i g g e r than the s p e e d - The cruise ship is the b ig g e s t and
It is also expensive. boat. It is also m o r e exp ensive. the m o s t e xp e n s iv e o f all.

♦ Adjectives have got three forms: positive, com parative and superlative.

♦ W e use the com pa rative form + than to c o m p a re two people or things.

e.g. B o b is s h o r te r than Paul. M y ca r is m o r e e x p e n s iv e than yours.

♦ W e use the + superlative form + of/in to c o m p a re o ne person or thing with m ore than o ne person or
thing in the s a m e g ro u p , e.g. R ick is the s h o rte s t o f all. W e use in w h e n w e talk about places, e.g. Stella
is the m o s t bea utifu l w o m a n in the world. (N O T : ^ the w orld)

C o m p a r a t i v e and S u p e r la t iv e F o r m s of A d je c t iv e s
♦ O n e -s ylla b le and tw o-syllable adjectives form the com parative by adding -e r, and the superlative by
ad d in g -e st. e.g. tall - taller - tallest

♦ A d jectives of three or m o re syllables form the com parative with m o re and the superlative with most.
e.g. intelligent - m o r e intelligent - m o s t intelligent

♦ S o m e tw o-syllab le adjectives, such as clever, stupid, narrow , gentle, friendly, etc., form the com parative
and superlative either with -er/-est or with more/most.
e.g. narrow - n a r r o w e r - n a rro w est/na rrow - m o r e n a r r o w - m o s t n a rr o w

W r it e t h e c o m p a r a t i v e a n d s u p e r l a t i v e
f o r m s of t h e f o llo w in g a d je c t iv e s .

1 long ...longer... ..longest...

♦ O n e -s ylla b le adjectives en d in g in -e take - r in
the com parative and -st in the superlative form.
sim ple - sim pler - sim plest
♦ T w o -s y lla b le adjectives ending in -y turn the
- y into -I an d then take -er/-est.
e asy - e a sie r - easiest
2 expensive ..................... .....................................
3 strong ...................... ............... .......................
4 difficult ...................... ............... .......................
5 intelligent ..................... .....................................
6 close ..................... .....................................
7 popular ..................... .....................................
8 safe ...................... ............... .......................
9 important ..................... .....................................

♦ Adjectives ending in a stressed vowel between

10 loud ..................... .....................................
11 weak ...................... ............... .......................
two consonants double the final consonant and
then take -er/-est. 12 tasty ...................... ............... .......................
fat - fatter - fattest but c o ld - c o ld e r - co ld e st 13 comfortable ...................... ............... .......................
14 delicious ...................... ............... .......................

115
UNIT 16
A d je c e s -A d v e r b s -C o m p a r is o n s
U s e t h e p r o m p t s b e lo w to m a k e
C o u i| :o .K i(iv c r a u u S u p lM lo .iiv ^
( j 4 s e n t e n c e s , a s in t h e e x a m p le .
I'OUub* o ( A-J.vcribb*
1 Have you read Sheldon s new novel? It’s exciting,
isn't it?
A d v e rb s form their com paratives and superlatives Y e s. it 's th e m o s t e xcitin g novel I've ever read.
in the sam e w a y as adjectives. 2 Have you seen the new Harvey film? It’s frightening,
isn't it?
♦ A d v e rb s w h ich have the sam e form as the a d ­ 3 Have you met M ary's cousin? She's beautiful, isn't
jective take -e r in the com parative and -est in she?
the superlative. 4 Have you tasted m y m u m ’s cheesecake? It’s deli­
e.g. hard - harder - hardest, early - earlier - earliest cious. isn't it?
5 Have yo u heard Michael’s new record? It’s bad. isn't
♦ Adverbs formed by adding -ly to the adjective take
it?
more in the comparative and most in the superlative.
e.g. carefully - m o re carefully - m o s t carefully
Fill in t h e g a p s w i t h t h e c o m p a r a t i v e or
s u p e r l a t i v e f o r m o f t h e a d je c tiv e s /
ij a W rite the c o m p a r a t iv e an d s u p e r la t iv e a d v e r b s in b r a c k e t s .
V > fo rm s of th e fo llo w in g a d ve rb s.
A: Excuse me, is there a 1) ...fa s te r... (fast) w a y to get
1 responsibly m o re resp onsibly m o s t responsibly to Clovelly?
2 hard ......................................................................... B: If you take that road, which is 2 ) .................................
3 fast .......................................................................... (narrow) than the others, it’s only 15 minutes’ walk.
4 noisily ......................................................................... T h a t’s the 3 ) ................................................ (quick) way.
5 early ......................................................................... A: Ah. thanks. W e've been walking for 35 minutes and
6 satisfactorily .......................................................................... w e thought we would get there 4 ) ............................
(so o n ). W e can't even see Clovelly yet.
B: It's hidden b y the trees, they're 5 ) ...............(tall) than
li i oo. и Io.i Co iu[: o.i oil Vos the houses. Y o u ’ll like Clovelly. It’s one of the 6)
............................... (beautiful) villages in north Devon.
olio S’и о о 11oil vos „ A: Th a t's what w e've heard. It has so m e of the 7)
.............................. (pretty) houses, hasn't it?
B: Yes, and the 8 ) ............................. (tasty) fish y o u ’ve
P o s itiv e C o m p a ra tiv e S u p e r la t iv e ever eaten!
A: Tha n k you very m u ch for your help. Bye.
good/well better best
bad/badly worse worst
much/many/
more most / \ Fill in th e g a p s w it h th e c o m p a r a t iv e
a lot of
1 6 1 o r s u p e r la tiv e fo rm of th e a d v e r b s in
little less least
b r a c k e t s , a d d in g a n y n e c e s s a r y w o rd s .
far further/farther furthest/farthest

1 Al swim s ...f a s t e r th a n ... you do. (fast)

U s e t h e p r o m p t s b e lo w to m a k e 2 M y sister d r i v e s ....................................................................
s e n t e n c e s , a s in t h e e x a m p le . us all. (carelessly)
, з >
3 I left the p a r t y .......................................... you did. (late)
1 an ostrich / an owl (big) 4 Catherine dances ...............................................................
A n o s tr ic h is b ig g e r th a n a n owl. all. (beautifully)
2 gold / silver (expensive) 5 T h e leading actress speaks ...........................................
...................... all. (clearly)
3 C a n a d a / Brazil (cold) 6 M y uncle gives ........................................................to the
p o o r ...................... m y father does, (generously)
4 feathers / stones (light) 7 Jill T h o m a s w o r k s ...............................................................
all. (hard)
5 a car / a bicycle (fast) 8 M y best friend plays chess ............................................
I do. (well)

114
 UNIT I K
Adjectives-Adverb$-Com|S! usons
Fill in t h e g a p s w it h th e c o m p a r a t i v e o r P u t t h e a d je c t iv e s in b r a c k e t s in to the
V i s u p e r la t iv e fform off t h e a d je c t iv e s in
b r a c k e t s , a d d in g a n y n e c e s s a r y w o r d s .
19 c o m p a r a t i v e o r s u p e r la t iv e fo rm a d d in g
any n e c c e s s a ry w o rds.
T h e n , a n s w e r t h e q u e s t io n s .
A: W hat d o you think of this dress. Julia?
W hich is ...th e c o ld e st... (cold) planet in our solar B: It's lovely. It’s 1) ...t h e nicest... (nice) of all you’ve
system? Pluto. tried on yet.
Is the G o b i d e s e r t ................................................. (large) A: Yes. but I prefer short dresses.
the Sahara desert? B: Well, it’s true that this dress is 2 ) ................................
W hich i s ....................................................(heavy) animal (long) the blue one. but it’s also 3 ) .............................
in the world? ..........................(elegant).
W hich i s ....................................................... (long) wall in A: Yes. but it’s 4 ) .............................................. (expensive)
the world? dress w e've seen so far.
Is Mount E v e r e s t .....................................................(high) B: I know. T h e blue one is much 5) ...................................
Kilimanjaro? (cheap), but it doesn’t look as good as the black one.
W hich i s ........................................... (small) continent in A Oh! I can't decide. What time is it?
the world? В It's only 6 o'clock. W e've got plenty of time.
Does the cheetah run ............................................ (fast) A Really! I thought it was 6 ) ....................................(late)
the lion? that.
8 Does the blue whale make a ............................ (loud) B: W h y don't we g o to another shop?
s o u n d ............................................. the polar bear? A: No. I've decided. I like the black dress 7) ................
W hich are ................................................. (tall) buildings ...................... (g o o d ). It’s 8 ) ................................................
in the world? (expensive), but it doe sn ’t matter.
10 H as a falcon g o t ................................. (g o o d ) eyesight B: O K Let's g o and pay for it.
.................................. a h um an?

V e iy - /Лиeli
20 , Fill in th e g a p s w it h t h e c o m p a r a t i v e o r
s u p e r la t iv e fform off th e a d je c t iv e s in
b r a c k e t s , a d d in g the w h e r e n e c e s s a r y .

very + positive form of an adjective/adverb

e.g. It's v e ry h o t in here.

m uch + com parative form of an adjective/adverb

e.g. Today is m u c h h o tte r than yesterday.

18 Fill in t h e g a p s w it h very o r m u ch .

A: This book isn’t ...very... interesting.

My sister went on a school trip to a large outdoor swim­
B: T ry reading this one.
ming pool last week. Early in the morning, all the children
A: T h a t’s a beautiful car. isn't it?
got onto a bus with their teacher. It was 1) ...the small­
B: Yes, but it’s ................................... more expensive
est... (small) bus my sister had ever seen, so it was 2)
than anything I can afford.
............................................................ (uncomfortable) journey
A: This jewellery is nice.
she'd ever been on. After two hours, they reached their
B: Yes, but the necklace is ................................ long,
destination. It was 3) ................................................... (hot)
isn’t it?
day of the year. When they saw the pool, the children
A: I hate geometry, don't you?
couldn't believe their eyes. It was 4 ) .....................................
B: Actually. I find g e o m e t r y ................................more
........................... (big) swimming-pool they had ever seen.
interesting than algebra.
There was even a huge water -slide! My sister said it was
A: Peter thinks Laura is a ..........................polite girl.
much 5 ) .........................................................(enjoyable) than
В: I know. Barry does. too.
the rollercoaster at the funfair. Everyone had a fantastic
A: I want to lose weight, so I’ve taken up jogging.
time. When their teacher asked if they had enjoyed the trip,
B: That's g o od , but did you know that aerobics is a
they all agreed that it was much 6 ) ..........................................
..............................................more energetic form of
.............................. (good) than having lessons at school!
exercise than jogging?

115
UNIT 16
A d j§ £ es-Adverbs-Com parisons
IN OTHER WORDS
Vy [: trb‘ о t C o iu [: o.L is o u s S t u d y t h e s e e x a m p le s . T h e s e c o n d s e n te n c e
h a s a s im ila r m e a n i n g to th e firs t s e n te n c e .

1 Paul is stronger than Alan.

as Alan is not as strong as Paul.
2 I have never read such an exciting book.
the It's the most exciting book I have ever
read.
3 T h e blue car is m ore expensive than the black
one.
less T h e black car is less expensive than the
blue one.
4 Th is book has got 160 pages. Tha t book has got
160 pages, too.
thick Th is book is as thick as that one.

The m otorbike is as fast as the car.

The m otorbike is n ’t as/so c o m fo rta b le as the car.
The b ic yc le is less e x p e n s iv e tha n the m otorbike. C o m p le te e a c h se n te n ce w ith tw o to
The b ic yc le is the least e x p e n s iv e o f all. five w o rd s in clu din g the w o rd in bold.

• W e use as + adjective (positive fo rm ) + as to

s h o w that tw o p e rs o n s or things are similar in
s o m e w ay. In a negative sentence, w e use not
as/so ... as.
e.g. Peter is as tall as Tom .
To m is n o t as/so s tr o n g a s Peter.
1 Lisa is prettier than Clare,
as Clare is ...n o t a e p r e t t y a e ... Usa.
2 It's the biggest house I’ve ever seen,
such I ......................................................................
............................................... a big house
3 I've never heard su ch a beautiful song,

W e use less + adjective (positive fo rm ) + than the It’s ..................................................................

for tw o p e rs o n s o r things.
e.g. This b o o k is le ss in te re s tin g tha n that one.
W e use the least + adjective (positive form) + of/ln
for m o re than tw o p e rs o n s or things.
.....................................I have ever heard
4 Meat isn't as healthy as vegetables,
than Vegetables a r e .........................................
............................................................. meat
5 Betty is 70 years old. G ra ham is 70 years old. too

e.g. The film w e s a w last night w as the least old Betty is ........................................................
in te re s tin g o f all I've se e n this m onth. ....................................................... Graham
6 M y car is old. Y ou r car is new.
than You r c a r .......................................................
............................................................. mine
C om plete the sentences to m ake correct
7 Sam antha speaks French better than Josephine,
statem ents about the three m ea n s of
transport above, as in the example. well Jose ph in e doesn't ..................................
........................................ S am antha does
1 The c a r is faster than 9 ... is the most d a n g e r­ 8 I have never w orn such a w arm sweater.
th e bicycle. o u s of all. the I t ' s ..................................................................
2 ... is slower than ... 10 ... is the cheapest of all. I have ever worn.
3 ... is the slowest of a l l . 11 ... is not as convenient
9 Th is necklace costs £200. That necklace costs
4 ... is m o re expensive as ...
£200, too.
t h a n ... 12 ... is m ore comfortable
5 than ... e x p e n s ive T h is n e c k la c e .............................................
... is as fast as ...
6 ... is not as c he a p as ... 13 ... is the safest of all. ....................................................... that one.
7 ... is not as safe as ... 14 ... is the most e xp e n ­ 10 Peter is more han d so m e than Roger.
8 ... is m ore d an g erou s sive of all. less Roger i s ........................................................
than ... ............................................................. Peter.

116
 A d je c tive s -A d ve rb s

You have recently visited three different restaurants.

Look at the information below and make compar­
isons, as in the example.

O n 2nd Septem ber. 1666 a fire ( 1 ) ............... in a baker's A / Roberto's Pizza

house in L o n d on . It w as an accident (2 ) ........................
was the beginning of the (3) ............... fire in London's
history. T h e wind (4 ) ..................hard, so the fire spread
quickly through the city. It burned for three days and (5)
............... a large part of the city, including a cathedral.
several chu rch es a nd thousands of hom es. People tried
to escape with (6 ) ............... belongings in boats on the
river, as their houses burnt dow n. Finally, the fire w as put
out and the rebuilding of L o n d o n began. A magnificent
n ew cathedral (7 ) .............. and the people returned to
new houses. В / Red Dragon Restaurant

1 A was started В started С had started

2 A which В who С w hy
3 A worse В bad С worst С / Regency Restaurant
4 A blew в was blowing с had blown
5 A destroyed в had destroyed с has destroyed
6 A theirs в them с their A В С
7 A was built в is built с was being built large ** ***

** ***

2 4 ^ R e w r it e t h e s e n t e n c e s in t h e p a s s i v e . *** **

convenient * ***
1 S im o n gave Rachel a gold ring for her birthday.
comfortable ** ***
R a ch e l w a e given a g o ld rin g b y 5 lm o n f o r h e r
b irth d a y .
2 T h e y are repairing the old bridge at the m om ent. S 1 : The R e d D ra gon is larger than R oberto's Pizza.
S 2 : The R e g e n c y Restaurant is the m ost expensive
3 S o m e o n e had informed the police about the o f all.
planned robbery.

4 T h e y will a n n o u n c e the results early tomorrow

morning.

5 Alfred Hitchcock directed the film 'The Birds.' Now, write a report comparing the three restaurants
for the next issue of your magazine. Begin like this:
6 Y o u must clean your room m ore often.
I visited three restaurants this week. The/irst one I went
7 S o m e o n e w as following Clare while she w as walk­
to was ‘Roberto’s Pizza' which is more convenient than
ing home.
the Red Dragon, because it is closer to bus stops and train
stations..........................................................................................
8 S o m e o n e guards the entrance to the em bassy
twenty-four hours a day.

117
 Dennis lives on a farm with his parents. What have they got on their farm?
They've got o n e horse, four rabbits, tw o geese, four ducks, o n e cockerel, tw o hens and three turkeys.

Iv lib N o u n s en d in g in -f or -fe d ro p the -f o r -fe and

take -ve s in the plural.
loaf - loaves, wife ■ w ives

B u t s o m e n ouns ending in -f or -fe take only -s.

♦ M ost n o u n s form their plural by ad d in g -s roof - roofs, giraffe - giraffes, clifl - cliffs
o n e b o o k - three books

♦ N o u n s en d in g in - 8, -s s , -s h , -c h , -x or -o take
-e s in the plural. l u e y u k u l: I и l u U ' '
b u s - buses, dress - dresses, d is h - dishes, p e a c h
- p e a c h e s, b o x - boxes, potato - potatoes
B u t s o m e n o u n s en d in g in -o take o n ly -s.
S o m e n o u n s d o not form their plural acco rd in g to
radio - radios, p ia n o - pianos, studio - studios,
the ab o ve rules. T h e y have either a different form
video - videos, kilo ■ kilos, rhino - rhinos
or the sam e form as in the singular.
T h e s e include:
♦ N o u n s en d in g in a v o w e l + -y take -s in the
plural, to y - toys, b o y - bo ys child — children goose — geese
m an — men m o use - mice
B u t n o u n s en d in g in a c o n s o n a n t + у d ro p the
w o m an — women sheep — sheep
-y and take -les in the plural.
foot — feet ox — oxen
c h e rry - cherries, la d y - ladies
tooth — teeth deer — deer

118
 UNIT 17
Nouns - A r t i c l e s
Put the w o rd s in b rack ets into the
Write the plural.
Q . plural w he re necessary.

1 orange ...o ra n g e e . 9 tall m an ...... A A: Did you g o shopping on Saturday?

2 baby .................... 10 roof ...... B: Yes. I did. I bought lots of things.
3 watch .................... 11 radio A: What did you buy?
4 tomato 12 fast car ...... В: I bought two (1) ...s c a rvc e ... (scarf) and three
5 chair .................... 13 life (2 ) (T-shirt).
6 key .................... 14 party A: Did you b uy anything else?
7 knife .................... 15 beautiful day B: Yes. I went to a lovely shop and bought six
8 foot 16 class ...... (3 ) (cup) and four crystal
(4 ) (glass).
A: Gosh! Y o u really bought lots of things!
B: A n d I also bought two silver ( 5 ) ................................
l: l O i l U LlC t a i l O i l (candlestick) for m y aunt.

В A. I went to the zo o yesterday.

B: Really? W hich animals did you see?
T h e suffix of the plural form is pronounced A: Well, first I saw a ( 1 ) ....................... (lion), and then
/8/ w hen the noun ends in a I saw two ( 2 ) ................................... (giraffe).
/V, /к/, JpJ, /X/ o r /0/ sound. B: Is that all?
roofs, ducks, lam ps, skirts, m yths A: No. I also saw three ( 3 ) ....................... (deer) and
ftzJ w hen the noun ends in a two ( 4 ) ....................... (rhino).
/s/, /ks/, /J/, /t|/, /с&/, /z/ or /3/ sound. B: Did you g o to the m onkey house?
glasses, boxes, dishes, torches, fridges, A: Yes. and there were three ( 5 ) ...................................
noses, m irages (m onkey) there. It was a great day.
IzJ w hen the noun ends in any other sound
girls, d o g s , knives, hens, beds
Fill in the g a p s w ith the co rre ct num ber
& and one of the w o rd s from the list. Use
the plural w h e re necessary.

First, sa y the w o rd s in the plural, then, cucum ber, tomato, radish, onion, p e p p e r

db w rite th e m in the co rre ct box.

b a sk e t, b u s h , ferry, c a g e , k ey, m yth , b u s, A: What d o you need for the salad?

flower, desk, church, apple, dolphin, chair, hat.
b a b y , d re s s , skirt, c h e rry , fox, b a g . c lo c k ,
piano, onion, bird, ball, cliff, box, radio, shirt, B: Well. I need ...four peppere....
rose. dish, roof, song

Is I basket#.

hzj buehee.

A: Is that all?

B: Not quite. I also need

Ill ferries.

119
UNIT 17
Nou rticles
P u t ‘C* fo r c o u n t a b l e a n d ‘U ’ for
C o u u io .b le / u n c o u n ta b le .

U UCO U Lit o.b llr Wo 1 coffee ..I/.. 5 carrot 9 oil

2 book 6 beauty ..... 10 jum per .....
3 furniture..... 7 money ..... 11 friend
♦ Countable nouns are nouns which can be counted 4 car 8 plate ..... 12 advice .....
and have a singular and plural form.
e.g. o ne book, two books, three books

♦ W e put a/an before countable n o u n s in the sin­

gular. & Fill in a, an o r som e.

a + con son a nt s o u n d (/b/, /d/, /g/t /f/t /I/, /р/, etc.)

an + vow e l s o u n d (/а/, /е/, /i/, /о:/, /л/, etc.)

t o
so m e ... cherries ............ telephone ................ lemons

two hats

bread tea onion

an umbrella4^ two umbrellas

apple suitcase biscuits

♦ U n co u n ta b le n o u n s are n o u n s w h ich cannot be
counted and they usually have no plural. Th e s e © о
n ouns include:
food: cheese, butter, meat, salt, pepp er, bread. % • ©
chocolate, honey, jam , etc. / I
liquids: coffee, milk, water, tea, lem onade, petrol, orange juice .............. flowers coins
oil. etc.
materials: gold, iron, silver, w ood, paper, etc.
abstract nouns: beauty, love, happiness, etc. We can use countable and uncountable nouns after
others: hair, m oney, news, snow , furniture, weather, phrases of quantity such as: a jar i bottle/piece lloatIcup/
advice, etc. bar/glass/kilo/carton/bowl/can/jug/sliceitinlpacket, etc.
♦ Uncountable nouns are followed by a verb in the + of.
singular. W e d o not use a/an or one but we can e.g. Don't forget to buy me a jar of olives.
use som e. Som e is also used with countable They drank ten glasses of lemonade.
nouns in the plural.
e.g. There is s o m e meat in the fridge.
(N O T : There aro-som e meats in the fridge.)
There is s o m e bread on the table. C h o o s e a n a p p r o p r ia t e noun + of to
(N O T : There is-а bread on the table.) a in d ic a t e q u a n t it y .

som e + uncountable noun

1 so m e biscuits - f o u r ....... p a c k e t s o f b is c u its .
som e + plural countable noun
2 so m e bread - t h r e e ....................................................
3 so m e tea - t w o ............................................................
4 som e soap - t w o .........................................................
so m e meat
som e 5 som e pie - three ........................................................
( N O T : .sMweat)
books 6 som e meat - t w o ........................................................
7 som e sugar - t h r e e ....................................................
8 som e water - six .........................................................

120

Read the note Ju lia left for J a c k and fill
8> in the g a p s w ith one of the w o rd s from
the list. U s e the plural w h e re necessary.
bottle, tin, jar. carton, packet, can
Jack,
I'll be late hom e fro m w ork tonight. Can yo u do
the shopping fo r me? We need:
tw o 1) ...c a r t o n e ... of milk, six 2)
I 7
o f Coke, a 3)
o f pasta, a A) J .........................
ja m , three 5) * ..................... .. of cat food, and
a 6) I ................... .........of ketchup.
I’ll be home at a bo ut 7 o'clock. See you then.
Love,
Julia
l? IU L СЛI N.O U Lib'
♦ Plural nou n s are nouns which represent a group of
people or things and are followed by a plural verb.
Such nouns include:
a) people, police, clothes, stairs, etc.
e.g. There were a lot of people at the party.
b) objects which consist of two parts such as:
trousers, shorts, shoes, gloves, pyjamas, tights,
glasses, earrings, socks, scissors, etc.
e.g. Your trousers are in the wardrobe.
♦ W e can use a singular verb and the phrase a pair
of... before objects w hich consist of two parts.
trousers
singular verb + a pair of shorts
gloves, etc.
Co m pa re : M y shoes are dirty.
There is a pair of shorts on the chair.
es
U nd e rlin e the c o rre c t w ord.
• >
1 H o w m an y children is/are there in your class?
2 S o m e people never d o /d o e s any exercise.
3 The re is/are a pair of socks under the bed.
4 His new clothes w a s/w ere very expensive.
5 I c a n ’t find the stairs in this building. Where is/are
they?
6 T h e police is/are looking for the criminal.
8
I want to cut som e paper. W here is/are the scissors?
Y o u r hair n e e d /n e e d s cutting.
9 Y o u r pyjamas is/a re on the bed.
10 T h e information you ga ve m e w a s/w ere very
helpful.
11 The re w a s/w ere a lot of people at the cinem a last
o f stra w b e rry
night.
12 M y shorts is/are m ad e of silk.
13 His shoes is/are too small. H e needs a new pair.
14 M y parents is/are walking the d o g at the moment.
15 T h e s e earrings w a s/w ere given to m e by m y grand­
mother.
O i'i o / O n r -.r .
»►
W e use the pronoun one in the singular and ones in
the plural to avoid repeating the noun.
e.g. I want a dress - a long red one
I don't like big cars. I like small ones.
Fill in the g a p s w ith one or ones
1 0 ,
1 A: W hich trousers d o you want?
B: T h e black ..o n e e . . .
2 A: I don't like this shirt.
B: T r y on t h i s .................. instead.
3 A: W hich is your car?
B: T h e r e d .....................
4 A: T h e s e socks are wet.
B: Put on so m e d r y .....................
5 A: Your glasses are broken.
B: I know. I'm go in g to b uy som e new
6 A: W hich flowers d o you prefer?
B: I think I prefer the w h it e ...................
7 A: C a n I borrow a pen. please?
B: I’m sorry. I haven’t g o t .....................
121
 ^A rticle s

Fill in t h e g a p s w i t h a o r an.
Vlllf- Um CrVLLlii tr /Л.i t id c r
L7 - v 7 u A t r 1 a n ...... ancient city 6 interesting book
2 woman 7 rose
3 old building 8 A u gust evening
4 carrot 9 owl
T h e indefinite article a/an is used: 10 ..............businessm an
5 film

♦ with singular countable nouns after the verb to What are the following p eop le's jo b s ? L o o k
be w hen we want to say what som ebody/som e­ 12 a t t h e p i c t u r e s a n d t h e p r o f e s s io n s in
thing is. t h e lis t a n d m a k e s e n t e n c e s , a s in th e
e x a m p le .

basketball player, electrician, photographer,

m echanic, optician, pilot, painter, typist

e.g. J a c k ie a p a in te r .

S h e ’s an actress. It’s a passport.

♦ with certain p h ra se s to s h o w h o w often s o m e ­

one d o e s som ething.
e.g. We p la y tennis o n c e a week.
Th e y g o o n holiday tw ic e a year.

T h e indefinite article a/an is not used:

♦ with uncountable or plural countable nouns. We

can use som e instead.

< & . Fill in a. an o r s om e.

1 A: I bought ...e o m e ... butter a n d ..................sugar.

s o m e bread som e eggs B: Are you g o in g to m a k e ..................cake?
2 A: W o u ld you lik e ..................apple?
before an adjective w hen there is no noun after
B: No, thank you.
it. But w hen there is a noun after the adjective,
3 A: What did yo u have for lunch today?
w e use a for adjectives w hich begin with a c o n ­
B : ..................piece of cheese a n d ................... bread.
sonant sound and an for adjectives which begin
4 A: I've lost m y socks. H a ve yo u seen them?
with a vowel sound.
B: Actually. I f o u n d ..................socks on the floor this
m orning. T h e y must be yours.
5 A : I need ................information for m y history project.
It’s a hat. It is green B: W h y d o n ’t you g o to the library?
It is a green hat. 6 A: I'm g o in g to the post office. D o yo u need
anything?
B: C o u ld you get m e ................................ stam ps and
......................... envelope, please?

I22

\ lie D e K u iie A .it i c le u V lie "
T h e definite article the is u sed with s in g u la r and plural n oun s, e.g. the horses, the farm, the man
V§ use- “iliir”: | Wc- doiri uh'L-
with nouns when we are talking about som e­
thing specific, that is, when the noun is men­
tioned for a second time or is already known. In
other w ords, when w e can answer the question
W h o ? ’ or W h ich ? ’.
Th e elephants in
the picture are in a
circus. (W hich ele­
p h a n ts? The ele­
phants w e can see
in the picture.)
♦ with nouns which are unique.
■ This is Helen.
F T “l i 1
r l r 1 V •'
the Colosseum , the earth, the sky, the sun
before the names of rivers (the Amazon), seas
(the Baltic Sea), oceans (the Pacific), mountain
ranges (the Rocky Mountains), deserts (the G obi),
groups of islands (the Dodecanese) and coun­
tries when they include w ords such as ‘state’,
‘kingdom ’, etc. (the United States).
before the nam es of musical instruments.
the piano, the guitar, the saxophone.
before the nam es of hotels (the Hilton Hotel),
theatres/cinemas (the Apollo Theatre), ships
(the Titanic), organisations (the E U ), new sp ap­
ers (T h e Guardian), and m useum s (the Louvre).
before nationality w o rd s (the French) and fam­
ilies (the Taylors).
before titles w hen the p e rs o n ’s nam e is not
mentioned.
the Q ueen, the Prince of Wales
before the w o rds morning, afternoon and
evening.
H e g o e s to work in the m o rn in g .
Nouns -
>
♦ with plural nouns when we talk about them in
general, that is, when we cannot answer the
question ‘W h o ?’ or ‘W hich?’.
Elephants live in the jungle.
(W hich elephants? Elephants in general.)
♦ before proper names.
♦ before the nam es of countries (England), cities
(Paris), streets (M ason Avenue), parks (Central
Park), mountains (Everest), islands (Santorini),
lakes (Lake M ichigan) and continents (Europe).
♦ before the nam es of meals (breakfast, lunch,
dinner, etc.) and games/sports (golf, tennis,
basketball, etc.).
G olf is a relaxing sport.
♦ with the w o rds this/that/these/those,
this bag, th o s e cars ( N O T : p i^ th is b a g )
♦ with possessive adjectives or the possessive
case.
That isn't m y ca r - it's K e ith ’s.
♦ before titles w hen the pe rson ’s nam e is m en­
tioned.
Q u e e n Elizabeth, President Clinton
♦ with the w o rd s school, church, bed, hospital,
prison or h o m e w hen w e refer to the purpose
for w hich they exist.
a) M ary goe s to s c h o o l at 8:30 in the morning.
( - M a r y is a student.)
Mary's mother went to the s c h o o l to get Mary's
school report. ( - Mary's mother went to the
school as a visitor, not as a student.)
b) Grandpa is in hospital. (= H e is a patient.)
Grandma went to the hospital to see Grandpa.
(-G r a n d m a visited Grandpa. She isn't a
patient.)
125
 l: I С UU Lie l e i 10 Ll

A: H a ve you m ad e all (1 ) ...th e ... arrangem ents for our

T h e is p ro n o u n c e d /д а / before w o rd s w h ic h begin holiday yet?
with a c o n s o n a n t s o u n d , e.g. th e b ook, the p h o n e B: Yes. I think so. I've boo ke d ( 2 ) ...................... flight to
T h e is p r o n o u n c e d / д с / before w o rd s w h ic h begin Paris.
A: Did you find ( 3 ) ..............g o o d hotel?
with a v o w e l s o u n d , e.g. th e orange, the elephant
B: Well, it isn't ( 4 ) ..............luxurious hotel, but it’s near
( 5 ) ..............centre of ( 6 ) ............... city and each bed­
F irs t, p u t t h e n o u n s in t h e c o r r e c t b o x e s , room has ( 7 ) ..............private bathroom.
t h e n , r e a d t h e m o u t. A: G o o d . Did you g o to ( 8 ) ..............bank to cha n ge (9)
..............m o n e y into French francs?
key. apple, box, boy, table, octopus, artist,
B: Yes. I've d on e that. Is there anything else?
ship, helicopter, umbrella, antenna, spoon,
A: I don't think so. I’ll pack (1 0 ) .............. suitcases
egg. carpet, ant. object
tom orrow night.
B: I’ll book ( 1 1 ) ..............taxi to take us to ( 1 2 ) ...............
T h e /6а/ Th e /d i/
airport, so w e can leave our car at home.
key................................ ...a p p le ............................... A: G o o d idea. I think w e re go in g to have ( 1 3 ) .............
very g o o d holiday.

U n d e rlin e th e c o rre c t form .

15 * Fill in the w h e r e n e c e s s a r y .
1 T h o m p s o n s / T h e T h o m p s o n s live on a farm.
2 This is m y friend, the M elanie/M elanie.
1 H a ve ...th e ... B ro w n s g o n e on holiday?
3 W e went on a tour of Europe/the E u ro p e last summer.
2 I think this bag is ...... ....................................B re nd a ’s.
4 Th e P re s id e n t C lin to n /P re s id e n t C lin to n m ad e an
3 T h e hotel is called ....
interesting speech.
4 C o m e on. B e n .............. ........................dinner is ready!
5 Jo h n is staying at h o m e /th e h o m e tonight.
5 Let's play ..................... ..............football on Saturday. 6 T h e new sh o pp in g centre was ope n ed by M a yo rl
6 I’m going t o ................. ...... hospital to visit m y aunt. the M a y o r.
7 ... new sh o p p in g centre was 7 T h e b a b y sleeps in the afterno on/a ftern oo n.
o p e n e d b y ................... 8 That the cat/cat belongs to m y sister.
8 I’m learning to play .. ........................................... piano. 9 D o you kn o w how to play violin/the vio lin ?
10 Th e s w im m in g / S w im m in g is m y favourite sport.
11 W h e n w e went to R om e, w e visited C o lo s s e u m /th e
C o lo s s e u m .
12 T h e y stayed at the B rid g e fo rd / B r id g e f o rd Hotel.

A t (1 ) ...t h e ... weekend, R o y ’s parents took him to

( 2 ) ........................ funfair. The y parked their car in (3)
...................... big field a nd then w en t off to have some
Jun. Roy b o u g h t (4 ) ...........................hot dog and (5 )
......................... d o u g h n u t Jro m ( 6 ) ........................ stall at
1 W e g o to the bed at 9 o'clock every night.
( 7 ) ...................... entrance to ( 8 ) .......................... funfair.
2 C a n you give m e so m e advices, please?
Roy w ent on lots of (9 ) ............................ rides, but
3 T h e s e trousers is very expensive.
his favourite was (1 0 ) ........................ roller-coaster. It
4 T h e police is here.
was very scary! The y talked to fortune-tellers and
5 Jo nathan went to the Brazil on holiday last year.
they went into rooms fu ll of strange m irrors. They
6 T h e re are a lot of sh e ep s in that field.
stayed until Roy was exhausted.
7 T h e news about the accident were shocking.
Th a t night, Roy dreamed a bo ut ( 1 1 ) .........................
8 M y car is the red ones w hich is parked outside.
w onderful time h e ’d h ad at (1 2 ) ......................... /un ­
9 Aunt Lu cy gave m e a pair of glove for m y birthday.
fair that day.
10 T h e y play golf o n c e the week.

124
 \ UNIT 17
N 't id e s

O R A t
e\Asion Box A ctivity
Simon tidied the attic a few days ago and came across
some old objects. Look at the pictures and say what
C h o o s e the c o rre c t a n s w e r. Simon found, using a, an or some.

e.g. Sim on found an old black telephone.

T h e y ...A ... by 7 o ’clock.

A had already В were eating С eat
eaten
I ..............for an hour before he cam e hom e.
A a m sleeping В had been С sleep
sleeping 1 old black telephone 2 pair of woollen gloves
Y o u ..............b u y so m e bread.
A ought В must С shall
T h e h o u s e ..............in 1901. It is very old.
A is built В built С w as built
S h e i s ..............yo u n g to stay up late.
A — В too С e no ug h
I have toothache. I ..............see m y dentist soon.
A m ustn’t В need С must 3 old books 4 hourglass
I ..............a book w hen the door bell rang.
A am reading В read С w as reading
8 T h a t’s the m a n ..............son is a famous actor.
A w h o se В w ho С where
S h e ..............a new book at the m oment.
A writes В is writing С w as writing
&
5 mask 6 green radio

L o o k a t t h e p ic t u r e s a n d s a y w h a t e a c h
2ii
2 1 a it e m can 't be a n d w h a t e a c h it e m must be.

e.g. It can’t be a camel. It m u e t be a Hon.

7 old coins 8 old typewriter

1 lion or camel? 2 star or starfish? с

A ctivity
Simon is writing a letter to his sister. He is telling her
what he found in the attic. Complete the letter.

3 umbrella or coat-hanger?
5 chair or table?
Dear Emma,
4 violin or guitar? You can’t imagine what I Jound while I was tidying
the attic a Jew days ago.
I jo u n d the old black telephone that we used to
have in the hall twenty years ago. I also Jound the
p a ir оj w o o lle n gloves w h ic h G ra n d m a gave me
when I was Jive.......................................................
6 T V or com puter?

125
 There is s o m e cheese. There isn't a n y flour. There are s o m e potatoes. There aren't a n y eggs.
Is there a n y bread? N o. there isn't. Are there a n y bananas? No, there aren't.
There is n o bread. There are n o bananas.

L o o k a t t h e p ic t u r e . In p a ir s , a s k an d
♦ We use some, an y and no with uncountable
1 a n s w e r q u e s t io n s u s in g t h e p r o m p t s ,
nouns (tea, water, etc.) and plural countable a s in t h e e x a m p le .
nouns (books, trees, etc.).
e.g. som e tea, som e books

♦ S o m e m eans a little or a few. W e use som e in

positive statements.
e.g. H e 's g o t s o m e m oney. (= H e 's g o t a little
m oney.)
S he's g o t s o m e books. (= S h e 's got a fe w books.)

♦ W e use any in questions and not any in negations.

e.g. Have yo u got a n y coffee? No, I haven't got any
coffee.

♦ W e can use no instead of not any in negations.

e.g. They ha ve n 't g o t a n y friends. / They've g o t n o
e.g. SA: A r e th e re a n y clo u d s in th e p ic tu re ?
friends.
SB: No. th e re a r e n ’t.
♦ W e use som e in questions w hen we are making
an offer or a request.
e.g. W ould yo u like s o m e tea? (offer) Fill in t h e g a p s w i t h some, any o r no.
Can I have s o m e water, please? (request)
A: I’m very tired. I haven’t had (1 ) ...a n y... sleep.
ЛШПиЯШ'Г;
B: If I were you. I’d go to bed and get ( 2 ) ............. sleep.
A: I haven't got (3) ............................ time. I have to do
Countable some any not any/no (4 ) shopping, because there is
(5 ) food left in the fridge.
Uncountable some any not any/no B: Don't worry. I've got ( 6 ) ................................. free time.
I'll go shopping, so you can get ( 7 ) .....................rest.

126
 UNIT 18
Some/Any/No - A lot o f / M u c h / M o n ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ (£) few

C h o o s e th e c o r re c t a n s w e r.

1 Does ...A ... know where Peter is?

A anyone В so m eo n e С anywhere
2 It's very dark in here. I can t s e e ...............
A any В nothing С anything
3 I’m going to b u y ............. oranges.
A no В a ny С som e
4 ’W h o w as at the d oor?’ ’................ ’
A N o one В Som ething С A n yo n e
5 The re i s ..............milk left in the fridge.
A not В no С any
6 I’m bored. T h e re i s ..............to do here.
A something В anything С nothing
7 Please can I h a v e ..............water?
A so m e В any С no
The w om an is s o m e w h e r e in the countryside. 8 T h e re ’s ..............at the door. G o and open it.
There is n o b o d y with her. A som ebody В nobody С anybody
She isn 't carrying a n y th in g in her hands.
9 I'm afraid there i s ..............tea left.
♦ S o m eo n e/so m eb o d y (a pe rson ), som ething (a A so m e В any С no
thing) and som ew h ere (in/to/at a place) are used 10 I must b u y ..............for Pam 's birthday.
In positive statements. A nothing В anything С something
e.g. There is s o m e b o d y in the garden.
H e lives s o m e w h e r e near Park Road.
When we use any, anyone/anybody, anything and
♦ Anyone/anybody, anything and anywhere are
anywhere in affirmative statements, there is a difference
used in questions and negations.
in meaning.
e.g. Is there a n y th in g in yo ur b a g ?
a) You ca n call m e a n y time yo u like.
There is n ’t a n y th in g in m y bag. (It doesn't matter w hen.)
♦ N o one/nobody, nothing and n ow h ere can be b ) A n y o n e I A n y b o d y can g o to the n e w sports centre.
used in negations instead of not anyone/any­ (It doesn't matter w ho goes.)
body, not anything and not anywhere. c ) You can ask m e a n y th in g yo u want.
C o m p a re : There is n ’t a n y b o d y in the room . (It doesn 't matter what.)
There is n o b o d y in the room. d ) We can g o a n y w h e r e yo u wish.
(It doesn't matter w here.)
| | ltiiv riio o ^U v v r| | KvfociUvvr

People someone anyone no one / not a Fill in t h e g a p s w i t h any, anyone/anybody,

anyone V anything o r anywhere.
som ebody anybody nobody /not
anybody 1 A: What time d o you want dinner?
B: O h . ...a n y... time you like.
Things something anything nothing / 2 A: W hat shall I wear for the party?
not anything
B: W e a r ....................................you like. It s up to you.
3 A: W h e n can w e meet for lunch?
Places somewhere anywhere nowhere/not
B: O h ............................. day next week. I haven't made
anywhere
any plans.
4 A: W here can I find this m agazine?
Who? someone/anyone/no one B: A t ....................................shop in the town centre.
som ebody/anybody/nobody 5 A: W here shall w e go for our holidays?
W hat? something/anything/nothing B : .....................................as long as it’s hot!
W here? somewhere/anywhere/nowhere 6 A: W h o can drive the c o m p a n y car?
B: ....................................... w h o has a driver’s licence.
 - A lot of/Much/Mony - (A) little/(A) few
W e use eve ry before s in g u la r countable n o u n s . /ч I . f
e.g. E v e r y s tu d e n t m ust c o m e to s c h o o l o n time. ^

W e use the pron ou ns everyone/everybody/every-

/\/l l ,L*ll S /\\o‘ ll\/
С
^
thing and the adverb everywhere in affirmative,
interrogative and negative sentences. W e use a
singular verb with these words.
e.g. Is e v e r y b o d y / e v e r y o n e h ere?
(N O T : A re -e very b o d y - ..)
E v e r y th in g yo u n e e d is on that desk.

Fill in t h e g a p s w i t h every, e veryo ne /every­

b o d y !everything o r e v e ryw h e re .

1 ...E v e ry ... person in m y family has their o w n car.

2 M y uncle k n o w s ................................about gardening.
3 Y o u r desk is untidy. T h e re are p a p e r s .........................
4 W h e n I arrived h o m e ................................had g o n e out.
5 I like walking, so I g o ..........................................o n foot.
6 M y gra n d m o th e r g o e s s h o p p i n g .......................... day.
There is a lot o f brea d in the picture.
Is there m u c h flour? N o . there isn't m u c h .
A re there m a n y m u s h ro o m s ? N o , there aren't m a n y.

♦ W e usually use a lot of/lots of in positive state­

Fill in e a c h g a p w i t h a s u i t a b l e v e r b
f r o m t h e lis t in t h e s i n g u l a r .
be - know - live - smell - feel
1 It’s a beautiful day. E v e ry b o d y ...is ... in the garden.
2 E v e ry b o d y I k n o w .................................near m y house.
3 E v e r y o n e ...........the answer to that question. It’s easy.
4 E v e ry th in g ................... ready tor the party this evening.
5 E v e r y o n e .......................... h a p p y w hen su m m e r com es.
6 E v e ry th in g ..............................................................delicious!
m ents with plural countable nouns and uncount­
able n o u n s . W e omit of w h en a lot/lots is not
followed b y a n oun.
e.g. H e le n 's g o t a lot of/lots o f friends.
There's a lot o f s u g a r in that bowl.
B u t H a ve y o u g o t m a n y p h o to s ? Yes, I 've g o t a lot.
♦ W e usually use m uch and m any in questions and
negations. M u c h is followed by uncountable
n o u n s and m a n y is followed by plural countable
nouns.
e.g. Is there m u c h m ilk in the fridge? There i s n ’t
m u c h tea left. H ave yo u g o t m a n y frie n d s?
I h a v e n 't g o t m a n y friends.

Fill in t h e g a p s w i t h t h e d e r i v a t i v e s of ♦ W e u s e h o w m u c h an d h o w m a n y in questions
som e, a n y o r every. and negations.
H o w m u c h + un co u n ta b le n o u n * am ount
1 A: W h a t’s the matter. J o h n ? H o w m a n y + countable n o u n * number
B: T h e re 's ...s o m e th in g ... in m y shoe, M u m . My e.g. H o w m u c h s u g a r d o yo u take in yo u r tea?'
foot hurts. 'Just a s p o o n f u l .'
2 A: D i d .................................see yo u g o into the house? H o w m a n y s tu d e n ts are there in y o u r class?"
В: I don't think so. T h e street w a s empty. There are fifteen . '
3 A: Look at this mess!
B: O h ! T h e re are t o y s ............................................ |
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4 A: A re yo u g o i n g ..................................... this w ee ke n d ?
B: N o. I'm staying at hom e.
Countable a lot (of) (how) many many
5 A: Are yo u h un gry?
nouns lots (of)
B: Y es. I w a n t .....................................to eat.
6 A: W h o g a v e yo u this b ook?
B : ..................................... at work. Uncountable a lot (of) (how) much much
7 A: Is t h e r e ......................... g o o d on television tonight? nouns lots (of)
B: Not really.

128
 UNIT 18
Some/Any/No - A lot of/Much/Many - (AffifflE'(A) few
Fill in the gaps w ith h o w m u c h o r h o w m any
and then a n s w e r the following questions Vo:o luo.uy / Voc luUjiv
about yourself.

1 ...H o w m a n y., apples d o you eat every day? A b o u t

th re e . ♦ T o o m a n y c a n be u s e d with plural cou n ta b le
2 milk d o you drink every day? n o u n s a n d h a s a n egative m e a n in g . It s h o w s
3 books d o you b u y every m onth? that there is m o re of s o m e th in g than is w anted
4 pocket m o n e y d o you get every week? or n ee d e d .
5 people did you meet on your last holiday?
6 films d o you watch every m onth? There are to o m a n y
7 sugar d o you take in your tea? cars on the road.
We w on't get to the
reception on time.
( = There are so
Fill in many, m u c h or a lot of. m any cars on the
road that w e w on't
get to the reception
1 A: I've got ...a lo t of... spare time today. on time.)
B: Great! Let's g o sh o pp in g together.
2 A: Are there ..............................cinem as in this town?
B: No. there’s only one.
3 A: Th e re isn’t ..............................sn o w on the ground.
♦ T o o m u c h can be used with uncountable n ou n s
B: No. the sun has melted it.
and has a negative m eaning. It s h o w s that there
4 A: Th e re a r e ..............................flowers in the garden.
is m o re of so m e th in g than is w anted o r needed.
B: Yes. they're beautiful, aren’t they?
5 A: H o w ......................................... times did you have a S h e spent to o m u c h
shower yesterday? m o n e y last month.
B: Three! It was a very hot day. She c a n ’t p a y her
6 A: I’ve g o t ........................................things to d o today. bills now . (= S h e
B: I’m busy today, too. spent so m uch
7 A: T h e re isn’t .......................... water in that vase. T h e m o n e y last month
flowers will die. that she can't p a y
B: I’ll put so m e m ore in. h e r bills n o w .)
8 A: Helen is always alone.
B: N o she isn’t. S h e's g o t ................................ friends.
9 A: Are there .........................................fish in this river?
B: N o. not any more.
10 A: C a n you lend m e so m e m oney?
B: N o. sorry - I haven't got ........................... m oney 11 Fill in the g a p s w ith too m uch o r too many.
with me.

1 A: If you eat ...to o m u ch ... chocolate, y o u ’ll get fat.

C o m p le te the a n s w e rs w ith a lot. m u c h B. T h e n I’ll only eat a little bit!
1 0 > o r m any. 2 A: Y o u b o u g h t ........................................ oranges at the
market yesterday.
1 Have you got any m o n e y? ' ‘Y e s .............a l o t ...... B: Never mind, w e can use so m e for juice.
2 ‘Is there a ny milk in the fridge?’ ‘Yes, but not ... 3 A: D o n ’t s p e n d ....................................... m on e y tonight.
3 H a ve you got any vegetables?’ ‘Yes, but not ... B: I w o n ’t. I want to save som e for another day.
4 ‘H o w m a n y letters have you typ e d ? ’ ' N o t ........... 4 A: Th e re a r e .................................. flowers in that vase.
5 Are there any e g g s in the basket?’ Y e s .............. B: I know, but I c ou ld n ’t find another one.
6 H o w m u c h salt did you put in the s o u p ? ’ ‘Not . 5 A: All the students failed the exam.
7 Did you get any presents for your birthday?’ B: I k n o w ....................... of the questions were difficult.
Y e s ...................................................................................... 6 A: H o w did you spoil the soup?
8 H o w m u c h did your dress cost?’ ‘Not ................ B: I p u t .....................................................................salt in it.
9 Are there m a n y children in your class?’ 'Yes. .. 7 A: I don't like this coffee.
10 H o w m u c h hom ew ork d o you have each day?' B: W h y not?
Not .................................................................................... A: T h e r e 's ..........................................................sugar in it.

129
 - A lot of/M och/M ony - (A) little/(A) few
U s e a few o r a little fo r e a c h of t h e n o u n s
le w / le w ■ in t h e lis t.

lit! It-/ U t i lE e.g. a fo w p lste e л Itttb coffee

plates, coffee, honey, cars, ice-cream, milk,

women, sheep, water, cups, flour, forks, babies,
apple juice, pepper, dolls, marmalade, dresses

Fill in few, a few, little o r a little.

1 Shall I m ake ...a few... cakes for tea on S u n d a y?

Liz has got a fe w apples.
S h e can m ake an apple
pie.
M a ry has g o t (v e r y ) fe w
apples. S he can 't make
an ap p le pie.
2 I hop e there a r e ................ people I kn o w at the party.
3 C o u ld I h a v e ........................... milk in m y cu p . please?
4 T h e train drivers are on strike. V e r y ................................
people c a m e to work.
5 I hop e yo u 've almost finished. The re is v e r y ...............
..................... time left.
6 It's cold. T h a t’s w h y there are v e r y .................................
children in the park today.
7 D o you n e e d .................................... m ore days to think
about m y proposal?
8 W e must go shopping. There's v e r y .............................
...................... food in the fridge.
9 I'm bored. T h e re 's v e r y .......................................................
to d o on W e d n e sd a y evenings.
10 I'm sorry. I'll b e ...................................late. W e re having
..................................problems at work.

Tom has got a little Peter has got (v e r y ) little U n d e r l i n e th e c o r r e c t w o r d .

m oney. H e can g o to the m oney. H e can 't g o to the
restaurant. restaurant.
1 A: W h en will you be back?
B: Soon. I'm only g o in g away for a few/a little days.
♦ W e use a few/few with plural countable nouns 2 A: H o w d o you like your coffee?
(cars, cassettes, etc.). В: I think you've put to o m an y/too m u c h milk in it.
A few m e ans ‘not m any, but e n o u g h .’ 3 A: W h e n can I co m e and visit you?
e.g. W e've got a few oranges. We can make som e B: C o m e on every/any Tuesday. I'm free on that day.
juice. ( = We've got enough oranges.) 4 A: What would you like to eat?
F e w m eans ‘hardly any, almost none' and can B: C a n I have s o m e /a n y of that cake, please? It
go with ve ry for em phasis. looks delicious.
e.g. There are (v e r y ) fe w biscuits in the box. It is 5 A. W h o ’s c o m in g to the party?
almost empty. (= T h e re are only one o r two B: I've invited e v e ry o n e /a n y o n e from the office.
biscuits.) 6 A: D o you know m a n y / m u c h foreign people?
B: No. Actually. I know very few/a few.
♦ W e use a little/little with uncountable nouns 7 A: I've lost m y keys. I c a n ’t find them anywhere/
(ice, honey, flour, etc.). now here.
A little m eans ‘not m uch, but en o ugh .' B: Don't worry. I’m sure they’re e v e ryw h e re /s o m e ­
e.g. She's got a little time. S he can g o shopping. w h e re in this room .
Little means ‘hardly any, almost nothing' and 8 A: I asked e v e ry o n e /s o m e o n e , but n o b o d y /
can g o with ve ry for em phasis. a n y b o d y wants to help m e with m y project.
e.g. WeVe g ot (v e r y ) little coffee. There's not B: Okay. I’ll give you n o /s o m e help.
e n o u gh for all o f us. 9 A: Did you b u y the biscuits I wanted?
B: No. they d id n ’t have an y/n o in the supermarket.

150
 Some/Anv/No - A lot

C o rre c t th e m is ta k e s .

1 C o u ld you lend m e any m on e y, please?

2 H o w m an y time have w e got left?
3 Th e re aren't too m u c h chocolates in the box.
4 I d on't kn o w nothing about chemistry.
5 I'm looking for anything in the c u p b o a rd .
6 I want to g o now here nice and quiet for m y holidays.
7 I d on't need s o m e help with m y hom ew ork.
8 Y o u can have som ething you want. Just ask for it.
9 Did you catch s o m e fish in the river?
10 E v e ry b o d y kn o w that the Earth is round.
You are going camping by the sea with a friend. Look
at the items in the box and decide which you need to
take with you and which you don't. Then, make sen­
tences using s o m e or any, as in the example.
e.g. S 1 : We n eedn't take a n y tools.
S 2 : We m ust take s o m e string.

tools string

IMVtCV
C h o o s e the c o rre c t a n s w e r.
"Will»1
*_____ >
sunscreen

insect
repellent
sweatshirts

The Titanic was a luxurious large passenger ship (1) ...A .,

everyone thought was unsinkable. It set sail from Southampton,
England on ( 2 ) ..........first voyage. It ( 3 ) .............. to New York.
in the USA. ( 4 ) ............. were over two thousand people on
board the ship for the journey. On April 14th. 1912. the Titanic
hit an iceberg and water started ( 5 ) ............... into the ship.
Nothing ( 6 ) ............... be done to stop it and so. eventually, at
2.20 am on April 15th. the ship ( 7 ) ............. into the icy water.
About 1.500 people died on that terrible night. On September
1st. 1985. experts ( 8 ) ..........the wreck of the Titanic on the
ocean floor.
A c t iv it y "''
You’re writing a letter to another friend who would like
to go camping by the sea. Using your notes from the
Oral Activity, tell them what they must and n e e dn ’t
take. Begin like this:
D e a r ........................... . (y o u r/ rie n d 's nam e)

1 A which В it С who I was h a p p y to hear that you w a n t to go cam ping

2 A it В its С it's too . I hop e y o u h a v e g iv e n it a lot o f t h o u g h t ,
3 A went В had gone С was going because it ’s not go in g to be easy. There are some
4 A There В They с These things y o u m u st take w ith y o u . First o f all, you
5 A to flow В flow с flows m ust take some .....................................................................
6 A can В could с couldn't ..................... but you needn't take a n y ................
7 A sunk В sank с had sunk
8 A had discovered В have discovered с discovered
 Fill in th e g a p s w ith the c o rre c t auxiliary
o r m o d a l verb.

1 A: ...le... J o h n co m in g h o m e tomorrow?
B: N o. he isn't.
2 A: .................. your father ow n a car?
B: Yes. he does.
3 A: .................. you got a pair of gloves?
B: N o. I h a ve n ’t.
4 A: .................. they speak French?
B: Yes. they can.
5 A: ...................you been waiting long?
B: N o . I haven't.
6 A: ...................the children enjoy the play?
B: Yes. they did.

Put the w o rd s in the co rre ct order to

m a k e questions.

1 Jonathan / w hen / could / he / swim / three / was?

A : H a v e y o u b e e n here before? C o u ld J o n a t h a n ewlm when he w ae th re e ?
В : N o , I h a v e n ’t. 2 you / this / tom orrow / will / finish?
A : D o y o u think w e'll catch m a n y fish?
B : Yes, I d o . It looks like a g o o d spot. 3 e g g s I buy I yo u / so m e / to / did / remember?

♦ Q u e s tio n s with Y e s/N o an s w e rs begin with an 4 has / house / yet / G e o rg e / m oved?

auxiliary or m o d a l v e rb (is, are, d o , does, can,
etc.) w h ich is followed by the subject. W e 5 help / clean / m e / can / the / you / kitchen?
usually an sw e r these que stio n s with Yes or N o .
e.g. A r e y o u writing a letter? Yes, I am .
C a n y o u pla y the p ia n o ? N o , I can't. T o n y and Erica are at a party. Th e y have just
4 j been introduced. Read the dialogue and
W hen the main ve rb is in the present sim ple, we
fill in the g a p s w ith the c o rre ct auxiliary
form the question with the auxiliary ve rb d o or
or m o d a l verb.
does.
e.g. D o e s J a c k live in a flat? Yes, h e d o e s .

W h e n the main ve rb is in the past sim ple, we T: ...P o ... you know Mary well?
form the question with the auxiliary verb did. E: Yes. w e work together. Ж ■ *
e.g. D id it rain last night? N o , it didn't. T: ...................you enjoying Я f ^

E: Yes. there are lots of J ж V

l b M ake question s, a s in the exam ple.

j fl '

E: No. thank you. I'm IM m / fll

1 I have got black hair, (you) H H I v Д
H ave y o u g o t black hair, t o o ? T: .................. you know y l ГЛ*.
2 I can swim, (he)
everyone
3 I like playing tennis. (Sharon)
only Mary. S K f V
4 I read a book last week. (Mike)
S h e invited me.
5 I have bought a n ew car. (Anne)
6 I a m wearing a red dress, (you)

m
 UNIT 19
stions

L\LCrC! O.i i V Q U lr b'i i.0 11b; W [\ - Q u e -b 'iio n s -

A; D o n 't y o u think
he looks like m e ?
B: Yes, I think he
does.
A: Is n 't h e quiet?
B: Yes, he doesn't
cry very m uch.

Negative questio ns are form ed with not, but
there is a difference in the w o rd o rd e r between
the full form and the short form.
Full form : auxiliary + sub ject + not + verb
e.g. D o y o u n o t w a n t to w atch that film?
S h ort form : auxiliary + n ’t + subject + verb
e.g. D o n 't y o u w a n t to watch that film?
W e use negative questions in everyday speech
a) to ask for confirmation e.g. D idn't y o u see
Ja m e s yesterday? and b) to express:
• surprise, e.g. C a n 't y o u ride a b icycle ?
• adm iration, e.g. D o e s n 't h e speak English
well!
• ann oyan ce, e.g. C a n 't y o u stop talking?
W r it e t h e s h o r t f o r m of t h e f o llo w in g
n e g a t i v e q u e s t io n s .
1 H a ve I not told you to be careful with the Knife?
H a v e n 't I t o ld y o u t o be c a re fu l w ith th e knife?
2 D o you not kn o w what the capital of Italy is?
3 D o you not find him h a n d so m e ?
4 Have you not ever s w u m in the sea?
5 C a n you not keep quiet while I'm on the phone?
6 Did they not know that the meeting w as cancelled?
7 Have you not paid the bill yet?
8 Are you not taking the children with you?
A: L o o k at that.
B: W hat is it?
A: I think it's a castle.
B: H o w c a n w e get there?
A: I d o n 't know. There m ust be a path
W h - questions begin with a question w ord such as
w ho, w h a t w here, w hen, etc. W e put the auxiliary
or m odal ve rb before the subject.
question w o rd + auxiliary/modal + subject
people: who/whose
e.g. W h o d id yo u ask for h e lp ? ' ‘M y sister.'
W h o s e is that um brella?' It's Kate s .'
things: what/which
e.g. W hat d o yo u n e e d ? ' A p e n c il.'
W hich b a g does Helen like?' The black o n e .'
place: where
e.g. W here d id Father g o ? ' 'To the m arket.'
time: when/how long (ago)/how often
e.g. W hen did Peter sign the contract?' Yesterday. '
H o w l o n g have they b e e n m arried?' 'Three
ye a rs.'
*H o w lo n g a g o did yo u g e t y o u r d e g re e ?'
F o u r years a g o .'
H o w often d oe s Annette travel abroad?'
O n c e a m o n th .'
quantity/number: h o w m uch/how m any
e.g. H o w m u c h m o n e y have yo u g o t? ' 'Very little. '
H o w m a n y books d id yo u b u y ? ' 'Two. ’
m anner: how
e.g. H o w d id Tom co m e h o m e ? ’ 'B y b u s .'
reason: w h y
e.g. W h y does Sharon want to leave?' She's bored. ’
age: h o w old
e.g. H o w o ld is yo u r brother?' Thirty-tw o.'
distance: h o w far
e.g. H o w far is it to the c in e m a ? ’
A b o u t ten m inutes' walk.'

m

W hat stories
d o y o u like?
W h ic h dress
shall I b u y ?
♦ W h a t + noun/auxiliary/modal
T h is structure is usually use d w h e n w e ask
ab o ut th in g s an d there is an unlim ited choice.
e.g. W hat films d o yo u like? (Th e re are m a n y kinds
of films s u c h as westerns, co m e d ie s , a d v e n ­
ture films, etc., s o the c h o ic e is unlim ited.)
W hat c a n I g e t y o u ?
♦ W h ic h + noun/auxlllary/one/ones
T h is structure is u s e d w h e n w e ask about
things o r pe op le an d there is a limited choice.
e.g. W h ic h a u th o r d o yo u like best - Agatha
Christie o r Ian F le m in g ? (You have to ch o o se
betw een these tw o authors, s o the ch o ice is
limited.)
W h ic h w o u ld yo u prefer to b u y - a ca r o r a bike?
W h ic h o n e d id y o u b u y ? ' 'Neither. ’
♦ H o w + adjective/adverb/much/m any/auxiliary
T h is structure is u s e d w h e n w e w a n t to ask ‘In
what w a y ? ’, the a m o u n t or the n u m b e r.
e.g. H o w tall is h e ? ' 'About 1.70m. ’
H o w fast ca n yo u ru n ?' N o t very fast. ’
H o w m u c h m o n e y d id yo u s p e n d ? ' A lo t.'
H o w m a n y sisters have yo u g o t? ' 'Tw o. *
H o w d o yo u get to w o rk ?' 'B y b u s .'
Fill in t h e g a p s w i t h what o r w h ic h .
1 A: ...W h a t... countries have yo u b ee n to so far?
B: I've been to Fra n ce . S p a in and Portugal.
A: ..................w ou ld yo u like to visit again s o m e d ay?
B: U m . Spain. I think.
2 A: I've got three red b lo u s e s.......................... d o you
like best?
B: T h e o n e with the white collar.
3 A: ................................... can I d o for you?
B: I'd like s o m e chocolates, please.
A: ................................... ones?
B: T h o s e in the red box. please.
4 A: ................................... are yo u looking for?
B: M y shoes. Have you seen them?
A: ................................... pair do yo u m ean?
B: M y new blue s u ed e ones.
5 A: .......................... d o yo u like d o in g in yo u r free time?
В: I like reading A g a th a Christie’s novels.
A: ................................... is your favourite?
B: ‘M u rd er on the Orient E x p re s s.’
Fill in th e g a p s w ith h o w o r w hat.
1 H o w ........ old are your grandparents?
2 n u m b e r did yo u dial?
3 c a n I get yo u to drink?
4 are you?
5 m a n y p e o p le were at the w e d d in g ?
6 c a n I d o to help yo u?
7 colour hair has J a n e got?
8 lo n g is she g o in g to stay here?
Fill in th e g a p s w ith m any, m u c h , far, often
o r lo n g .
1 A. H o w ...fa r ... is it from yo u r hou se to the airport?
B: A b o u t an hour's drive.
2 A: H o w ................................... did yo u stay in the U S ?
B: Not very long, a c o u p le of weeks.
3 A: H o w ....................................... d o you g o shopping?
B: E ve ry S atu rd a y m orning.
4 A: H o w ................................................. people have you
invited to the party?
B: Just a few.
5 A: H o w ..................su g a r did yo u put in m y coffee?
B: Not m uch. W h y ?
A: It’s too bitter.
6 A: H o w .............is it from the capital to the border?
B: About a d a y ’s journey. I’d say.
7 A: H o w ................................... times have I asked you
to knock before c o m in g into m y office?
B: I’m sorry. I w o n ’t d o it again.
8 A: H o w ............................................................... d o e s your
h u s b a n d take yo u out to dinner?
B: O n ly o n c e a year — on our anniversary!
A: O h !
9 A: H o w ............................................................... will I have
to wait before the doctor can see m e?
B: H e ’ll b e with yo u in a few minutes.
 Fill in th e g a p s w it h th e c o r r e c t q u e s tio n л j i Fill in what, h o w long, when, how. h o w much,
w o r d (s ). T h e n , c h o o s e th e c o r r e c t a n s w e r * *^ h o w many, w h y o r where.
to e a c h q u e s tio n .

Travel Agent: G o o d morning, sir. 1) ...W h a t... can I do

for you?
Custom er: I'd like to g o on holiday.
Travel Agent: Certainly. 2) .......................... do you want
to go?
Custom er: I’d like to g o som ewhere hot and sunny.
Travel Agent: 3 ) ............................ d o you want to g o for?
Custom er: T w o weeks.
Travel Agent: 4 ) ............................... d o you want to leave?
Custom er: O n 2nd August.
Travel Agent: 5 ) ................................ people will be going?
Custom er: Four people.
Travel Agent: G o o d . I suggest two w eeks in the south
of France.
H o w MUCH DO YOU KNOW ABO UT SW ITZERLAND? Custom er: 6 ) ...............................................will it cost?
Travel Agent: T w o hundred pounds per person.
1 ...W here... is Switzerland?
Custom er: 7 ) ....................................... will w e get there?
A In eastern Europe.
Travel A g e n t: B y plane. 8 ) ............................. d o yo u ask?
В In central Europe.
Custom er: Because I hate travelling by boat.
С In northern Europe.
2 is the capital of Switzerland?
A Bern В Zurich С G e n e va
3 countries surround Switzerland?
4Л 1 W rite q u e s t io n s to w h i c h t h e w o r d s in
b o ld a r e th e a n s w e r s .
A France, Italy. Austria and G e rm a n y
В France. G e rm a n y and Austria
1 Did you feed the baby?
С France. Italy. Austria. G e rm a n y and Lichtenstein
Y e s , I fed him an hour ago.
4 w a s Jo h a n n a Spyri?
2
A A Sw iss inventor w h o designed the first watch.
Ja n e b uys new clothes tw ice a year.
В A Swiss writer w h o wrote Heidi.’
3
С A Sw iss skier w h o w on four O lym p ic medals.
This is M ic h a e l’s desk.
5 official languages are spoken in
4
Switzerland?
N o , I’m not going to his party.
A Tw o В Three С Four
5
It’s only a te n -m in u te walk from m y house to the
Fill in who. w hose, what, w hich, where, cinema.
1 0 a when, h o w long, h o w often, what time, why, 6
h o w m u ch o r h o w m any. I started work o n M o n d a y.
7
1 '...W h e n ... did you m o v e house?' ’Last m onth.'
I go to bed at 11 o 'c lo c k .
2 ' ............................ do you go to bed?' At 11 o'clock.’
3 ‘.........................................................b a g is t h is ? '‘Tara's.'
8
4 ’ ....................................... d o g s have you got?' ‘T h re e .’ I closed the door b e c a u s e I w a s cold

5 ’ ................ d id n ’t she p hone?' B ecause she forgot.’ 9 ...................................................................................................

6 ’ ...................................... is your c u p ? ’ 'T h e white o n e .’ N o . I didn't g o sh o pp in g yesterday.
7 ' ..............................did you eat for breakfast?’ ‘To a s t.’ 10 .........................................................................................
8 *....................d o you g o sw im m ing?’ T w i c e a w eek.’ M y sunglasses cost £45.
9 ' .........................................did your jum per cost?' ‘£32.’ 11 .........................................................................................
10 ' ...................... did you live in G e rm a n y? ' T e n years.’ Fifty people were invited to Helen’s wedding.
11 4............................... d o you live?' Next to the school.’ 12 .........................................................................................
12 ‘........... did you phone this m orn in g?’ ‘U ncle J o h n .’ Jonathan works in a bank
UNIT 19
Queyftvfi
W rite q u e s tio n s to w h ic h th e w o rd s in
S u b f e d / C | ? [e c i (1 4 >
bold a re th e a n s w e rs .

Q u e b 'i LO Lib'
1 W ho w o rk s w ith K e n ?
Г / " L a r ry w orks with Ken.
2
♦ S u b je ct q u e s tio n s are q u e stio n s w e ask w h en
Paul met G e o r g e .
w e w ant to find out w h o or w hat did so m e th in g ;
that is, w h e n w e w a nt to k n o w the subject of 3
the sentence. T h e s e q u e stio n s usually begin J a m e s is seeing the d o c t o r tom orrow.
with the w o rd s w h o , w h at o r w h ich . In subject 4
que stio n s, the v e rb is in the affirmative form. P e te r has found a n e w job.
e.g. W h o s e n t y o u this p o s tc a rd ? 5
( N O T: W ho d id 3 c n d y o u this p e steef d ?) M u m is c o o k in g lu n c h .
W hat h a p p e n e d while I w as a w a y? 6
(N O T: Wha t-d id h o p p c n -w h ilc I wao o w a y ?) S a ra h p h o n e d Richard.
7
subject verb object
S h e is reading a b o o k .
M ary loves Tom . 8

I W ho loves Tom ?
♦ O b je c t q u e stio n s are qu e stio n s w e ask when
w e w ant to k n o w the object of the sentence.
T h e s e questio ns usually begin with the w o rd s
w h o , w h a t or w h ic h . In object questions, the
ve rb is in the interrogative form.
e.g. W h o d id y o u m e e t at the theatre?
W hat d o y o u h a v e to tell m e ?
9
T h e y w e lc o m e d the P re sid e n t.
..............................................................................
N ic o la went o n holiday with Jo a n n e .
10 ...................................................................
T h e y are building a h o u s e .
11 ...................................................................
Helen likes Ron.
12 ...................................................................
J e n n y lives with Bill.

subject
Mary If a v e rb is follow ed b y a preposition, in object
q u e stio n s the preposition c o m e s at the end.
W ho d o e s M ary love?
e.g. W ho shall I g iv e it to ? What is Bill w a itin g for?

C h o o s e th e c o rre c t a n s w e r.
(lA . Write questions to w h ich the w o rd s in
bold are the an sw ers.
W h o sp o k e to Paul? ............. 3.
A Paul sp o ke to Mary.
В M ary sp o ke to Paul. 1 W ho d id y o u g e t a m e s s a g e fro m ?
W hat did Helen give yo u? .................. I got a m e ssa ge from Ja c k .
A Helen g a v e m e a book. 2
В I gave Helen a book. Linda is talking to Paul.
W h o invited Sheila to the party? .................. 3
A Sheila invited B o b to the party. H e 's looking at s o m e old photos.
В B o b invited Sheila to the party. 4
W h o w a s J a n e looking for? .................. S a n d ra b o u g h t a present for her parents.
A Ja n e w a s looking for Peter. 5
В Peter w as looking for Ja n e . Paul c o m e s from Britain.
W hat w a s in the box? .................. 6
A T h e dress w a s in the box. T h e children went to the park with their nanny.
В T h e box w a s in the dress. 7
W h o likes children? .................. S h e borro w e d this dress from A n n.
A I like children. 8
В Children like me. T im is looking for his pen.

156
 UNIT 19
ions

Q u 'C rb 'iio u Veus

♦ Q uestion tags are short questions at the end of

statements. W e mainly use them in speech when W h e n the sentence is positive, the question tag
w e want to confirm som ething or w hen w e want to is negative.
find out if som ething is true or not. e.g. H e r o b b e d the bank, d id n 't h e ?

W h e n the sentence is negative, the question tag

is positive.
e.g. S h e w o n ’t leave without us, w ill s h e ?
S h e has g o t a W h e n the sentence contains a w o rd with a neg­
lot of bags, ative m e a n in g like never, hardly, s e ld o m or
h a s n ’t s h e ? rarely, the question tag is positive.
They're binoculars,
e.g. S h e h a r d ly g o e s anywhere, d o e s s h e ?
a r e n 't th e y ?
S o m e verbs/expressions form question tags dif­
ferently. S tu d y the following examples.

I am — * aren’t I? / am tall, are n 't I?

C o w s d o n ’t eat Stop talking, w ill /
Imperative — * will/won’t you?
meat, d o th e y ? w o n ’t y o u ?
D o n ’t — * will you? D o n ’t m ove, will y o u ?
♦ W e form a question tag with the auxiliary or modal
Let’s — * shall we? L e t's sit here,
v e rb of the main sentence and the appropriate
s h a ll w e ?
su b ject p ron ou n.
e.g. D o n is leaving tom orrow , i s n ’t h e ? I have (got) — * haven’t I? H e has g o t a car,
Tin a c a n ’t knit, c a n s h e ? (= 1 p o sse ss) h a s n 't h e ?

♦ W h e n the ve rb of the sentence is in the present I have — *don’t I? You have a big
simple, w e form the question tag with the auxiliary (other meanings) breakfast every day,
ve rb do/does and the subject p ron ou n. W h e n the d o n 't y o u ?
verb is in the past sim ple, w e form the question tag There is/are — * isn’t/aren’t there? There is a w om an in
with the auxiliary ve rb d id and the subject p ro ­ the room , isn't there?
noun. This/That is — * isn’t it? This is To m 's coat,
e.g. S h a r o n d o e s n 't like dancing, d o e s s h e ? is n ’t it?
T h e y p a id the bill, d id n 't th e y ?

Ltd O L l U ■UiO Яl l Я М Г ? ' I /

♦ W h e n w e are su re of the a n s w e r and expect ♦ W h e n w e are n ’t sure of the a n s w e r an d w e want

agree m en t, the v o ic e g o e s d o w n in the question to c h e c k information, the voice g o e s up in the
tag. question tag.

e.g. These are e.g. He isn't working

penguins, at the moment,
aren't they? is he?

157
UNIT 19
Q u e ^ V ons
7 ‘Y o u live in E n g la n d ..........................................................?
U n d e rlin e the c o rre c t a n s w e r. *No......................................................... I live in Scotland.
8 ‘H e ’s having lunch n o w .................................................. ?
‘N o ....................................................... H e 's in a meeting.
1 A: Y ou're g o in g on holiday so o n, a r e n ’t y o u !are
9 ‘P enny lives with R u b y .................................................... ?
you?
Y e s ............................................................................................
B: Yes, I a m . Y o u 'v e been to S pain before, have
10 ‘T h e bathroom is at the end of the hall.................... ?
y o u / h a v e n 't y o u ?
‘N o ....................................... It’s at the top of the stairs.
A: Yes. It w as great. You'll enjoy it. You'll send m e
11 ‘Y o u and Martin have the s a m e birthday.................?
a postcard, will y o u / w o n ’t y o u ?
‘Y e s ............................................................................................
B. O f course!
12 ‘S h e wears gla sse s...........................................................?
2 A: Y o u r brother has got a d o g . h a s n 't he/has h e ?
‘Y e s ............................................................................................
B: Yes, he has. Y o u don't want a p u p p y, d o y o u /
d o n 't y o u ?
A: Well, actually I do. Y o u haven't got any. h a v e n ’t
Fill in the q u estion ta g s and then read
yo u /h a v e y o u ? l9 Jk the s e n te n c e s a lou d w ith the co rrect
B: Yes. you can have one if you want. intonation.
3 A: T o m b ought you these flowers, d id n 't h e /d id h e ?
B. Yes. he did. They're beautiful, are they /aren't they ?

1 Y o u ’ll p ho n e m e. w o n’t yo u ? V
/

Fill in the co rre ct question tag. 2 S h e g o e s to bed early.

/
?

1 Y o u d o n ’t like cheese, ...d o y o u ................................... ? 3 H e didn't use to live alone.

/
?•
2 S h e is tired.............................................................................?
3 W e have got e n o u g h m o n e y ..........................................? / 4 W e aren't go in g h o m e yet.
4 H e d o e s n ’t live with his parents....................................? 9
5 T h e y h a ve n ’t got a d o g .................................................... ? / 5 H e plays well................................ ? 9

6 H e likes e g g s ........................................................................?
7 S h e isn’t a te ach er..............................................................? / 6 S h e ’s very tidy............................. ?

8 T h e y are m arried.................................................................? / 7 Alan went h o m e .......................... ?

9 W e aren't late........................................................................?
10 Paul can s w im ...................................................................... ? / 8 T h e y have got two daughters.
?
11 Tha t jacket isn’t too sm all................................................?
12 Bessie did her h o m e w o rk ................................................? / 9 A n d re a ’s very beautiful,
?
13 I a m early................................................................................?
14 Y o u d id n ’t eat all of it.........................................................? / 10 T e d will coo k dinner.................. ?

Fill in the co rre c t question tags and

(is i short a n sw e rs.
2 0 , C o rre c t the m istakes.

1 'Patrick is a soldier. ...is n ’t he...?' Yes, ...h e i s . . . .’

2 ‘S h e has broken her le g.................. ...................? ’ Yes. 1 Did she returned from her trip to Paris?
•
unfortunately ....................................... 2 W hat one d o you like best?
3 ‘H e 's very rich...................................... ...... ?' Yes. that's 3 W h o did p ho n e last night?
• 4 Did not they enjoy their journey?
right..........................................................
4 H e doesn't d ra w very well............. ?• 5 Y o u never drive at night, d o n ’t you?
‘N o ............................................................
«
6 Let's g o sh o p p in g, will we?
5 T h e y often g o on holiday............... ?• 7 T h e re are lots of flowers, aren't they?
‘Y e s ..........................................................
t
8 D o he know the answer?
6 Y o u ’ve been to E g y p t ...................... ?• 9 W h o are you going?
’Y e s ..........................................................
9
10 W h o d o you with live?

158
 O R A j /

A c tiv ity
Box Use the question words from the list and the prompts
below to ask and answer questions, as in the example.

how many, when, who, where, how, how long, which

T u r n from direct into rep orted s p e e c h . e.g. SA : When d id it start?

S B : It started in 1939.

1 S andra said to him, 'I have arranged everything for

the w ed d in g.'
HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW
S a n d r a t o ld him t h a t ehe h a d a rra n g e d e v e ry­
th in g fo r th e w edding.
2 H e said to m e, C a n you give m e directions to the
post office, please?’

3 T h e b o y said, ‘I'm go in g to the park today.'

4 Father said to me, ‘I’ll tidy the gard e n tom orrow .’

5 ‘T u rn off the light, please,’ J o h n said to me.

C h o o se th e c o rre c t a n s w e r.
1 it/start? In 1939.
1 S h e told m e . . 3 . . . home. 2 it / last? Six years.
A go В to g o С going 3 countries / be involved? Almost every country in
the world.
2 If w e ........... now. w e will reach the airport in an hour,
4 be / British Prime Minister? Sir Winston Churchill.
A leave В will leave С are leaving
5 most of the battles / take place? In Europe.
3 I wish s h e ..............talking in class. 6 people / be killed? More than forty million people.
A is stopping В has stopped С would stop 7 it / end? T h e Americans dropped atomic bom bs on
4 Susan told m e s h e ..............the following morning. Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
A left В would leave С will leave

5 This is the h o u s e ..............I was born.

A w hen В that С where

6 m on e y did you save last year?

A H o w m u ch В H o w m a n y С H o w long

7 This is m y ....................car.
A m other’s В m others’ С mothers Imagine that one of your relatives fought during the
Second World War. Write the questions you want to
8 D i n n e r ...................... yet. ask him.
A is served В has been served
С h a s n ’t been served

9 Help m e carry these b a g s .............................?

A w o u ld n ’t you В will you С d o n ’t you

10 M y hair w as wet. I .........................in the rain.

A had been walking В had walking
С have been walking

159
 ions - Linking Words
L? l Cf-[J C* b'Ll io Lib' ОI V u il( f
■>

I m к
They g o for long walks at the weekend. Flow ers look lovely in spring. Sharon has ballet lessons o n
W ednesdays a n d Fridays.

W e use prepositions of time to s a y w h en som ething h appened, h a p p e n s or will happen. T h e m ost c o m m o n

ones are at, In and on.

e.g. H e wakes u p at seven o 'c lo c k in the m orning.

the time: at 4 o'clock months: in April, in June, etc. days: on Friday,

on New
holidays: at Christmas seasons: in (the) winter/spring autumn, etc. Year's Day
at Easter
years: in 1994, in 1998, etc. dates: on July 4th
at the weekend
centuries: in the 20th century specific
at the moment on Monday
at present in the morning/afternoon/evening part of a evening
in the at dawn in the in an hour day:
expressions: at noon expressions: in a minute adjective +
at night in a week/few days/month year on a cold day
day:
at midnight

f \ First, fill in the g a p s w ith the

NO TE:
1 p c o rre c t preposition, then a n s w e r
1) W e use the prepositions from ... to to s h o w ~ the questions.
duration.
1 What time do you get up ...In... the morning?
e.g. H e g o e s to s c h o o l fro m M o n d a y to Friday.
I usually q e t up a t half p a e t ecven.
She works fro m 9 to 5 every day.
2 W hat d o you like d o i n g ..............the weekend?
2) W e d o not use prepositions of time: 3 W here d o you usually g o ..............Easter?
a) with the w o rd s today, to m o rro w , tonight 4 W hat d o you usually d o ............... Friday evenings?
and yesterday. 5 W hat d o you w e a r ................ a cold winter day?
e.g. I s a w him y e s te r d a y evening. 6 W hat are you d o i n g ............... the m om ent?
7 W hat time d o you g o to b e d ............... night?
b) before the words this, last, next, every, all,
som e, each, o ne and any. 8 Did you g o on h o lid a y ............... July?
9 D o you eat l u n c h ............... noon?
e.g. You can visit m e a n y Sunday.
10 W hat d o you usually d o ............... Christm as Day?

140
 Fill in th e g a p s w ith th e co rre c t
C h o o s e the co rre ct a n sw e r.
а . preposition.

1 А: What time shall we meet? 1 M y birthday is ...o n ... N ovem ber 10th.
В: Let's meet ...at... 8 o ’clock. A at В on С in
2 А: W h e n is the next meeting? 2 Let's g o s w im m i n g ............. tomorrow afternoon.
В: I t 's ...................W e d n e sd a y, next week. A at В on С -
3 А: What time d o you want to have your appointment? 3 Farm ers usually get u p ............ dawn.
В: O h . a ny t i m e ..............the morning. A in В at С on
4 А: T h e y got m a r r ie d ............... 1992, yo u know.
4 W e went to S p a i n ..............last sum m er.
В: Really? I thought it w as 1991.
A at В - С on
5 А: D o you g o to bed early?
В: N o. I usually g o to b e d ................ midnight. 5 W e always b uy chocolate e g g s ..............Easter.
6 А: W hat time shall w e have lunch? A in В at С on
В: I'd like to e a t ..............noon, if that’s all right. 6 M y parents are m oving h o u s e ..............May.
7 А: W h e n are you go in g shopping? A in В on С at
В: P r o b a b l y ............... the weekend. 7 T h e plane le a v e s ...............twenty minutes.
8 А: W h e n w as her b a b y born? A at В in С on
В: .................... Ju ly 27th. 8 T h e last train to London le a v e s ..............midnight.
9 А: I love s u m m e r holidays. A in В at С on
В: I prefer to g o on h o lid a y ............... winter.
10 А: W h e n is your next exam?
В: ...................T u e s d a y afternoon.

Fill in the g a p s w ith the co rre c t

<& H o w good is your know ledge of history?
Look at the pictures and the list of
answ e rs given. In pairs, ask and a n sw e r
questions, as in the example.
preposition.
August 5th. 1962 1876
5th century B C 16th century
1492 Ju ly 20th, 1969
January 27th, 1756 March 10th. 1922

e.g. S A : W hen w a s A m e ric a d is c o v e re d ?

S 3 : i t w ae d i& co ve re d in 1492.

A: Hello Hannah. I hear yo u ’re married now. J

B: Th a t’s right. I got married last year, 1) ...a t... Easter. When was America When was Gandhi When was the
A: Congratulations! And w hen did you have your baby? discovered? first put in prison? Acropolis built?
B: 2 ) ............................ Christm as. Actually, he w as born
6
3 ) ........................Christm as Day.
A: Well, I’m getting married 4 ) ....................the sum m er.
Will you co m e to the w edding?
B: O f course. W h e n exactly is it?
A: It’s 5 ) ......................... Ju ly 31st. It will be at the village When was the When was the tele* When was Mozart
church in Sunnyside. Mona Lisa painted? phone invented? born?
B: O h , that’s lovely. Listen, can w e meet for coffee
next week?
A: I g o to the g y m 6 ) .........................W e dne sda ys, but I W hen did
When did
d o n ’t do anything 7 ) ........................Friday mornings. Neil
Marilyn
B: Great! I'll meet you 8 ) .......................... eleven o ’clock Armstrong
Monroe die?
in the new cafe on the High Street. land on the
moon?
A: O kay. S ee yo u 9 ) .......................... Friday, then.
UNIT 20
Preo ions - L in k in g W o r d s
-•
W e use prepositions of place to say w here s o m e ­
b o d y or som ething is. T h e s e include: on, under, in
fro nt of, b e h in d , beside/next to, n e a r, at, in,
between, a m o n g and opposite. W e use between to
say that s o m e b o d y or som ething is in the m iddle of
tw o other things or people. W e use a m o n g to say
that s o m e b o d y or som ething is in the m iddle of
three or m o re things or people.
Chang
1
The m an is standing n e a r the girl.
2
The ball is u n d e r the chair.
3
The s p o n g e is b e s id e /n e xt to the bucket.
4
The plates are o n the table.
5
The yellow shell is in front o f the orange shell.
The orange shell is b e h i n d the ye llo w one.
6 Cha ng is standing a m o n g his friends.
7 She is sitting at he r desk.
8 The b ig jar is b e tw e e n the two sm all ones.
9 The goldfish is in the bowl.
10 They 're standing o p p o s ite each other.
142
W e - U .b 'L- t i l l
♦ in the e x p re s s io n s :
at s c h o o l/ u n iv e rs ity/ c o lle g e , at w o rk , at
h o m e , at the to p o f ..., at the b o tto m o f ...
♦ with a d d re s s e s w h e n w e m ention the house
n u m b e r.
at 15, R o s e Street b u t in R o s e Street
W c - l i f t a it
♦ in the ex p re ssio n s:
in the middle, in the air, in the sky, in bed, in
hospital, in prison, in a newspaper/magazine/
book, in a picture, in a street, in the world
♦ with the nam es of cities, countries and co n ­
tinents.
in Paris, in T u rk e y, in E u ro p e , in Africa
Ш г и.ьчг с и :
♦ in the e x p re s s io n s :
o n the le ft/rig h t,
o n the first/second, etc. floor,
o n a c h a ir b ut in a n a rm c h a ir
d l U n d e rlin e the c o rre c t w o r d (s ).
1 The re is a nice picture of our town on/af//n this
m agazine.
2 T h e d o g is hiding in /und er/on the chair.
3 Let’s g o sh o pp in g in/at/opposite Oxford Street.
4 Read the note at/under/in the bottom of the page.
5 T h e Ja ck so n s live at/in/on the se con d floor.
6 Jo h n is in /n e a r/b e h in d bed at the m om ent. He's
not feeling very well.
7 T h e bakery is at/opposite/on the park.
8 G ra n d m o th er loves sitting on/at/in her favourite
armchair by the fire.
9 Sarah sits u nd e r/b e side /in m e at school.
10 T h e re is a playground at/under/near the bank.
11 Look at the stars b e tw e e n lin la t the sky.
12 M y house is b e tw e e n / o n / a m o n g the bank and the
post office.
13 After the party, there w as rubbish in/at/on the floor.
14 Let’s meet o n /b e tw e e n /a t the theatre.
15 T h e re ’s a very interesting article about U F O s inlonlat
the newspaper today.
 Prepositions - U n k in g
Fill in t h e g a p s w i t h at. on, in, behind o r 6 A: W here's the newspaper?

са next to. S o m e o f t h e m c a n b e u s e d m o r e
than once. 7
B: It’s ...................................................................the floor.
A: W h ere's the post office in this town?
B: I t ' s ................................................................ Mill Street.
8 A: W ere you b o r n ..........................................England?
B. No. I w as born ..................................................... Italy.
9 A: W here does your d o g sleep?
B: ..................................................................... the garden.
10 A: W here shall I put this table?
B: ...................................... the sofa and the armchair.

/Г0 Л Fill in t h e g a p s w i t h on, in front of, under,

in, opposite, between, near o r behind.

Th e re is a lot of furniture (1 ) ...in... the room. The re is

a fire-guard (2 ) ................................ the large fireplace.
This is Mrs Ja c o b s . S h e 's a teacher. This is her class­ (3 ) ................................ the fireplace there is a table.
room . The re are so m e shelves (1 ) ...o n... the wall. There
T h e re ’s a rug ( 4 ) ............................ the table. The re is a
are lots of books ( 2 ) ..............................the shelves. The re
small round table (5 ) ..............................two armchairs.
are so m e tables (3 ) ...................................... the classroom.
Th e re is a piano (6) .............................. the armchairs.
S o m e children are sitting (4) ...................................a table.
Th e re is a small yellow sofa (7 ) .............................. the
(5) ........................the table there is a small basket. T h e
green sofa. T h e re are so m e pictures ( 8 ) ..........................
children keep their crayons and pencils ( 6 ) .........................
the walls.
this basket. Mrs J a c o b s is standing ( 7 ) .......................... the
table. ( 8 ) ............................... Jo h n . J o h n is standing up, but
the other children are sitting ( 9 ) ........................their chairs.
C h o o s e th e c o r r e c t ite m .

Fill in t h e g a p s w i t h a n a p p r o p r ia t e I'm going to a party ...C... the weekend.

p r e p o s it io n . A in В — С at
W e have a big g a r d e n ........... our house.
A: W here are m y keys? A among В behind С between
B: Probably ...in... your pocket. I’m go in g to the d e n tis t's ........... tomorrow morning
A: I like to sit .........................the w indow on planes. A at В on С -
B: S o do I. I like to see the clouds. S i t ............ the fire. It will keep you warm.
A: W here shall I put the cups? A beside В in С under
B: .......................................................... the table, please. I found a gold c o i n ........... so m e shells on the beach
A: W here is the cat? I can't see it. A among В at С in
B: I t ' s ...................................................................the table. Jo a n s i t s .......... Mary and A n n e at school.
A: W here is your house? A at В among С between
B: It's .................................................... the supermarket Put the c h i c k e n ........... the oven.
and the greengrocer’s. A at В behind С in

145
UNIT 20
P re D £ ions - L in k in g / /ords

l\\ O Y (fLu trLU

W e use p re po sition s of m o v e m e n t to s h o w the direc­

tion in w h ic h s o m e b o d y or so m e th in g is m o vin g .
T h e s e include: along, a cro ss, up, d o w n , into, o u t of,
o ve r, from ... to ..., ro u n d , o n to a nd through.
The train is g o in g o ve r The B ig W heel is g o in g
the bridge. It’s g o in g round.
fro m L o n d o n to York.

The lorry is g o in g a lo n g They're walking a c ro s s

H e 's ju m p in g o v e r the S he's getting o n to the
the road. the street.
hurdle. bus.

They're g o in g u p the They're c o m in g d o w n The planes are g o in g t h r o u g h the clouds.

steps. the steps.

Note:
W h e n w e talk a bo ut a m e a n s of transport, w e use the
preposition by.
e.g. b y c a r / bus / train / taxi / p la n e / boat b u t on foot

W h e n there is an article (a/an/the), a p o s s e s s ive

H e 's getting in to the taxi.
adjective (m y , y o u r, e tc.) o r the p o s s e s s iv e case
b efo re the m e a n s of tra n sp o rt, w e d o not u s e the
p re p o s itio n by.
e.g. o n the train (N O T : b y the train)
in m y ca r (N O T : b y m y-ear)
o n the 6 o 'clock bus / in a taxi / o n the plane / in
H e 's c o m in g o u t o f the T e d 's car
building.

144
 UNIT 2C
Prepositions - L i n k m ^ w Hords

Fill in the g a p s w ith th e c o rre c t

preposition.
sion Box
А: W h ere is M r B ro w n?
В H e has just g o n e ...In to ... his office.
А: W h y are yo u looking at the m ap?
В: B e ca u se I w ant to see if there's another w a y of 1 4» C h o o s e the c o r r e c t item.
getting to the village instead of g o i n g .....................
the forest.
1 Diana ...C... her hou se at the m om ent.
3 A : W h a t’s that noise?
A h ad painted В paints С is painting
B: T h e re ’s a plane f ly in g ..................the house.
2 B o b ........... fishing every w eekend, but he doesn't
4 A : W h ere d o e s this train g o ?
a ny m ore.
B: It g o e s ...................N e w c a s tle ................ E d in b u rg h .
A used to g o В go e s С has g o n e
5 A : H o w d o I get to the post office from here?
3 T h e s u n .............yesterday, so w e w ent to the beach.
B: Ju s t w a l k ..................the co rne r a nd y o u ’ll see it.
A shines В w as shining С is shining
6 A : W h ere is yo u r football?
B: It r o lle d ...................the hill and fell into the river. 4 I ................... for two hours w hen I d e cid e d to stop for
7 A : W h e n did yo u see Betty? a rest.
В: I sa w her w h e n I c a m e ..................the office this A had been driving В d ro ve С w as driving
m orn in g. 5 w e invite T o m and M ary to the party on
8 A : W h y are yo u tired? Saturday?
B : B e ca u se I just r a n ..................the hill. A Shall В Will С Do
6 M y p a re n ts .............buy m e a com p uter for m y birth­
day.
Q l U n d e rlin e the c o r re c t p repo sition . A shall В are g o in g to С should
7 T h is t a b le ........... by m y father.
A has m a d e В m ade С w as m ade
8 T h e y ........... dinner a nd then they w ent for a walk.
A are eating В ate С had eaten
9 T h e p a r t y .............w he n I arrived.
A had already started В is starting С starts
10 T h e m a n ........... to hospital in an am bulance.
A w as taken В is taken С has taken

C o m p le te e a c h s e n te n c e w ith tw o to
15> five w o rd s in c lu d in g th e w o rd in bold.

T h e two m en are (1) on/over the floor. T h e y have been
fighting and they have just fallen ( 2 ) u p / d o w n the stairs
together. O n e of them is craw ling (3 ) a lo n g / th r o u g h the
floor. H e is trying to escape. T h e other m an. w h o is
(4) b e tw e e n / b e h in d him . is also (5 ) on/at the floor. T h e y
are both quite ( 6 ) near/in the door. T h e first m an wants
1 T h e plants will die if yo u d o n ’t water them.
u n le ss T h e plants ...will die unleee y o u w a ter...
them.
2 I think yo u should m ove to a b ig ger house,
w o u ld If I .........................................................................
m ove to a b ig ger house.

,
to get (7 ) o u t o f/th ro u g h the room . ( 8 ) N e a r/O v e r the 3 S andra regrets not go in g to university.
two m en there is a table w hich has a plant (9 ) o n to /o n it. had S a n d r a ...................................... to university.
4 W h y don't you tidy your room ?
w ish I ...................................................... your room.

13 C o rre c t the m is ta k e s . 5 U nless I have a ladder, I w on t be able to paint the

ceiling.
if I w on't be able to paint the c e ilin g ...........
1 T h e car is g o in g over the street.
........................................................... a ladder.
2 U n cle Jim fell through the stairs yesterday.
6 I w as late because I d id n ’t set the alarm clock,
3 I live in 14, S outh G ro ve .
had If I ....................................................... the alarm
4 T h e Eiffel T o w e r is on Paris.
clock. I w o u ld n ’t have been late.
5 Let's have a party on next Saturday.

145
UNIT 20 r
Preg ions • Linking W o rd s

L iiila u c ! W o id b '

W e usually use Unking w ords to join two sentences together. Th e y express time, contrast, reason, result, etc.

T h e part of the new sentence w hich contains the linking w ord is called a clause of time/reason, etc. (depend­
ing on the kind of linking w ord u sed ) and the rest of the sentence is the main clause.

e.g. I was angry. I didn't sa y anything. A lt h o u g h I was angry, I didn't say anything.

clause of contrast main clause

lix.1: l ( f- b V lL lC * Iv L -U b - O l l / Iv C r b U [{' b iu y V iiiU r

1

W e express time with the following w o rds: when,

while, before, after, till/ until, etc.
♦ T h e w o rd b e c a u s e in trod uce s a clause of
reason. W h e n the clause of reason com es
before the main clause, they are separated with
a com m a. W hen the clause of reason follows, no
com m a is used.
e.g. B e c a u s e it was hot. I o p e n e d the window.
I o p e n e d the w in d o w b e c a u s e it was hot.
♦ T h e w ord s o introduces a clause of re s u lt Th e
clause of result alw ays c o m e s after the main
clause an d is separated with a com m a.
e.g. It was hot. s o I o p e n e d the window.
AA i R e w rite th e s e n te n c e s u sin g so or
because, as in the exam ple s.
1 S im o n w as put in prison b ecause he ro b b e d a bank
5 im o n rob bed a bank. s o he w a s p u t in p riso n .
2 Lisa w as cold, so she put on a sweater.
L is a p u t on a s w e a t e r b e c a u s e s h e w a s cold.
3 B ecause I w as hungry, I m a d e a sandw ich.
4 It w as m y birthday, so I had a party.
5 I went to bed late last night, so I feel tired today.
6 I w ashed m y clothes because they were dirty.
♦ W hen the time clause c o m e s before the main
clause, they are separated with a com m a. When
the time clause c o m e s after, no c o m m a is used.
e.g. B e fo re yo u leave for Paris, please p h o n e me.
Please p h o n e m e befo re yo u leave for Paris.
♦ T im e clauses follow the rule of the sequence of
tenses. W h e n the verb in the main clause is in
a present/future tense or the imperative, then
the verb in the time clause is in a present
tense. W e d o not use future tenses in time
clauses.
Present tenses: present sim ple/continuous,
present perfect simple/continuous.
e.g. You c a n stay here as lo n g as you like
H e will g ive us the m o n e y after he is/has
b e e n paid.
T id y yo u r room b e fo re you g o out.
K e e p quiet w h ile I ’m w orking.
W h en the verb in the main clause is in a past
tense, then the ve rb in the time clause is in a
past tense.
Past tenses: past simple/continuous,
past perfect simple/continuous.
e.g. S h e h a d breakfast after she h a d taken a
shower.
B e fo re he left, he c a lle d a taxi.
H e h a d b e e n re a d in g a novel for two hours
b e fo re he w e n t out.

7 She forgot to turn off the oven, so the food w as burnt S tudy the following table:

8 B ecause w e were bored, w e w ent for a walk. Main clause T im e clause

present / future / p r e s e n t / present
9 T h e boss w as a n g ry b ecause Je n n y w as late. imperative perfect

past sim ple / past past sim ple / past

10 Frank's hair w as too long, so he went to the hair
perfect perfect
dresser’s.

146
 Prepositions - Linking

P u t th e v e rb s in b r a c k e t s into th e c o r ­ 1 8 L F ill in t h e g a p s w it h although/even though

а . r e c t te n s e . o r in spite of/despite.

1 ...Although/Even though... w e were late, w e caught

1 I w on't leave until yo u ...are... (b e ) ready. the bus.
2 S h e w as playing the piano while I ............................... 2 T h e plate broke.................................................. it landed
(read) a book. on the carpet.
3 T h e guests arrived after she ......................... (clean) 3 her rudeness, she's actually
the house. a nice person.
4 H e thought about m y proposal carefully before he 4 T h e y d id n ’t find the ring ..................................................
(make) a decision. looking everyw here for it.
5 W hen I ............................................................. (see) him. 5 H e ’s got grey h a ir ...................................................... he's
I will recognise him. only twenty-five.
6 H e w asn’t wearing a c o a t ................................................
the cold weather.
7 being old. m y grandmother
loves playing tennis.
\1щ: I'lrb'SslLlC! C o III 8 they are brothers, they
d o n ’t look alike.

W e express contrast with the following linking

w ords: but, although/even though/though, despite/ C o m p le t e th e s e n te n c e s .
19>
in spite of, however, etc.

1 T h e y like going on holiday, but they d o n ’t like flying.

♦ but
e.g. H e was tired, b u t he went to the party.
♦ although/even though/though + subject + verb
Even though is m ore em phatic than although.
T h o u g h is used in everyday speech.
e.g. A lth o u g h / E v e n th o u g h / T h o u g h s h e h a d a
cold, she went to work.
She went to work a lth o u g h /e v e n th o u g h /
th o u g h she h ad a cold.
T h o u g h can also g o at the end of a sentence
where it m e ans ‘h o w e ve r’.
e.g. H e is old. H e is energetic, th o u gh .
Although they like going on holiday, t h e y d o n 't like
flying.
2 T h e car is old. but it's in g o o d condition.
T h o u g h the c a r ....................................................................
3 It w as snow ing, but w e went out for a walk.
In spite of the f a c t ...............................................................
4 D anny is tall, but Sandra is short.
D an n y is tall. H o w ever.......................................................
5 It was a hot day. but he wore a warm coat.
Although it .............................................................................
6 Bill was busy. H e helped m e with m y hom ework.
Even though Bill w a s .........................................................
7 S he fell over, but she d id n ’t hurt herself.
Despite fa llin g ......................................................................

♦ In spite of/desplte + noun/-ing form

20>
e.g. In spite of/Despite the rain, we went for a walk.
M a tc h c o lu m n A w ith c o lu m n В in o rd er
Mary didn't hurry in spite of/despite b e in g
to m a k e c o r r e c t s e n te n c e s .
late.
in spite of/despite + the fact that...
Colum n A Colum n В
e.g. In spite of/Despite the fact that it was rain­
ing, w e went for a walk. 1 B o b phoned Ed. after she had packed
everything,
2 Kate called a taxi
♦ how ever so they lit a fire,
H o w e ve r usually go es at the beginning of a 3 Tom was fired but he wasn't at home.
sentence to introduce a contrasting idea and is I d o n ’t think sh e ’s
4 They were cold. suitable for the job.
followed b y a com m a.
e.g. I was sleepy. H o w e ve r, I watched the film. 5 Although I like Joan, because he was late
for work every day.

147
 Revision 4 (U n its 1 - 20)

C o m p le te the senten ces w ith an appro

C ho ose the co rre c t item.
► priate m odal verb.

1 T h e y ...3 ... for a new house at the m om ent. 1 W h y d o n ’t we buy som e new furniture for the house?
A have been looking В are looking 5 h a ll we b u y so m e new furniture for the house?
С look 2 Y o u aren’t allowed to use the office com puters.
2 S h e ............ her driving test. ................................................................................the office
A has just passed В is passing С passes com puters.
3 It is possible that Kelly is at her brother's.
3 I think I ............ sh o p p in g on Saturday afternoon.
.................................................................. at her brother’s.
A to g o В have been С will go
4 W o u ld you like me to call your parents for you?
4 Be careful! Y o u ............ that plate! ....................................................... your parents for you?
A are dro pp in g В are going to d ro p С drop 5 I advise you to go to university.
5 Ben looks tired. H e ............ hard all d ay long. ......................................................................... to university.
A had been w orking В has been working 6 Richard m anaged to buy a new car after saving for
С is w orking months.
6 W hen I left h o m e this m orning, i t ............... ...................................................... a new car after saving
A was raining В is raining С rains for months.
7 I’m sure Alex isn’t at work.
7 B y the time I got there. B ill...............
.................................................................................. at work.
A had already left В left С is leaving
8 Perhaps Eric will have time to com e shopping with us.
8 I ............ three years old w hen m y sister w as born. ....................................time to co m e shopping with us.
A am В w as being С was 9 It isn’t necessary for you to do the washing-up now.
9 Miss J o n e s ............ two cu p s of tea today. ........................................................ the w ashing-up now.
A has drunk В is drinking С drinks 10 I’m sure he is French.
10 S a r a h .............m y best friend since 1992. ................................................................................... French.

A w as В is being С has been

Fill in the ga ps w ith the corre ct relative
< > ad verb o r p ro n o u n w h e re necessary.
л F ill in t h e g a p s w it h m ust, m ustn't o r
n e e d n ’t.

1 A: You ...needn't... hurry at the shop. I w o n ’t start

cooking until you get back.
B: Alright. I’ll take m y time.
A: Y ou ..................... rem em ber to b uy eggs. Y ou
........... forget because I need them for the cake.
2 A: C a n I use the scissors?
B: Yes, but y o u ........................use them unless there
is an adult with yo u. and y o u ..................... be very
careful. Y o u m ight hurt yourself.
3 A: ...................... I tidy m y room today. M um ?
Yesterday. Am anda met a very interesting m an in the
B: No, y o u ................ d o it today, but y o u ..................
library 1) ...where... she works. H e was looking for a
d o it before your friends co m e on Saturday.
book 2 ) ....................he needed for som e research he
4 A : Dinner is ready. Y o u ................. w ash yo ur hands
w as doing about ancient Egypt. He told her that he
before yo u eat.
worked for a director 3 ) ................. was making a T V pro­
B: O ka y, but first I ................. take off m y boots.
gram m e about ancient civilizations. Am anda showed
A: It’s alright. Y o u ................. d o that because I
him the books 4 ) ...................he was looking for. She
haven't cleaned the floor yet.
asked him for the date 5 ) ................ the program m e
B: No. really, I .................. take them off because
would be shown on TV . W hen she watched it the fol­
they're very dirty.
lowing month, the presenter said, ‘I’d like to thank the
5 A: I'm going to the superm arket. Are you com ing
lady 6 ) ............... help in the library w as very useful.’
with m e?
A m anda was very pleased and that's 7 ) .........................
В: ....................... I com e?
she’s decided to start watching that program m e more
A: Y o u .....................co m e if you d o n ’t want to. I’ll go often.
by myself.

148
 Revision 4 (Units 1 - 20)

5 ^ R e w rite the senten ces in the p a s s i v e . T u rn the following into reported speech.

1 T h e y m ust prepare the food tonight. 1 T il cook dinner tonight,' Mary said to Anna.
The food m u s t be prepared tonight. M a r y t o ld A n n a t h a t she would cook din ner t h a t
2 S o m e o n e attacked S am on Saturday night. night.

3 T h e m aid m akes the beds every m orning. 2 'W h y are yo u crying?' Mother asked To m m y.

4 H e will write the letter next week. 3 'Please, please lend m e so m e m o n e y,' the w om an
said to the rich man.
5 G a ry had finished the project.
4 ‘D o n ’t knock on the doo r so loudly,* Mr Smith said
6 Catherine is baking the birthday cake. to the children.

7 Did Alison inform the police? 5 'Coffee is grow n in Brazil,' the teacher said to the
students.
8 T h e police w ere w atching the burglars.
6 ‘C a n yo u co m e at four instead of five tom orrow
9 W e have to w ash the dishes before w e g o out. afternoon?' Rick asked me.

10 Y o u m ust com plete yo ur hom ew ork tonight. 7 'I have never seen that w om an before,' the m an said
to the policem en.
11 T h e y m ay paint their house this sum m er.
8 'I’ll b u y you a new toy train for your birthday.’
12 T h e y teach three languages at that school. G ra n d p a said to Alex.

13 Ta ra w as driving the car. 9 'W hat time is Paul c o m in g ? ’ I asked.

14 W h o wrote that poem ? 10 ‘Call m e as soon as you hear about the results,' the
boss said to me.
15 Mrs Jefferson was tidying the kitchen.

16 T h e boss is go ing to offer A n d re w a better post.

W rit e q u e s t io n s to w h i c h th e w o r d s in
b o ld a r e th e a n s w e r s .

P ut the verbs in b ra c k e ts into the

Doris A lder is Peter’s neighbour. S h e lives in the
c o rre c t tense.
house which is opposite his. She is 67 years old. but
she still does m any things for herself. Her favourite
1 I will help yo u with the sh o pping later if I ...have...
hobbies are knitting and swim m ing. She goes sw im ­
(have) time.
m ing twice a week. Every Saturday m orning, Doris
2 Unless y o u ...............................................................(leave)
now , you'll m iss the train. and Peter go shopping together. Th e y take the bus
3 If I were yo u, I ....................................................(not/buy) into town and they com e hom e by taxi. Peter admires
a se co n d -h a n d car. Doris because she is a very active person.
4 If only i t ....................................................(stop) snowing,
w e could g o outside. 1 Who is P e t e r s neighbour?
5 Paul had a car accident yesterday. H e w ishes he 2
...............................................................(b e ) m ore careful. 3
6 If William ......................................................................(pay) 4
the electricity bill, it w o u ld n ’t have been cut off. 5
7 Sarah w ishes she ................................................................ 6
(not/have to) work so hard every day. 7
8 I wish y o u .....................................................(not/make) a 8
m ess in the kitchen every time you cook som ething.

149
 Revision 4 (Units 1 - 2 0 )
C o m p le te the senten ces w ith compar*
C ho ose the co rre c t item. atives/superlatives adding a n y ne ce s­
sary w o rd s.

1 D on't take that m on e y from the table. It's . . 3 . . . . 1 Danny is clever, but Melanie is ...more clever/cleverer
A me В m ine С my than... he is.
2 Dora is crying. S h e has c u t ............... 2 Russia is a big country. In fact, it is ............................
A she В her С herself ........................... c o u n tr y .............................the world.
3 Is th a t.............book? 3 M any fruits are sweet, but I think that grapes are
A your В yours С you ................................................................... fru it.............. . all.
4 William and Th o m a s enjoy playing cricket. 4 I’m tall, but m y sister is ........................................ I am.
A Both В All С Neither 5 M y grandfather is a very generous m an. H e is ......
...........................................................anyon e else I know.
5 Tha t's m y pencil. Please give it t o ...............
A I В my С me 6 Chocolate ice-cream tastes g o o d , but strawberry
ice-cream tastes even ................................chocolate.
6 Sam . Paul and Te rry a r e ............ in the sam e class at
7 I am yo u n g, but m y brother i s .......................................
school.
p e r s o n ..............our family.
A both В all С neither
8 Pamela s parents are rich, but Brian s parents are
7 Th e re 's the sh o p p in g. Please put ............ aw ay in
.............................................................................. Pamela's.
the kitchen.
9 A pple pie is delicious, but cherry pie i s .....................
A itself В its С it
.............................................................................................all.
8 E n j o y ............ at the party. Beth. H a ve a go o d time!
10 Billy and Steven are funny. T h e y are ..........................
A your В you С yourself
................ b o y s ............................. m y class.
9 Ruth nor W e n d y has got curly hair.
A All В Both С Neither
Fill in the g a p s w ith the c o m p a r a t i v e or
10 Jeff, Alice and Rosie are all y o u n g ............... of them
s u p e r l a t i v e form of the adjectives in
are old.
brackets, ad din g any ne ce ssa ry words.
A None В All С Both

village

Put in a/an o r the.

1 This is ...a... very boring book. I don't want to read it.

2 film w as very exciting - I enjoyed it.
3 T o m i s ...................teacher a t .................... school I used
to g o to.
4 D o yo u k n o w ....................... answ er to this question?
5 I w a tc h e d ...................... interesting pro gram m e on T V
last night.
6 bakery is closed every Saturday afternoon.
1 Th e town is ...bigger than... (big) the village.
7 Sim on h asn’t g o t ................. jo b a t ..................m om ent.
2 T h e village is ...........................
but he’s going f o r ...................... interview next week.
3 T h e city is ................................ ...........................(big) all.
8 a m azing thing h appened to m e the other
4 The re is .....................................
day; l w o n ....................lottery!
9 m an w ho lives next d oo r to m e i s ...................
5 T h e city h a s .............................
vet. H e ’s ....................really nice m an.
10 M y father is ....................... doctor and he w orks at
6 T h e village i s ........................... ....................... (quiet) all.
....................... hospital w hich is near our house.
7 T h e city i s ................................. ......................(noisy) all.
11 D o n ’t forget to lo c k .................. . d o o r w hen you leave.
12 Te rry sold his old bicycle so that he could buy 8 Th e re a r e ..................................
the city ........................................................in the village.
...................... new one.
13 I f o u n d ....................old coin on the beach the other 9 The re are ................................. ...............(few) shops in
day. the v illa g e ................................. ......................in the city.
14 Mr Willis is .................... only person I know in this 10 There a r e ..................................
area. in the city ................................. ................... in the town.

150
 Revision 4 (Unit’s 1 - 20)
6 A: D o you often go to the gym ?
B: Yes. I go ............................................................... day.
7 A: D o you know where the new cafe is?
B: It's .......................................in the shopping centre.
8 A: Sorry, what did you say?
В: ............................................................ I only coughed.
9 A: This exercise is very difficult.
B. It’s easy Jack! ........................................could do it!
10 A: W h o told you about it?
В: ...................................................... I found out myself.
11 A: M um . I've baked a cake!
В: I know. T h e kitchen’s a mess. There's flour
.......................................................................................... i
12 A: W here did you go on holiday last year?
В: .........................................................I stayed at home.

P ut th e v e r b s in b r a c k e t s into the
in fin itiv e o r th e - in g form .

1 A: Did you enjoy ...travelling... (travel) around

A: W h y are you crying, William? Europe?
B: Because I’ve lost m y favourite toy car. I left it B: Yes. but it’s n ic e ..........................(be) back home
(1) n o w h e r e ls o m e w h e r e la n y w h e r e but I c a n ’t 2 A: W here’s Mum?
rem em ber where. B: S h e ’s gone to the s h o p .................................. (buy)
A: H ave you looked for it? som e eggs and milk.
B: Yes, but I can't find it (2 ) an yw here/everyw here/ 3 A: Have you finished your letter yet?
n o w h e re . B: No. I only started .................................(write) it five
A. Did you ask (3 ) s o m e o n e /n o o n e /a n yo n e if they minutes ago.
had seen it? 4 A: What did you do on Saturday afternoon?
В: I asked (4 ) e v e ryo n e ls o m e o n e /n o o n e in my В: I went ....................................................... (cycle) with
class and (5 ) a n y ln o ls o m e teachers too. but ( 6 ) m y family.
a n y b o d y ln o b o d y / s o m e b o d y had seen it. 5 A: W e must ........................................(go) in a minute.
A: Well, never m ind, I’ll b uy you (7 ) anythin g/every­ В: I know. I’m almost ready.
th in g /s o m e th in g else.
6 A: I don't like ................................................ (do) all the
housework by myself.
В: I don’t want ( 8 ) nothing/anything/everything else
B: I'll help you with it.
I want m y favourite toy car!
7 A: W as Uncle Jo hn p le a s e d .................... (see) you?
A: William, what's that in your pocket?
В Yes. He w as very surprised.
B: It’s m y car! It was here all the time!
8 A C a n I ask you something?
B: I'm busy ....................................................... (work) at
the moment. Ask m e later.

Fill in th e g a p s w it h some, any. no,

every o r o n e of t h e ir d e riv a tiv e s .
C o r r e c t th e m is ta k e s .

1 A: I w ould like ...eome... jam on m y toast.

B: I'm sorry, I haven't got ...............................................
2 A. M um , there’s ................................... toothpaste left.
B: Th e re ’s a new tube in the bathroom cupboard.
3 A: Can I d o .......................................................... to help?
B: No, thank you.
4 A : W ould you lik e .............................................cheese?
B. No. thank you. Don't put ................. on m y plate.
5 A: Did you know m any people at the party?
B: Yes! I k n e w .................................................................. !
1 Neither John and Sally likes swimming.
2 I d o n ’t want nothing to eat at the moment.
3 You needn’t run across the road. It’s dangerous.
4 Have you never been to Italy?
5 I was running very fast when I was young, but I can’t
now.
6 T o m was the man which helped m e paint m y house.
7 Sandra had visited the zo o with her friends
yesterday.

151
 Irregular Verbs
Infinitive Past Past Participle Infinitive Past Past Participle

be was been leave left left

bear bore born(e) lend lent lent
beat beat beaten let let let
become became become lie lay lain
begin began begun light lit lit
bite bit bitten lose lost lost
blow blew blown make made m ade
break broke broken mean meant meant
bring brought brought meet met met
build built built pay paid paid
burn burnt (burned) burnt (burned) put put put
burst burst burst read read read
buy bought bought ride rode ridden
can could (been able to) ring rang rung
catch caught caught rise rose risen
choose chose chosen run ran run
com e cam e com e say said said
cost cost cost see saw seen
cut cut cut sell sold sold
deal send sent sent
dealt dealt
set set set
dig dug dug
sew sewed sewn
do did done
shake shook shaken
draw drew drawn
shine shone shone
dream dreamt (dream ed) dreamt (dream ed) shoot shot shot
drink drank drunk show showed shown
drive drove driven shut shut shut
eat ate eaten sing sang sung
fall fallen sit sat sat
fell
sleep slept slept
feed fed fed
smell smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled)
feel
•V V • felt
1V 1\ f6 lt
•v H

speak spoke spoken

fight fought fought
spell spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled)
find found found
spend spent spent
fly flew flown
spill spilt
•
spilt
V

forbid forbade forbidden spoil spoilt (spoiled) spoilt (spoiled)

forget forgot forgotten spread spread spread
forgive forgave forgiven stand stood stood
freeze froze frozen steal stole stolen
get got got stick stuck stuck
give gave given sting stung stung
go went gone strike struck struck
grow grew grown swear swore sworn
sweep ■
swept swept •
hang hung (hanged) hung (hanged) swim swam swum
have had had
take took taken
hear heard heard
teach taught taught
hide hid hidden
tear tore torn
hit hit hit
tell told told
hold held held think thought thought
hurt hurt hurt throw threw thrown
keep kept kept understand understood understood
know knew known
wake woke woken
lay laid laid wear wore worn
lead led led win won won
learn learnt (learned) learnt (learned) write wrote written

152
Key to the Exercises
 UNIT 1: Present Continuous - Present Simple
+ ing /s / looks, speaks, kicks, puts, walks,
studying, m ending, trying, cooking, sleeping
& ju m ps, co u g h s, helps, writes, eats

у + ing
/ iz / catches, brushes, dances, closes,
lying, d yin g
w atches, w ashes, loses, changes
ing
/z / drives, rides, o pe n s, plays, knows,
diving, writing, taking
sees, listens, travels, rains
d o u b le co n s o n a n t + ing
sw im m ing , sh o p p in g , stopping, sitting
2 dan ce s 6 d o e s n ’t know
3 is/’s w orking 7 is/'s taking
2 am /'m not d o in g 6 is/’s studying 4 d o you do

& 3
4
Is D ad painting
is/’s running
7 are m aking
8 A re yo u listening
5 are yo u packing,
am/’m flying
5 are playing
2 Is he always on time for work?
2
3
are having
are w earing
7 are listening
8 is drinking
& 3
4
Karen som etim es has cereal for breakfast.
Paul d o e s n ’t usually listen to m usic in the
4 is w earing 9 is eating evening.
5 are sm iling 10 are enjoying T h e children rarely help with the
6 are talking housew ork.
6 Must yo u alw ays play yo ur m usic so loud?
7 Sheila can never park her car properly.
S A : A re the four people having dinner?
S B : Yes, they are.
0 . S A : Are the children talking? 2 alw ays gets up 7 is singing

S B : N o, they aren’t. T h e y are listening. 10 3 starts 8 is looking for

S A : Is the girl drinking so m e juice? 4 is not/n’t 9 is calling

S B : N o, she isn’t. S h e ’s drinking som e 5 is packing 10 leaves/is leaving

C o ke . 6 is going 11 is Charlie going

S A : Is the b o y eating so m e ice-cream ?

S B : N o , he isn’t. H e 's eating so m e bread
3 S A : Does Charlie start work at 4 o ’clock
every morning?
< £ > S B : Yes, he does.
-s -es -ies
4 S A : Is Charlie go ing on holiday next
0 . opens
week?
mixes dries S B : N o, he isn’t. H e ’s going on holiday
prays m isses cries today.
puts d oes copies 5 S A : Is Charlie singing to himself?
likes catches S B : Yes, he is.
says w ashes 6 S A : Is Charlie looking for his tickets right
plays w atches now ?
begins passes S B : Yes, he is.
7 S A : Is the plane leaving/Does the plane
leave in an hour?
2 D o yo u co m e 5 d oes not/n’t S B : Yes, it is/does.

& 3
4
play
leave
know 8 S A : Is Charlie go in g to Tahiti?
S B : N o. he isn’t. H e 's g o in g to Hawaii.

155
 W hat d oes the nurse do? 1 Steve is go in g fishing tom orrow.
(1 2 > S h e looks after patients. 2 Rebecca w ashes her hair every day.
Is she looking after patients now? 3 I visit m y grandparents every week.
No. she isn’t. S h e ’s reading a book. 4 Tim d o e s n ’t want to do his hom ework.
W hat does the maid do? 5 He is sitting on the floor at the m om ent.
S h e cleans the house. 6 Do you always watch T V in the evenings?
Is she cleaning the house now ? 7 Sarah drinks coffee every m orning.
No, she isn't S h e 's talking on the phone. 8 T h e y d o n ’t usually g o on holiday in May.
W hat d oes the vet do? 9 D oes she work late? No. she never does.
H e treats animals. 10 Peter is looking for a new house at the
Is he treating animals now ? m om ent.
N o, he isn’t. H e ’s listening to music.
W hat d oes the m echanic do?
H e repairs cars. 1 are/’re always leaving
Is he repairing cars now? 2 D o you like, does it cost
No, he isn't. H e ’s eating a sandwich. 3 is, is/’s snowing
W hat d oes the waiter do?
H e serves custom ers.
Is he serving custom ers now ?
O r a l A c tiv ity
N o, he isn't. H e 's reading a new spaper.
(S ug g este d answer)

A Mrs H enderson usually cooks.

2 D o 1 know 8 loves T h e children usually watch TV .
3 think 9 enjoys
В M rs H enderson is sitting under a tree. She
4 is starring 10 is he staying
is reading a m agazine.
5 is/'s 11 wants
T o m is riding his bicycle.
6 is he com ing 12 d o e s n ’t like
Mary is draw ing a picture.
7 need 13 is/’s staying

2 does this sign m ean Writing Activity

3 usually meet (S ug g este d answer)
4 is/’s training
5 ow ns ... usually cooks and T o m and Mary usually
6 are playing watch TV.
7 d o e sn ’t usually have ... is sitting under a tree. She is reading a
8 buys m agazine. T o m is riding his bicycle and Mary
9 are not/n’t going is draw ing a picture.
0 D oes Pierre speak, speaks

2 ’m writing 7 have
(«5 > 3 am/'m repairing 8 'm working
4 usually ride 9 'm
5 start 10 is leaving
6 finish 1 1 worry

156
 UNIT 2: Past Simple - Used to
2 d e cid e d В 2 painted
+ ed
3 nee d e d 3 took
p ra ye d , called, m isse d , e n jo ye d , looked
4 deco rated 4 loved
+ d 5 planted 5 created
c lo se d , loved, d a n c e d , p h o n e d , lived 6 m ade 6 died
7 m ove d
-y ■» ied
studied, cried, tidied, tried, carried

d o u b le c o n s o n a n t + ed 2 w anted 8 took
3 ga ve 9 set off
travelled, sto p p e d , ro b b e d , d ro p p e d , referred
© . 4 left 10 survived
5 began 11 arrived
2 S h e turned it off half an h our a g o 6 d isco vere d 12 w ere
3 H e s to p p e d six m o n th s a go . 7 died
4 S h e b aked it half an h o u r a go .
5 S h e a rra n g e d it two w eeks a go . 3 S A : D id they leave S pa in in 1619?
6 H e m o v e d three d a ys a go . S B : N o . they d idn't. T h e y left S pa in in
7 H e tidied it tw o hou rs a go . 1519. •
4 S A : W a s the journey long and dangerous?
S B : Y e s. it w as.
/ id / arrested, visited, n e e d e d , loaded, 5 S A : D id M agellan d isco ver the Pacific
Q , a cce p te d , p e rsu a d e d O cean?
S B : Yes. he did.
/1 / w a s h e d , w o rk e d , h elp ed , co o ke d , 6 S A : D id M agellan die with soldiers in a
finished, w a tch e d , la u g h e d , p asse d , battle?
typed S B : Y e s, he did.
/d / o p e n e d , carried, cle a n e d , lived, 7 S A : D id a S p a n ish sailor co m p le te the
stayed, a rra n g e d , ru b b e d v o ya g e ?
S B : Yes. h e did.
8 S A : D id the rem aining sh ip reach S pa in in
1523?
2 A D id yo u w atch
S B : N o. it d id n ’t. It rea ch e d S pa in in 1522.
В d id n ’t enjoy
a . 3 A D id y o u r n e ig h b o u rs m o v e
В helped 2 w orked 7 did yo u sp e n d
4 A cra sh ed 3 did yo u d o 8 w ent
В survived 4 took 9 D id yo u have
5 A d id n 't play 5 D id yo u earn 10 w as
6 A D id y o u see 6 spent
В had
(S u g g e s te d a n s w e r)

2 d id n ’t g o (definite/stated time)
10
3 d id n ’t sing (definite/stated time)
4 fought (repeated past action)
5 h elp ed (p e o p le w h o are n o lon ge r alive)
6 baked (definite/stated time)
7 D id S a m e njoy (definite/stated time)
8 fell, hurt (actions h a p p e n in g im m ediately
o n e after the other)
2 S A : W h o did yo u g o with?
S B : I w ent with m y parents a nd m y sister.
3 S A : D id y o u have a g o o d time?
S B : Y e s. w e did. It w as w onderful.
4 S A : Did yo u stay at a cam p-site?
S B : N o . w e d idn't. W e stayed at a hotel.
5 S A : W a s the w eather g o o d ?
S B : Yes. it was. It was hot almost every day.

15
 S A : W hat did yo u d o every day? S B : Yes. they did.
S B : W e d ro ve around the countryside S A : D id p e o p le use to s p e n d m ore time
and visited the town. together sixty years a go?
S A : Did yo u eat at restaurants? SB Yes. they did.
S B : N o. w e didn't. W e usually ate at the SA Did people use to talk to each other a lot
hotel, or w e w ent on picnics. sixty years ago?
8 S A : Did yo u g o to the beach? SB Yes. they did.
S B : Yes. w e did. W e often went to the S A : Did people use to go out at night m uch
b ea ch in the m orning. sixty years ago?
S B : N o. they d id n ’t.
Peter used to g o to w ork b y bus. but now S A : Did people use to read m ore sixty years
he g o e s to work b y car. ago?
Peter used to eat at hom e, but n o w he SB Yes. they did.
eats out.
Peter used to w atch T V . but n o w he go e s
to the theatre.
Peter used to sp e n d his holidays at a W riting A c tiv ity
c a m p -s ite . but n o w he s p e n d s his
1 didn't have/didn’t use to have
holidays travelling.
2 d id n ’t w atch / d id n ’t use to watch
3 talked / used to talk
2 used to drink 5 didn't use to like 4 d o n 't talk
3 used to live 6 d id n ’t use to eat 5 spend
4 Did yo u use to 7 used to play
6 dressed / used to dress
go 8 used to spend 7 w ore / used to wear
8 w ore / used to wear
( S s ’ o w n a n s w e rs )
...N o w . e ve ryo n e w ears different clothes.
W o m e n d o n ’t usually w ear long dresses any
m ore and m en d o n ’t alw ays w ear a suit and
2 В 4 A 6 A 8 С 10 В
7 В 9 A tie.
3 С 5 В
Sixty years a g o people used to spend/
spent m ore time together. T h e y used to talk/
O r a l A c tiv ity talked to each other a lot. T h e y d id n ’t use to go
(S u g g e s te d a n s w e r) out at night m u ch , but now a d ays they do. Sixty
years a g o people used to read/read m ore, but
S A : Did people use to dress differently sixty
n o w a d a ys they d o n ’t.
years ago?

UNIT 3: Past Continuous

S A : W hat w ere Jim a nd Robert d oing? 2 w as sitting 7 w ere wearing

& S B : T h e y w ere che cking so m e reports.

S A : W hat w as Sarah d oing? <L 3
4
w as talking
were putting
8 w ere holding
9 were shouting
S B : S h e w as talking on the phone. 5 w ere d oin g 10 w as waiting
S A : W hat w ere the directors doing? 6 w as standing
S B : T h e y w ere having a meeting.
S A : W hat w as M ary doing?
S B : S h e w as w orking on the com puter. 2 с З а 4 b 5 d 6 f
S A : W hat w as Kim d oing?
S B : S h e w as reading a letter.

158
 2 As/When/While Laura was making som e tea, (S u g g e s te d a n s w e r)

а she dropped the kettle. Laura was making

som e tea when she dropped the kettle.
0 2
3 As/When/While Mrs Jaso n was sitting in the
garden, it started raining. Mrs Jason was
sitting in the garden when it started raining.
4 As/When/While Peter was driving his car,
he got a flat tyre. Peter w as driving his car
w hen he got a flat tyre.
5 As/When/While she w as walking in the
park, a d o g attacked her. S h e was walking
in the park w hen a d o g attacked her.
S A : W hat were you doing at two o ’clock
this m orning?
SB : I w as sleeping.
3 S A : W hat were yo u doing at half past
nine last S u n d a y evening?
S B : I was watching television.
4 S A : W hat were yo u d oin g an hour ago?
S B : I w as playing tennis.
5 S A : W hat were you doing at noon last
Saturday?
S B : I was eating lunch.

2 were walking, b eg an - "W alking'' is the

2 6 was writing
0 3
longer action.
w as repairing, arrived - “Repairing" is
(10> 3
w as dancing
were you
laughing
7 w as raining
8 played
the longer action.
4 drank 9 sang
4 w as eating, rang - “Eating" is the longer
5 rode 10 was cleaning
action.
5 w as riding, d ro p p e d — “Riding" is the
longer action. A 2 was driving 5 crashed
6 saw. were driving - “Driving" is the longer
action.
& 3
4
flew
tried
6 w as not/wasn't

7 w as w atching, broke d o w n —
В 1 went 4 gave
"W atching"is the longer action.
2 was talking 5 was
8 w ere talking, cam e “Talking" is the
3 arrived 6 ended
longer action.
С 1 tidied 5 did not/didn’t
(S u g g e s te d a n s w e r ) 2 w as tidying want
T h e yo u n g m an w as listening to music. 3 found 6 put
0 . T h e two w om en w ere talking. 4 had 7 stored
T h e older m an w as reading his new spaper.
T w o Japanese tourists were drinking soft drinks. 2 decided 13 saw
3 w as shining 14 decided
< 5 * 4 were singing 15 w as examining
2 SA: W as the young man listening to music?
felt 16 heard
0 3
S B : Yes. he was.
S A : W as the older m an reading a book?
5
6 w as 17 said
S B : N o, he w a s n ’t. He w as reading a 7 clim bed 18 did not/didn’t
new spaper. 8 were adm iring close
4 S A : W ere the w om e n knitting? 9 heard 19 turned
S B : N o. they weren't. T h e y were talking. 10 looked 20 saw
5 S A : W ere the Japa n ese tourists taking 11 did not/didn't see 21 knew

pictures? 12 thought 22 w as watching

S B : No, they weren't. T h e y were drinking
soft drinks. R igh t o rd e r: С . A, В

2 w as walking 5 was planting

2 was 7 hit
0 3
4
w as throwing
were running
6 were sitting
3
4
were having
was
8 fell
9 was

1 were wearing 4 w as crying 5 was shining 10 got

2 were all 5 was shining 6 was
carrying 6 were smiling
3 w as taking

т »
 1 Philip w as w ashing the car w hen the fire S A : W hat did he d o w hen he saw the robbers?

14> 2
started.
Neil w as studying while his sister w as
S B : H e put his hands up.
S A : W hat w as the child doing?
listening to music. S B : She w as sitting on a chair.
3 Harriet o pened the doo r and walked into S A : W hat did she d o w hen she saw the
the house. robbers?
4 W e had lunch at a lovely restaurant every S B : S h e started to cry.
d a y w hen w e were on holiday. S A : W hat was the old lady doing?
5 Brian w a s drinking tea at five o ’clock S B : S h e w as waiting in the queue.
yesterday afternoon. S A : W hat did she d o w hen she saw the
6 D ad w as repairing the T V while M um was robbers?
co o k in g dinner. S B : S h e fainted.
7 I w ent to the cinem a last Saturday.
8 I b o u g h t a new dress for m y party
Writing A c tiv ity
yesterday.
9 W hile Jeff w as building the ga rd e n shed, (S u g g e s te d A n sw e r)
he hurt himself.
10 W hile the teacher w a s sp e ak in g, the Dear Martha.
students w ere listening to him. ... T h e m an a ge r w as talking on the
phone. W h en he sa w the robbers he stood
1 rang up. T h e cashier w as counting som e m oney.
2 is repairing W h en he saw the robbers he put his hands
(« > 3 w as reading, called up. A yo u n g child w as sitting on a chair and
4 Are, d o yo u want she started to cry. A n old lady w h o was
5 w ere singing, w ere playing waiting in the queue near m e fainted. Th e
6 w orks robbers took so m e m on e y and left. Th e
police arrested them later that day. It was a
terrible experience. I hop e I w o n ’t have
2 С 5 С 8 А 11 В another adventure like that too soon! I’ll
3 С 6 С 9 А 12 С finish m y letter here so that I can post it
1 S >
4 A 7 С 10 В today. Please write w hen yo u have time.

O r a l A c tiv ity Love.

S A : W hat w as the cashier doing? Jennifer
S B : H e w as counting so m e m oney.

UNIT 4: Present Perfect Simple

2 I h aven’t had a break since this m orning. S A : Have you bought a bigger car?
1 3 I h a ve n 't travelled a b ro a d sin ce last S B : Yes. I have.
sum m er. S A : H ave yo u m oved house?
4 I h aven’t w atched T V since last night. S B : N o. I h aven’t.
5 I h aven’t bought a present since SA : H a ve yo u got married?
Decem ber. S B : N o. I haven't.
6 I haven't written a letter since Christm as. S A : H ave yo u finished yo ur studies?
7 I h a v e n ’t eaten dinner at a restaurant S B : Yes, I have.
since last m onth. S A : H ave yo u started taking karate lessons?
S B : Yes, I have.

160
 2 since 5 for 8 since S A : H ave yo u ever travelled by boat?

(L 3
4
since
for
6
7
for
since
9 for S B : Yes, I have.
S A : W h en did you travel?
S B : I travelled by boat last sum m er.

2 f 4 b 6 e
2 10
(L 3 a 5 d
a 3
was
got 11
m anaged
m ade
4 have had 12 have met
1 Since 4 yet. already 5 started 13 have had
2 recently 5 always 6 asked 14 have bought
<•* 3 yet 6 ever, never 7 was 15 broke dow n
8 broke out 16 have just informed
9 was 17 hit
2 has just left 5 haven't dried
3 h a ve n ’t eaten 6 have already
4 have already eaten 2 have been 8 haven’t unpacked
done 12* 3
4
have done
saw 10
9 phoned
was
2 have... been 5 have... been 5 got 11 was
6 m oved 12 wanted
& 3
4
have gone
has g o n e to
6
7
has been to
have g o n e to 7 did yo u m ove

2
3
has been to
have been to
4
5
has g o n e to
have been
13 > 2
3
brushed, went
H a ve yo u ever
seen, went
7 have already
seen
8 fell, broke
4 h aven’t seen 9 have never heard

1 have gone
5 has gone 10 has always

2 H ave yo u written, wrote

6 h asn’t played wanted
£ > 3 have yo u been, got
4 h aven’t seen, saw 2 first time they have visited
5 H ave yo u typed, finished 3 have not eaten out for
14>
6 has know n, did they meet, were 4 Roger played
7 H ave you ever played, played 5 has not been on holiday
8 wrote, have read 6 w ent to his country house

S u g g e s te d a n s w e r) 1 W e b o u g h t a new sofa last month.

,0 > S A : H ave you ever planted a tree? 15* 2 Jim h a s lived in G e rm a n y for three years.
3 M y father has gone/been fishing.
S B : Yes. I have.
4 She has just m oved house.
S A : W here did yo u plant it?
5 W e ate lunch at one o'clock.
S B : I planted it in m y garden.
6 Sophie has d o n e her hom ework.
S A : H ave yo u ever sung in a choir? 7 A n n and T im g o t married ten years ago.
S B : Yes. I have. 8 I h a ve b ee n at school since nine o ’clock.
S A : W h en did yo u sing in it?
S B : I sang in a choir w hen I w as at school.
2 had 11 have recently
S A : H ave yo u ever saved yo ur m oney?
S B : Yes, I have. 16* 3
4
didn't com e
took 12
recorded
has becom e
S A : W h y did yo u save it?
5 were 13 lasted
S B : B ecause I wanted to buy a new bicycle.
6 were waiting 14 am sending
S A : H ave yo u ever met a politician? 7 saw 15 took
S B : Yes, I have. 8 had 16 were
S A : W h o did you meet? 9 found 17 have heard
S B : I met the Prim e Minister. 10 waited 18 are giving

161
 O ral Activity Writing Activity
• H e alw ays w anted to be a runner. (S u g g e s te d a n s w e r)
• H e started running at the a ge of seven.
H e alw ays w anted to be a runner. He
• H e w o n the school cha m pionship w hen
started running at the age of seven. H e won
he w as 15 years old.
the school cham pionship w hen he w as 15
• H e joined the national team four years
years old. H e joined the national team four
ago.
years a g o and he has w on several m edals so
• H e has w o n several m edals so far.
far. H e has recently received the “Athlete of the
• H e has recently received the "Athlete of
Year" aw ard and he got m arried last m onth. He
the Year" aw ard.
has already taken part in two international
• H e got m arried last m onth.
cham pionships.
• He has a lre a d y taken part in two
international cham pionships.

UNIT 5: The Future

2 R obots will d o m ost of the work. 1 are will not/won't do,

Q . 3
4
People w o n ’t use electric cars.
Pollution will disappear.
Q . 3
2 will/'ll call, leave
will/’ll write, is 8
are
will yo u phone
5 People w on't die of serious diseases. 4 will/’ll d o . get 9 will buy. return
6 Children w on't stop g o in g to school. 5 will/’ll fix, c o m e s 10 passes, will/’ll buy
7 People will go on holiday to the m oon. will you pack

2 2
ax
Shall w e g o for a walk? is g o in g to fall 4 is go ing to
3 Shall I m ake so m e tea? 3 is going to explode rescue
4 Shall I turn on the radio?
5 Shall w e visit them ?
SA: Is Jennifer g o in g to travel by train?
6 Shall I get a plaster?
GX S B N o. she isn't.
SA: Is Mark go in g to travel by train?

ax
2 prediction 4 o n-th e-spo t decision SB: Yes. he is.
3 offer 5 request SA: Is Jennifer go ing to b u y any souvenirs?
SB: Yes. she is.
SA: Is Mark go in g to b uy any souvenirs?

ox
2 Shall I g o to the superm arket for you?
3 Will yo u pick up the children from school S B Yes. he is.
for m e. please? SA: Is Jennifer going to sp e n d m uch m oney?
4 Shall w e listen to that new C D ? SB: Yes. she is.
5 Shall I book the tickets for you? SA: Is Mark g o in g to spend m uch m oney?
6 Will yo u take m y jacket to the d ry - SB: N o, he isn’t.
cleaner’s for m e, please? S A : Is Jennifer go in g to hire a car?
SB Yes. she is.

ox ( S s ’ o w n a n s w e rs )
SA: Is Mark go in g to hire a car?
SB : N o. he isn't.

ox (S s ’ o w n a n s w e rs )
2

3
4
am/’m going to
help
Will yo u help
shall I com e
5

6
7
will/'ll
phone
will/'ll be
p ro bably

Shall w e go
8 is/'s going to rain

162
 2 Shall 5 Shall O r a l Activity
& 3
4
will/'ll
will/’ll
6 are/’re going to
S A : Is Rob going to g o to India in the sum m er?
S B : Yes. he is. Is Molly going to go to India in
the sum m er?
H e is going to sell his car. S A : No. she isn't. Is Rob g o in g to appear in a
а H e is going to b uy a bigger house.
He is g o in g to m arry Susan.
T V show in the sum m er?
S B : No. he isn’t. Is Molly going to appear in a
He is going to apply for a jo b with a
T V show in the sum m er?
law firm.
S A : Yes. she is. Is Rob going to go on holiday
В Mr B row n is com ing to collect the car in August?
on Tu e sd a y. 9th April. S B : Yes. he is. Is Molly going to go on holiday
H e ’s signing the contract for a new in August?
house on W ednesday. 10th April.
SA: Yes. she is. Is Rob going to lake part in
H e ’s having an interview with Mr Ford
charity events in the summer?
at 10 o ’clock on Friday. 12th April.
SB: Yes. he is. Is Molly going to take part in
H e 's getting married on S u n d a y. 20th
charity events in the sum m er?
Jun e .
S A : Yes. she is. Is Rob going to sing at the
Q u e e n Mother’s birthday celebrations in
2 is going 6 leaves the sum m er?
3 does the play 7 are m oving
S B : N o, he isn’t. Is Molly going to sing at the
start 8 does the ferry
Q ueen M other's birthday celebrations in
4 is having reach
the sum m er?
5 is singing
SA: N o, she isn’t. Is Rob going to make a
record in the sum m er?
1 will/’ll post 3 is com ing S B : Yes. he is. Is Molly going to m ake a record
2 is/'s g o in g to in the sum m er?
walk SA: No, she isn't. Is Rob going to sing in a
rock opera in the sum m er?
1 Shall I take the children to the playground S B : N o, he isn't. Is Molly going to sing in a
for yo u ? rock opera in the sum m er?
2 I’ll call yo u w hen I finish work. S A : Yes. she is.
3 Will yo u clean the carpet, please?
4 T h e film starts at 8 o'clock.
5 Wait here until he comes. Writing A c tiv ity
6 T h e Q u e e n w o n ’t attend the parade
(S u g g e s te d a n s w e r)
tom orrow .
... is going to go to India, but Molly isn't. Molly
is go in g to app ea r in a T V show , but Rob isn’t.
2 have/’ve saved
R ob and Molly are going to g o on holiday in
3 am/’m g o in g to open
August, and they are going to take part in
4 ow ned
charity events. Rob and Molly aren't going to
5 has/’s given
to sing at the Queen M other's birthday
6 thinks
celebrations. Rob is going to m ake a record,
7 will/’ll be
but Molly isn’t. Molly is going to sing in a rock
8 has/’s already painted
9 is/'s going to paint opera, but Rob isn’t.
10 need
11 wants
12 am/’m still thinking
13 will like
14 am/’m starting
15 will/'ll probably phone
16 have

165
 Revision 1 (Units l -
5)
2 I d o n ’t often drink tea in the m orning. 1 have been 3 have gone
3 She usually w a s h e s the d ishe s after 2 Have ... been to, 4 has g o n e to
dinner.
Q > has been
4 I rarely eat in restaurants.
5 D o they often g o for a walk on S un d a y 2 since 8 already/just
afternoons? 3 for 9 always
6 D o yo u usually visit yo ur grandparents on 4 so far/already 10 ever
Saturdays? 5 already 11 never
7 Mary is never late for m eetings. 6 yet 1 2 just/already
8 T h e y d on't usually g o abroad on holiday. 7 yet

(&
2 leaves 8 are you studying 1 4 arrive, will/'ll go
go
3 Are yo u going 9 com e 2 will not/won’t be. 5 will/’ll buy. sell
4 am/’m visiting 10 am/’m working
have 6 get. will/'ll move
5 lives 1 1 think 3 will go. finishes
6 live 12 D o yo u like
7 am/’m doing 13 love
2 С 4 В 6 В 8 A
2 was cleaning, w as working Q . 3 A 5 A 7 С 9 В

3 found, was playing

4 w as having, cam e
5 w as knitting, w as sm oking
6 arrived, w as painting
7 were walking, started
8 were you talking, cam e
9 w as reading, knocked
10 w as w ashing, cut
11 broke, w as dusting
12 w as building, w as sw im m ing
2 began 10
1 Peter is playing football at the m om ent.
2 M y parents bought a new fridge
•I yesterday.
3 Sarah has written three letters so far
today.
4 I g o to the g y m every Tu e sd a y.
5 I expect I will g o sh o pping on Saturday.
6 Will yo u c o m e with us tom orrow
m orning?
have started 7 Have you seen m y d o g ? H e ’s run away.

<а. 3
4
recorded
went
11
12
signed
has already
8 M andy will buy a car as soon as she
passes her driving test.
5 had written
6 stayed 13 has just
7 m ade announced
8 thanked 14 has started
9 has been

UNIT 6: Relatives

а>
4 S A : W h o w as Von Zeppelin?
2 S A : W h o w as Volta?
S B : H e w as the m an who/that built the
S B : H e w as the m an who/that invented
first airship.
the electric battery.
5 S A : W h o were the Kelloggs?
3 S A : W h o w as C o lu m b u s?
S B : T h e y were the m en who/that made
S B : H e w as the man who/that discovered
the first cornflakes.
America.
6 S A : W h o w as Cleopatra?
S B : S h e w as the w om an who/that ruled
Egypt.

164
(& 3

4
A law nm ow er is a m achine which/that you
use to cut grass.
A typewriter is a m achine which/that you
use to type letters.
<7>
2 w here
3 why
4
5
who
when
6 w hose

5 A lion is an animal which/that lives in the

2 why
jungle.
6 A photocopier is a m achine which/that
<L 3 w ho 4 which 5 where

yo u use to m ake photocopies.

2 w hen 5 when 8 which
3 where 6 where
2 a 4 b 6 g
0 . 4 w hy 7 w hy
<L 3 f 5 e 7 с

2 who/that S not omitted
3 which/that 0 omitted
not omitted
4 who/that S
5 which/that 0 omitted
6 which/that S not omitted
7 who/that S not omitted
8 who/that S not omitted
9 which/that 0 omitted
2 m an w hose d o g often
3 church w here w e got
1° > 4 shop w here I bought
5 m an w ho lives in
6 the people w hose daughter
7 d o g w hose owner
8 girl w ho speaks
9 m agazine that I bought
10 boy w h o ran away

10 who/that S not omitted 11 hospital where I was

11 which/that 0 omitted 12 that Sophie found

12 which/that 0 omitted
2 who/that 1 not omitted
3 . w ho is called Sarah, N1 not omitted
2 w hose 7 w h o ’s (has) 4 which/that 1 not omitted
<L 3
4
w h o ’s (has)
w hose 9
8 w hose
w hose
5 w hose
6 which/that
1
1
not omitted
omitted
5 w hose 10 w h o ’s (has)
7 . w ho is older than me, N1 not omitted
6 w h o ’s (is) 8 . w hich is very old. N1 not omitted
9 which/that 1 not omitted
2 a) who/that Max talked to w as from 10 . w h o is thirty years old, N1 not omitted
Canada. 11 who/that 1 not omitted
0 . b) Max talked to w as from Canada. 12 . w hich is very
3 a) which/that D ebbie is looking at is expensive. N1 not omitted

,
mine.
b) D ebbie is looking at is mine.
2 В 4 С 6 С 8 С
4 a) which/that A nn a is looking for 12 3 A 5 С 7 A 9 В
belonged to her grandm other,
b) A nna is looking for belonged to her
grandm other. 1 H e's the m an who/that writes songs for a
5 a) which/that B o b has g o n e to is near the 1 3 , lot of fam ous singers.
T o w n Hall, 2 W here's the book I bought last week?
b) B o b has g o n e to is near the T o w n Hall. 3 Th a t’s the w om an w h o s e house is m ade
6 a) who/that Sharon had dinner with was her of glass.
lawyer. 4 M y sister, w h o is 10 years old. is called
b) Sharon had dinner with w as her Betty.
lawyer. 5 T h e reason w h y I was late was that I
7 a) which/that they invited me to wasn't very overslept.
exciting. 6 T h e m an I w as talking to is m y uncle.
b) they invited m e to w a sn ’t very exciting. 7 T h a t’s the hotel w h e re I spent my
8 a) who/that I w as talking to lives next holidays last year.
door. 8 London, w h ic h is a big city, is the capital
b) I w as talking to lives next door. of England.

165
 2 ordered 7 were carrying 4
3 w ere watching 8 threatened m agazine.
4 were sleeping 9 landed 5
5 were getting 10 m anaged from N ew York.
6 appeared
Writing A ctivity

2 А 3 С 4 В 5 А 1 w hy 2 w hen 3 where

(S u g g e s te d A n s w e r)

... is a ski-instructor and a w om an called Claire

O r a l A c tiv ity
w hose husband ow ns the chalet. I also met
2 Erica m et Claire w hose husband ow ns the Ja ck w hose son is only three but he can
chalet. already ski. I met Jessie w ho works for a sports
3 Erica m et Ja ck w hose son is only three m agazine and Peter w h o is a famous writer
but he can already ski. from N e w York.

UNIT 7: Present Perfect Continuous

2 S A : H o w long has M ary been teaching 2 a 4 b 6 d
French?
Q . S B : S h e has been teaching French since
Q > 3 h 5 с 7 e

1990.
3 S A : H o w long have the robbers been 2 M y m um has been cooking for three
hiding in a farm house?
S B : T h e y have been hiding in a
Q . 3
hours.
T h e team s have been playing football for
farm house for a week. twenty minutes.
4 S A : H o w long has Peter been m aking 4 Th e headmaster has been speaking for two
m odel planes? hours.
S B : He has been making model planes 5 Bill has been building his house for six
since 1992. months.
5 S A : H o w long has Julie been playing the 6 I have been doing m y hom ework for three
guitar? hours.
S B : S h e has been playing the guitar for
four years.
6 S A : H o w long have the children been
w atching T V ?
S B : T h e y have been w atching T V for two
(& (S u g g e s te d a n s w e r)

2 S A : W h o is/’s your best friend?

S B : Alison.
S A : H o w long have you know n her?
hours.
S B : I've know n her for ten years.
3 S A : W hat is/'s your favourite T V
2 Has Jim been repairing program m e?
3 have been reading S B : T h e Travel Show .
4 H a s Ben been sw im m ing S A : H o w long have you been watching it?
5 has been talking S B : I have been watching it for three years.
6 have been writing 4 S A : W hat is/'s yo ur address?
7 has not been doing S B : 21. South Grove.
8 has been staying S A : H o w long have you lived/been living
9 have been working there?
10 has been learning S B : I have lived/been living there since I
w as five years old.

166
 5 S A : W hat is/’s your favourite m agazine? 2 have/’ve finished
S B : Teenclub. 3 has/’s just co m e out
S A : H o w long have yo u been reading it? 4 have given
S B : I have been reading it for two years. 5 Have you decided
6 have/’ve been reading *
2 has/'s been exercising 7 have not/haven’t decided

& 3
4
have/ve been playing
has/'s been working
8
9
have/'ve recently started
have/’ve been studying
2 have/’ve been helping 10 have/’ve visited

а 3
4
has/'s been reading
have/’ve been writing
*(“over the last few weeks" -
duration)
indicates

5 have/'ve been training

6 Have you been lifting 2 yet 7 already
7 Has she been studying 3 just 8 so far
8 has/’s been going 4 always 9 since
5 for 10 ever
2 S A : H ave people been listening to the 6 H o w long

(а radio since 1824?

S B : No. they haven't. T h e y ’ve been
2 has been
listening to the radio since 1894.
3 still have not/haven’t finished
3 S A : H a ve people been riding bicycles
4 since you last decorated
since 1771?
5 still have not/haven't called
SB : No. they haven’t. T h e y 'v e been riding
bi-cycles since 1791.
1 I have been looking for him all day. I ca n ’t
4 S A : H ave people been travelling by plane
find him.
since 1903?
2 He has been trying to fix the car all
S B : Yes. they have.
m orning.
5 S A : H ave people been printing books
3 I have bought lots of food this week.
since 1450?
4 I haven’t/have not brought any sham poo
S B : Yes, they have.
5 It has been snowing, but it’s stopped now
6 S A : H a ve p e o p le been using fridges
6 H ow long have they been cleaning the
since 1836?
house?
S B : No, they haven't. T h e y 'v e been using
7 I've known Lilian for two years.
fridges since 1856.
8 H ave you been crying? Your eyes are
7 S A : H ave people been using light bulbs
red.
since 1868?
S B : No. they haven't. T h e y 'v e been using
light bulbs since 1878.
2 d o n ’t know 9 never plays

8 S A : H ave people been storing food in tins

3 is cooking 10 is reading
4 has been cooking 11 is knitting
since 1709?
5 has been mowing 12 has been knitting
S B : No. they haven’t. The y've been storing
food in tins since 1809.
6 always works 13 hate
7 is doing 14 have been sitting
has/'s just gone 5 has/'s painted 8 has been studying
has/’s been 6 has/’s been
learning sleeping A 2 are having/going 4 phoned
have/'ve know n to have 5 asked
3 d o e sn ’t know 6 will/is going to be
2 have/'ve looked
3 have not/haven’t found В 1 writes 3 will/is going to
2 is writing write
В 1 have/’ve been learning
2 have/’ve already learned С 1 have had 4 found
1 has/’s been 2 w as 5 was
2 has/’s painted 3 escaped 6 has not/hasn’t
3 has not/hasn’t started done

167

O ral Activity
2 S A : H o w long have you been painting
pictures?
S B : I've been painting pictures since 1993.
SA : H o w m an y pictures have yo u painted
so far?
S B : I’ve painted 10 pictures.
3 S A : H o w long have yo u been taking
photos?
S B : I’ve been taking photos for nine
months.
S A : H o w m an y photos have you taken so
far?
S B : I’ve taken 300 photos.
4 S A : H o w long have yo u been clim bing
m ountains?
S B : I’ve been clim bing m ountains since
1992.
S A : H o w m an y m ountains have you
clim bed so far?
S B : I’ve clim bed 4 m ountains.
5 S A : H o w long have you been making pots?
S B : I've been m aking pots for six months.
S A : H o w m any pots have yo u m ade so
far?
S B : I’ve m ade 40 pots.
6 S A : H o w long have yo u been writing
books?
S B : I’ve been writing books since 1985.
S A : H o w m any books have you written so
far?
S B : I’ve written 4 books.
Writing A ctivity
(S u g g e s te d a n s w e r)
...painting pictures. S h e has been painting
pictures since 1993. S h e has painted ten
pictures so far. A m a n d a Price’s h o b b y is
taking photos. S h e has been taking photos for
nine m onths. S h e has taken 300 photos so far.
Darren M aso n’s h o b b y is clim bing mountains.
He has been clim bing m ountains since 1992.
H e has clim bed four m ountains so far. Jim
B ro w n ’s h o b b y is m aking pots. He has been
m aking pots for six m onths. H e has m ade forty
pots so far. Fiona C a rso n 's h o b b y is writing
books. S h e has been writing books since
1985. S h e has written four books so far.

UNIT 8: Pronouns-Both/Neither-
All/None-Possessives
2 them selves 5 yourself 2 myself 8 yourselves
3 herself 6 himself 3 himself 9 ourselves
4 himself 7 herself
(* > 4 himself 10 themselves
5 herself 11 herself

6 b 8 f 10 6 themselves 12 yourself
2 i i

<L 3 a 7 d 9 h
7 myself

Th e se are both rabbits. Both of them are

2 each other 5 yourself/ rabbits. T h e y are both rabbits.
3 each other yourselves
< z> Th e se are all coins. All of them are coins.
4 themselves T h e y are all coins.
These are all shopping bags. All of them are
2 myself 4 ourselves shopping bags. Th e y are all shopping bags.
3 herself 5 them selves Th e se are all candles. All of them are
candles. T h e y are all candles.
Th e se are both keys. Both of them are

<& 2
3
4
himself
themselves
himself
5 herself
6 themselves
keys. T h e y are both keys.
Th e se are both boys. Both of them are
boys. T h e y are both boys.

168
ь 2
3
4
Both of us
neither of us
neither of them
5 Both of them
6 both of them
2
3
4
5
hou rs’
to d a y’s
yesterday's
w ee k’s
6 year’s
7
8
five m inutes’
m o n th ’s

2 both 4 none 6 Neither

2 it’s (it is) 6 it’s (it has)
(£ > 3 all 5 both
16>
3 it’s (it has) 7 It’s (It is)
4 its 8 its
2 neither, both 5 both 5 It’s (It is)
3 none 6 all
<Й> 4 All 7 both, neither
2 Julie and H e len ’s 4 T o m and Jill’s
pencils toys
3 M ary's and 5 Paul’s shirts
2 Both Je n n y and M ark are from Ireland. D o u g ’s hats 6 S usan 's shoes
3 Neither Marie nor I like bananas./Neither I
2 > nor Marie likes bananas. 1 I, W e. our, us 5 I, I, I, you, m y, I,
4 Neither Ja n e nor her sister go e s to school 1 8 > 2 they, mine your. I, yo u, It.
a ny m ore. 3 Th e y , Th e y, my, yourself
5 Both m y m other and I enjoy skiing. them 6 them. they. you.
6 Neither L u cy nor B o b spent their holidays 4 W e, you. it, it, us, they
at hom e. it 7 you. us. I
7 Both S u sa n and Em ily w ent on holiday to 8 himself. He. him
S pain last year.
2 O ur, hers 5 their 8 her
8 Neither Fred nor Stuart has got long hair.
3 My 6 mine 9 yours
19>
4 theirs 7 Hers 10 your
• Neither businessm en nor pilots spend
m u c h time with their families. 1 Neither N ora nor Peter e n jo ye d the party.
12>
• Both businessm en and pilots earn a lot of 2
20> Th is is o u r d o g .
m oney. 3 Neither A n d y n o r Ja n e lives in Scotland.
• N either b u s in e s s m e n nor pilots have 4 T h is is F re d 's watch.
m u ch free time. 5 W e enjoyed o u rse lve s on holiday last year.
• Both businessm en and pilots m eet a lot of 6 Is this his suitcase?
people. 7 T h e s e are J o h n ’s slippers.
• Both b u s in e s sm e n and pilots m ake 8 Jim , B o b and Tim are all doctors.
im portant decisions.
• B oth b u s in e s sm e n a nd pilots have 2 liked 7 has just retired
stressful jobs. 3 lived 8 is enjoying
4 w as looking 9 works
(S u g g e s te d answ er) 5 found 10 does
Both businessm en and pilots earn a lot of 6 becam e 11 w as working
m on e y, but neither businessm en nor pilots
sp e n d m u c h time with their families or have
2 6
m u c h free time. Both businessm en and pilots 22 В З А 4 A 5 С В
meet a lot of people and m ake important
decisions. Both businessm en and pilots have
stressful jobs. O r a l Activity
(S u g g e s te d a n s w e r)
2 the top of the hill
3 the roof of the car Both the B o d y C lu b and the Fitness Centre
14> 4 the ow ner of the shop cost less than £40 a m onth. Both the B ody
5 the b o ys' caps C lu b and the Fitness Centre have aerobics
6 the m an a ge r of the hotel classes. Neither the B o d y C lu b nor the Fitness
7 the m a n ’s trousers Centre has got a large car park. Both the B ody
8 the children's toys C lu b and the Fitness Centre are near the city
9 the nam e of the street centre. Neither the B o d y C lu b nor the Fitness
10 the baby’s clothes Centre has got a sw im m ing-pool.

169
 Writing Activity
(S u g g e s te d a n s w e r)
Neither of them has got a sauna. Both of them
cost less than £40 a month and both of them
have aerobics classes. Neither the B o d y Club
nor the Fitness Centre has got a large car
park, but both of them are near the city centre.
Neither the B o d y C lu b nor the Fitness Centre
has got a sw im m ing-pool.

UNIT 9: Modal Verbs I

• You mustn't go to the office for three days. S A : T h e y c a n ’t go out in the evenings
• Y o u must take som e m edicine. now.
• Y o u must drink a lot of water. S B : W hen the children grow up. they'll be
• Y o u m ustn’t eat any ice-cream . able to g o out in the evenings.
• Y o u m ust take your temperature twice a S A : T h e y ca n ’t d o lots of sports now.
day. S B : W hen the children grow up. they'll be
• You must call m e if you have a high able to d o lots of sports.
temperature. S A : T h e y can't visit their friends often
now.
2 S A : W h y did she go to the post office S B : W hen the children grow up. they'll be
yesterday?
Q . S B : B e ca u se she had to post so m e
able to visit their friends often.
S A : T h e y can't g o to the theatre with their
letters. friends now.
3 SA: W hy did they call the babysitter S B : W hen the children g ro w up. they'll be
yesterday? able to go to the theatre with their
S B : Because they had to attend a meeting. friends.
4 S A : W h y did he call a taxi yesterday?

5
S B : Because he had to g o to the airport.
S A : W h y did she b u y a dictionary
yesterday?
S B : Because she had to translate a novel.
(& 2
3
4
5
were able to
can
C o u ld
w as able to
6 couldn't
7
8
were able to
ca n ’t

6 S A : W h y did they g o to a restaurant

yesterday? 2 could 5 w as able to
S B : Because they had to entertain som e 3 couldn't 6 could/w as able
clients. 4 w as able to to

2 w o n ’t have to 7 d id n ’t have to 2 С 4 В 6 С 8 С 10 В
3 d id n ’t have to 8 d o e s n ’t have to 3 в 5 С 7 A 9 С
4 d o n ’t have to 9 d o n ’t/won’t have
5 d o e sn ’t/won’t to
2 lack of ability 5 request
have to 10 doesn't have to
6 d o e s n ’t have to 3 asking for 6 request
permission 7 request
2 n e e d n ' t / d o n ’t 6 m ustn’t 4 suggestion
have to 7 n e e d n ’t / d o n ’t
3 mustn't have to 2 You can't sm oke here.
4 n e e d n ’t / d o n ’t
have to
8 n e e d n ’t / d o n ’ t
have to
<& 3
4
You can park here.
You can cross the road here.
5 m ustn’t 5 You can't ride a bicycle here.
6 You can have coffee here.
2 m ust not/mustn’t take pictures
3 you have to leave 1 ca n ’t (refusing permission)
4 n e e d n ’t go d i* 2 can (giving permission)
5 must not/mustn’t keep pets 3 could (ability in the past)
6 do not/don’t have to water 4 can't (lack of ability), can/could (suggestion)

170
 5 C o u ld (request)
O r a l A c tiv ity
6 can (ability), can (ability)
7 can/could (suggestion) (S ug g este d A n sw e r)
8 C an/Could (request) • Alan d o e sn ’t have to drive to work
9 C an/Could (request) because a chauffeur picks him up.
• Alan som etim es has to work overtime now.
2 must can't 6 c a n ’t • He will be able to send the children to a
3 must must better school next year.
• Mary needn’t/doesn't have to work any
1 You c a n ’t g o out until yo u finish eating. m ore because they have enough m oney
2 D ad. can I borro w the car. please? now.
3 I haven't been able to write the letter yet. • T h e y will be able to m ove to a bigger
4 H e c o u ld n ’t run long distances w hen he house next month.
w as a boy. • T h e y w on't be able to take a family
You needn’t wake up early tomorrow. It's a holiday this year because Alan has too
holiday. m uch work.
H e drives a Porsche. H e c a n ’t be poor.
Writing A c tiv ity
2 is looking 8 is going to see/
(S u g g e s te d A n sw e r)
3 has lived is seeing
4 wants 9 will like I don't have to drive to work because a
10 has already seen chauffeur picks m e up. I have to work overtime
5 has decided
sometimes, but I will be able to send the
6 has looked 11 is/was
children to a better school next year. Mary
7 didn't like
n e e d n ’t/doesn’t have to w ork any m ore
because w e have enough m oney now. W e will
be able to m ove to a bigger house next month,
but w e w on't be able to take a holiday this year
because I have too m u ch work.

JNIT 10: Infinitive - Too/Enough - The “-ing form”

2
3
4
5
T.l.
B.I.
В.1.
T.l.
6 T.l.
7
8
9
T.l.
T.l.
B.l.
10
11
12
13
T.l.
T.l.
B.l.
T.l.
14
15
16
T .l.
B.l.
T.l.
& 2
3
tell
make
4
5
to be
leave
6 to meet

2 to com e have
3 ask to make
(S s ’ o w n answ ers)
4 to help 8 know
5 to decorate
2 to post 5 wash 8 go
3 help 6 to stay 9 ask 2 d 4 b 6 e 8 g
4 to clim b 7 to open 10 take 3 a 5 h 7 с

.. want them to leave now.

.. her to eat her dinner. 2 it isn’t cheap 4 they're too heavy
.. him to visit Aunt Linda.
.. you to talk to strangers.
di 3
enough.
it’s too small.
5 it’s loud enough.
6 h e ’s too short.
.. Fiona to g o on holiday by herself.
.. them to d o their hom ew ork now.
.. yo u to g o to bed now.

171
 2 hot enough to g o to the beach.
3 too early to g o to the party.
0 . 4 tall e no ugh to touch the ceiling.
5 cheap enough (for you) to buy.
6 old e no ugh to walk to school alone
7 rich e no ugh to buy a luxury yacht.
8 is light e no ugh (for you) to lift.
3 I’m old enough to travel alone.
4 Y ou m ust get up now.
5 She suggested going to the cinema on
Friday night.
6 H e prom ised to send me a postcard.
7 It’s no use trying to change her mind.
8 S h e knocked before opening the door.
9 H e is too tired to co m e to the party.

2 10 I am too poor/not rich enough to buy a

С 4 9 6 b
1 0 » new sports car.
3 a 5 d 7 f

2 A 4 В 6 С 8 А 10 А
2 playing 7 wash is * 3 A 5 С 7 В 9 А
3 to sleep 8 learning/to learn
4 get up 9 to see
5 spending 10 to stop O r a l Activity
6 running (S ugg ested answer)
• He m akes people trust him.
2 to try 6 to go 10 to go
• H e is clever enough to disguise himself.
3 starting 7 to try 1 1 visiting
(5 > 4 riding 8 to do 1 2 returning
• H e enjoys going to bars and cafes.
• T h e police suggest looking out for him in
5 being 9 com ing
these places.
• T h e police are continuing to look for him.
1 helping, to do
• T h e police advise people to keep away
2 to get. to find, looking after, working
from him and to avoid talking to him.
3 to catch, stealing, to hear
• A n yo n e w h o sees him should contact the
4 go, ice-skating, roller-skating
police on 263419.
5 having/to have, go. to go. love, arrange
6 to marry, looking Writing Activity
7 go in g, planning, visiting, to ask, to do
(S ugg ested answer)
2 (for you) to exercise ... trust him and he is clever enough to disguise
14* 3 too late to catch himself. He enjoys going to bars and cafes, so
4 interesting e no ugh (for m e) to the police suggest looking out for him in these
places. T h e police are continuing to look for him
1 I’m to o short/not tall e n o u g h to reach and they advise people to keep away from him
the top cupboard.
■ !5 > 2 H e is fast e n o u g h to w in the race.
and to avoid talking to him. Anyone w ho sees
him should contact the police on 263419.

Revision 2 (Units 1
2 A w ashing-m achine is a m achine which 2 I, them hers

( l * 3
w ashes clothes.
Bell w as the m an w h o invented the
© ► 3
4
his
yourselves
herself
8 yours
telephone. 5 T h e y , us
4 Zebras are animals which have got stripes.
5 A vacuum cleaner is a m achine which 2 Both Sam antha and Eric g o shopping on
Saturdays.
cleans carpets.
6 Jackie K ennedy was the w om an w ho
(« > 3 Neither Brian nor Sim on plays football.
married Aristotle Onassis. 4 Both Peter and Sally are go o d dancers.
5 Neither David nor Linda knows how to
2 В 4 В 6 С 8 А drive.
3 A 5 В 7 С 6 Neither Ja n e nor I like carrots.

172
 4 Are, am , are you doing, am/'m studying
2 3 С 4 с 5 В 6 С 5 have/'ve been working
6 Have yo u ever been, went, have/'ve never
2 to have 7 making/ to make been
3 to go 8 sw im m ing 7 have you lived, have/'ve been living/have/
4 to put up 9 walking 've lived
5 to see 10 C a m p in g 8 H ave you posted, did
6 putting up 9 have/’ve just cut
10 went, W as. enjoyed

2 enough 4 tOO 6 too

3 too 5 enough 1 H e is the m an w hose daughter w on the
10 competition.
2 I want him to help m e in the garden.
2 are not/aren’t old enough to
3 Did yo u hear him shout?
3 not cheap e no ugh for him
4 W e w ent to the bakery to buy som e
4 too shocked to say
bread.
5 tall enough
5 Would you like me to do the washing-up?
6 always nice to meet
6 W hen did you meet her?
7 w as too excited to
7 H e is tired because he has been painting
the gate since this m orning.
1 haven’t seen
8 It’s not worth waiting any more.
2 Are you doing, am/l'm staying, am/'m
3 Did Steve phone, didn't phone, will/’ll
probably give

UNIT 11: Past Perfect Simple -

Past Perfect Continuous
a) After/W hen M a ry had read the
2 H a d L u cy 6 had done
packed 7 had not/hadn’t contract, she signed it.
b) Mary had read the contract before she
3 had finished repaired
signed it.
4 H a d Julie typed 8 had n ot/hadn’t
a) After/When the boys had watched the
5 had n ot/hadn’t been
match, they turned off the TV .
finished
b) T h e boys had watched the match
2 S h e had put up the decorations. before they turned off the TV.
3 S h e had baked a cake. a) After/When Peter had borrowed some
4 S h e had cleaned the house. money, he bought a car.
5 She had sent the invitations. b) Peter had b o rro w e d som e m oney
6 S h e had borrow ed som e C D s . before he bought a car.

2 a (first action: her husband had forgotten W h e n I had found a solution to my

her birthday) problem . I felt happier./l felt happier when
3 e (first action: the bank ro b b ers had I had found a solution to m y problem.
escaped) T h e boys had finished their hom ework
4 b (first action: w e had bought the tickets) before they went out to play.
5 d (first action: she had w on the prize) Th e phone rang after he had locked the
door./After he had locked the door, the
• a) After/When B o b had eaten the meal, phone rang.
he paid the bill. Sarah had w ashed the dishes by the time
b) Bob had eaten the meal before he paid her husba n d arrived./By the time her
the bill. husband arrived, Sarah had w ashed the
dishes.

175
 T h e fans left the stadium w h e n the 1 had done
concert had finished./When the concert 2 had planned
had finished, the fans left the stadium. 3 had been waiting
T h e play had already started w hen H enry
arrived at the theatre./When H e n ry arrived
at the theatre, the play had already A 2 took С 1 had
started. 3 sat 2 got up
4 left 3 had finished
5 h a d n ’t caught 4 had
• S A : H a d they locked the house before
they left?
В 1 w as D 1 went
SB : Yes. they had.
2 had forgotten 2 had
• SA: H a d they left the car at the garage
3 got 3 got
before they left?
4 was 4 realised
SB : N o. they h a d n ’t.
5 had forgotten
• S A : H a d they booked a hotel room before
6 went
they left?
S B : N o, they hadn't.
• S A : H ad they set the burglar alarm before
they left?
S B : Yes. they had.
12 > 2
3
4
had had
had eaten
had only been
6 had locked
7 had been trying/
had tried
• S A : H ad they fed the cat before they left? driving 8 had been calling/
S B : Yes. they had. 5 had left had called
• S A : H a d they p h o n e d the neighbours
before they left? 1 she 6 not
SB : N o. they h a d n ’t. 2 to 7 it
3 been 8 blouse
1 2 w as 5 did it happen 4 to 9 not/never
3 w as w atching 6 had dro pp e d 10
о . 4 broke out
5 did not

2 1 Did yo u go 4 w as sunbathing 2 В 4 В 6 A 8 A 10 В
2 went 5 started 3 A 5 В 7 С 9 A
3 Did yo u have 6 left
3 1 lost 4 realised
2 did yo u lose 5 had left O r a l Activity
3 went
Nick hadn't cooked anything.
Nick had d on e the shopping.

(Si
2 H a d you been waiting Nick hadn't m ade the beds.
3 had been looking
Nick h a d n ’t taken the rubbish out.
4 had been w atching
Nick had put the b a b y’s toys away.
5 had been sunbathing
Nick had paid the phone bill.
6 had been working
7 had been living
Writing A c tiv ity
2 had been playing (S u g g e s te d A n s w e r)
3 had been waiting
о . 4 had been working
...c o o k e d a nyth in g . He h ad done the
sh o pp in g, but he h a d n ’t m ade the beds. He
5 had been sitting
hadn't taken the rubbish out. but he had put
6 had been discussing
the b ab y's toys aw ay and he had paid the
phone bill.
1 2 had been standing
3 had escaped

174
 UNIT 12: Modal Verbs II
2 m a y not cut 6 m a y enjoy 2 must 6 w on't have to
3 m ay be 7 m a y cook 3 haven't been 7 Should
4 m ay not buy 8 m a y leave able to 8 should
5 m ay not visit 9 m a y com e 4 m ay 9 C o u ld
5 might
2 m ight 5 must 8 must
3 m ust 6 m ustn’t 2 W as ... able to
4 m ight 7 C o u ld 3 must
4 m ustn’t/shouldn’t/ought not to
Y o u sh o u ld n ’t talk all the time. 5 needn't/don’t have to
You should w ash the dishes. 6 ought to/should/have to/must, have to
Y o u should tidy yo ur room . 7 may/might/could
Y o u shouldn't eat lots of chocolate. 8 shall, could/can
Y o u shouldn't argue with your sisters. 9 can, can
Y o u should put your clothes away. 10 should/ought to
You should take the d o g for a walk. 11 May

H o w m u c h shall 5 W h en shall we 2 c a n ’t be
we 6 W hat shall w e 3 Shall w e watch
3 H o w shall we 7 W hat shall w e 4 m ust be
4 W h o shall we 8 W h ere shall w e 5 ough t to stop eating
6 m a y be in the
Will yo u take the rubbish out? 7 m ust c o m e from Spain./m ust be Spanish.
Will yo u feed the baby?
Will yo u water the plants? 2 Y o u ought to/should/m ust...
Will yo u put all the toys away? 3 Can/Could I ...
Will yo u iron the clothes? 4 C o uld/C a n you ...
5 H e may/might/could ...
2 Y o u m ustn't take ... 6 You/W e could/can ...
3 Mark may/might/could be ... 7 Could/Can/Will yo u ...
4 Shall I m ake ...
5 Y o u should/ought to/must leave
1 Shall w e visit Mary and T o n y tonight?
6 Em ily w as able to find ...
14 2 I’m not sure w here E d is. He
7 Paul c a n ’t be ...
might/may/could be at work.
8 W e have to/must take ...
3 Shall I help you w ash the dishes?
9 T h e children ca n ’t be ...
4 Y o u n e e dn ’t/don’t have to get up early
10 W e m ay/might/could g o ...
tom orrow . It’s a holiday.
Martha had a bad cold but she w a s able
2 С 5 В 8 A 11 A to do all her work at the office.
3 A 6 A 9 С 12 A Y o u should g o to the dentist if yo u have
4 С 7 С 10 В 13 В
toothache.
Can/Could/M ay I borrow yo ur pen.
2 Y o u have to/should/ought to be careful
please?
with the flowers.
8 I could clim b trees w hen I was young.
3 Y o u d o n ’t have to sign the paper now.
4 W e could g o to the cinem a tonight.
5 Y o u ought to call them now. A 2 to swim В to find
6 C o u ld I talk to yo u for a minute? (1 5 ^ 3 to go seeing

2 f 3 e 4 b 5 a 6 d

175
 Writing Activity
What to do in case of fire
• Y o u should follow yo ur teacher's
O r a l A ctivity instructions.
• Y o u sh o u ld n ’t stay behind to collect your • You should g o to a safe place.
things.
• You should follow your teacher's W hat not to d o in case of fire
instructions. • Y o u shouldn't stay behind to collect your
• Y o u sh o uld n ’t use the lift. things.
• Y o u shouldn't run d o w n the stairs. • Y o u shouldn't use the lift.
• Y o u should g o to a safe place. • Y o u shouldn't run d o w n the stairs.
• You sh o u ld n ’t panic. • Y o u shouldn't panic.

UNIT 13: The Passive

2 A lot of rice is eaten in India. с T h e plants had been watered,

a . 3
4
Snails are eaten in France.
C o c a C o la is p ro d u ce d in the U S A
d T h e carpet had been hoovered,
e T h e cat had not been fed.
5 Coffee is gro w n in Brazil. f T h e dinner had not been cooked,
6 Cricket is played in England. g T h e rubbish had been taken out.
h T h e w in d ow s had not been cleaned.
2 a 4 b 6 с 8 h
3 f 5 e 7 g
* 2 was recently asked/ 10 is being serviced
have recently 11 had already been
A W h o was the ‘M o na Lisa’ painted by?
been asked posted
В It w as painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
3 will be delivered 12 will be punished
A W h o w as the Eiffel T o w e r built by?
4 w as informed 13 w as given
В It w as built by G ustave Eiffel.
5 is being repaired 14 have just been
A W h o w as ’Jurassic Park’ directed by?
6 be typed m oved
В It w as directed by Steven Spielberg.
7 is looked after 15 has been
A W h o w as ‘C a rm e n ’ co m p o s e d by?
8 w ere painted prom oted
В It w as co m p o s e d by G e o rg e s Bizet.
9 are w ashed, are
A W h o w as Alexandria founded by?
dried
В It w as founded b y Alexander the Great.
A W h o w as A m e rica discovered by?
В It w as discovered by Christopher 2 Dinner h asn’t been m ade by the chef.
C o lu m b u s. 3 A dinosaur e g g has been found by an
A: W ho w as the telephone invented by? explorer.
B: It w as invented b y Alexander G raham 4 T h e b a b y will be looked after by Mrs
Bell. Gates.
5 H e w o n ’t be taken h o m e (b y them ) after
3 S A : H a ve they repaired the photocopier? the party.
S B : Yes. it has already been repaired. 6 T h e front door w as left open.
4 S A : H ave yo u typed last m o n th ’s reports? 7 T h e w in d o w w a s n ’t broken by Je n n y.
S B : No. they haven't been typed yet. 8 T h e co m p ute r is being used.
5 S A : H a ve yo u placed the advertisement 9 H e w as taught to drive by his brother.
in the new spaper? 10 English is spo ken by m an y people.
S B : N o. it hasn't been placed yet. 11 H e had already been told by the doctor to
6 S A : H ave you paid the bills? go on a diet/to g o on a diet by the doctor.
S B : Yes. they have already been paid. 12 A new book is being written by the author.

176
 Will the b e d ro o m be decorated by Susan I was told that they were a present. Th e y had

а 3
tom orrow ?
W as the ring found in the garden?
been ordered by a young m an. N o card had
been put in the flowers. I still don't know w ho
4 Is the picture being draw n by T o m ? they were sent by.
5 H a ve the invitations been sent b y Sim on
yet?
A fire w as started in the Courtney National Park
Had the d o o r been repaired by Paul
early yesterday m orning. A m atch and som e
before he left for work? 12>
petrol had been used to start the fire. A lot of
trees had been burnt (b y the fire) before the fire

,
W h o is the party going to be organised by?
brigade was called. A m an has been arrested
а W hat w as he stung by?
W h o w as this delicious turkey coo ked by?
(b y the police). H e is still being questioned.

W h o are these books published by?

W hat w as the soldier killed by? 2 are being planted
13 3 w as being chased
a Mary has been offered a watch by Fred, 4 has not/hasn't been cleaned

а b A w atch has been offered to M ary by

Fred.
5
6
had been eaten
must be finished
a T im is being sent an invitation by Lisa, 7 w as sent
b An invitation is being sent to Tim by Lisa, 8 should be informed
a I w as brought so m e oranges,
b S o m e o ra nges were brought to me.
2 is taken 7 needs
a I am g o in g to be lent so m e m o n e y by
is driven 8 has been invited
Sonia. 14> 3
4 goes 9 will be held/is
b S om e m oney is going to be lent to me by
5 are carried being held
Sonia.
6 buys 10 is looking forward
a I will be show n the new car by Ja ck ,
b T h e new car will be sh o w n to m e by
Ja ck . T h e dishes h a v e been w ashed.
a H e w as paid a lot of m on e y for the job. T h e letters are o p e n e d every m orning in
15. *
b A lot of m o n e y w as paid to him for the the office.
job. Y o u r h o m e w o rk m ust be finished by
M onday.
This saucepan can be used for cooking T h e w o m a n w a s seen taking the children
spaghetti. to school.
s * 3 M y h om ew ork has to be finished tonight. 5 Mike has been told about the new job.
4 Y o u r b e d ro o m m ust be tidied. 6 T h e cars w e re sto le n from the car park.
5 T h e s e clothes ough t to be put away. 7 T h e house h a s been decorated recently.
6 T h e secretary w as given so m e letters to 8 T h e centre will be visited by the King next
type by the boss/by her boss to type. month.
7 Th is cake should be eaten im mediately.
8 Peter w as sent a birthday card b y Sally. 2 A 4 С 6 В 8 В
9 T h e d o g m ust be taken for a walk. 3 A 5 A 7 С
10 T h e m ouse is not being chased by the cat.
11 Is oil p ro d u ce d in Spain?
12 W as he bitten by a d o g ?
13 A new s o n g has not been recorded by
E dw a rd .

I w as sent a b un ch of flowers. T h e y were

а delivered to m y house b y the m an from the

flower shop.

177
 O ral Activity
T h e w indow s have been replaced.
G a rd en lights are being put in.
T h e roof has been repaired.
Tre e s have been planted.
T h e sign has been put up.
T h e door is being fixed.
Writing A ctivity
(S u g g e s te d a n s w e r)
... and the w indow s have been replaced.
Garden lights have been put in and the roof
has been repaired. Trees have been planted,
the sign has been put up and the door has
been fixed. I hope yo u ’ll com e to the opening,
w hich will be soon. I’ll send you an invitation.

Best wishes.
Max

UNIT 14: Reported Speech

A 2 said 4 said 6 tell 4 She said (that) they hadn't seen To m for

<L В
3

1
told

said
5

3
told

tell
5
two weeks.
S h e says (that) she hasn’t p ho ned her
uncle since last month.
2 said 4 said
6
V / T h e student said (that) birds can fly.
С 1 said 2 said 3 said 7 S h e said (that) he w as studying for an
exam then/at that time.
2 he. his 5 he. his 8 He said (that) leaves fall from the trees in
3 they, their 6 he, m e, his, him autum n.
4 his, him 9 T h e y said (that) they had visited the circus
the previous weekend/the weekend before.
He said (that) they were working in the
10 T o n y said (that) she had dropped the vase
<sb garden.
She told us (that) they had got married six
11
on the floor.
S h e said (that) he had taken the m oney to
months before.
the bank that m orning.
He said (that) he would go shopping the
12 T h e teacher said (that) the Earth m oves
following/ next day.
round the sun.
H e said (that) he had bought a new car
the previous week/the week before. 2 She asked G e o rg e w hen he w ould call her.
T h e y said (that) they weren't doing 3 She asked if/whether I could play the piano.
anything the next/following week. 0 . 4 H e asked w ho w as there.
She told m e (that) she couldn't g o out that 5 She asked Jonathan if/whether he liked fish.
night. 6 Mother asked what I had done that day.
8 H e said (that) he had forgotten to p ay the 7 Jim asked if/whether I had gone to work
bill. the previous day/the day before.
S h e told m e (that) they had brought m e a 8 He asked h o w I had got there.
present. 9 S h e asked if/whether I had seen her blue
10 She told Peter (that) she w ould phone him jacket anywhere.
the following/next day/the d ay after. 10 He asked if/whether I w ould take him to
work the following/next day/the day after.
3, 6 , 8 and 12 do not change tense because
11 S h e asked where I had been.
they are general truths.
Q . 12 S h e asked if/whether they w ould visit us in
5 does not change because the introductory the sum m er.
verb is in the present simple.
2 Rose said (that) she had put the washing in w ho had called the fire brigade,
the washing machine. if/whether we/they had asked people to
3 H e said (that) a giraffe is bigger than a leave the building,
m ouse. if/whether anyone had been injured.

178
 5 how m any fire-fighters were there then/at (S u g g e s te d answ ers)
that time. ' 12 , 2 Sarah said to me. ‘I’m looking for a new job.'
6 if/whether a ny of the houses had been 3 Brian asked, 'W hat time does the train to
d am a ge d . Leeds leave?’
4 S h e said. 'I don't like jo gg in g.'
5 'I'll be back tom orrow ,’ he said.
2 told 4 ordered 6 H e asked, ‘ H o w m u ch did yo ur new car
3 asked 5 begged cost?'
7 'C a n yo u do the s h o p p in g for m e,
please?’ I asked Marie.
2 T h e fire-fighter told/ordered them to stand 8 Jill said to Roy, ‘Please close the window.
back.
3 T h e fire-fighter told/ordered them to bring

4
the light nearer.
Th e fire-fighter told/ordered them to pass
him an axe.
13 , (S u g g e s te d answ ers)
2
3
H e asked her w hy she had done that.
'Titanic is the best film I’ve ever seen,
5 T h e fire-fighter told/ordered them to g o to Susie said to her mother.
the other side of the plane. 4 'Put the rubbish in the bin,’ he said to
them .
5 H e asked her to answ er the telephone.
2 T h e shop assistant told the child not to
6 W e ’re g o in g to Haw aii for our
touch anything.
h o n e ym o o n ,’ Alex said.
3 T h e secretary asked m e to wait there.
7 Ben asked m e if/whether I w as going out
4 S h e suggested go in g sw im m ing.
on Saturday night.
5 T h e park keeper told them not to walk on
8 ‘I’ve never ridden a horse before,’ said
the grass.
Adam .
6 H e told them not to stay out late that
9 Mother said that w e w ould g o to the
night.
circus the following day.
7 Annie b e g g e d Barry to help her.
10 Pick up the paper from the floor,’ Mr
Carter said to them .
2 He asked Jill to get him a glass of water. 11 Please, please let m e g o to the party.
3 S h e refused to help Jim .
(2 » 4 Her m o th e r p ro m ise d to buy her 12
Julia asked her parents.
G re g suggested having a party on his
som ething nice for her birthday. birthday.
5 H e w arned us not to play near the road
because it w as dangerous.
(S u g g e s te d answ ers)
6 S h e offered to d o the shopping.
14 'C a n yo u give me your phone n um b e r,
7 S h e b e g ge d her parents not to leave her
please?’ she asked me.
alone in the dark.
‘Call m e very soon,' I said to her.
8 H e suggested go ing to the cinem a that
night.
9 His father ordered him to g o to bed at 1 He asked me where the post office was.
once/ immediately. (2 * 2
3
She suggested visiting the zoo.
Mother said, ’Y o u m ust always tell the
10 T h e y suggested w atching a video.
truth.’
4 T h e doctor told m e not to exercise a lot.
2 Alison offered to help organise the meeting.
5 M y parents offered to give m e a lift to the
& 3 Alex offered to give them copies of the
plan.
railway station.
6 O u r teacher told us that the test w as quite
4 B o b suggested doing som e research on
easy.
the subject.
7 She asked how she could contact me.
5 Nick prom ised to give them all the details
8 He said that Kate had left the previous
the following w eek.
month/ the month before.
6 Diana w arned them not to decide until
9 T h e old m an said go o d night and went to
they knew the cost.
bed.
10 Je n n y said to me. ‘I hate Maths.’

179
 16, 2

3
4
5
Have yo u done.
did
myself
enough
used to
8 w as written
9
10
11
12
w hose
Shall, will
which
used to
S A : W hat else did Tim Stevens say?
S B : He said (that) he had starred in a film called
•L'amour’.
S A : W hat else did Tim Stevens say?
S B : H e said (that) he w ould return with his
6 n e e d n ’t wife in the sum m er.
7 have been
w ashing
Writing A c tiv ity
O r a l A c tiv ity
(S u g g e s te d A n s w e r)
S A : W hat else did T im Stevens say?
...that he had already been to Venice and
S B : H e said (that) he had already been to
Venice and Florence. Florence and that he had been to France two
SA : W hat else did T im Stevens say? m onths before. H e said that he had starred in
S B : He said (that) he had been to France two a film called ‘L ’a m o u r’ and that he w ould return
months before. with his wife in the sum m er.

UNIT 15: Conditionals - Wishes

2 If you go to Rom e, you can see the 1 will/’ll make 4 will/’ll go , have
Colosseum . 2 leave, will/'ll get 5 finish, will/'ll give
1 ,
3 If yo u g o to N ew York, yo u can see the 3 w ash, will/’ll 6 look, will/’ll find
Em pire State Building. cook
4 If yo u g o to Paris, you can see the Eiffel
To w er.
3 Sarah will be disappointed unless you
5 If yo u g o to E gyp t, yo u can see the
send her a birthday card.
Pyram ids.
4 Maria w on't g o to the theatre unless Peter
6 If you g o to S yd n e y, yo u can see the
go e s with her.
S y d n e y O p e ra H ouse.
5 Unless yo u pay the electricity bill, it will be
7 If yo u g o to Venice, yo u can see som e
cut off.
gondolas.
8 If you go to Hawaii, you can see som e palm
6 If Kate doesn't c o m e hom e soon, her

trees. parents will call the police.

7 Unless the children behave themselves,
they w on't g o to the zoo .
2 a - If you are hungry, make a sandwich.
8 If m y m other d o e sn ’t offer to help me.
d > 3
4
e -
b
If yo u are bored, read a g o o d book.
If yo u are thirsty, get som ething to
I w o n ’t have time to m ake all the
preparations.
drink.
9 If you d o n ’t tidy yo ur room . I w o n ’t take
5 d - If yo u are seasick, take one of these
you to the party.
pills.
10 Unless Dennis writes soon. I will be very
upset.
2 If 4 unless 6 unless
<sb 3 If 5 unless 7 if
2 If a shop assistant was/were rude to me, I

2 does ... 7 w ork (hard),

& 3
w ould com plain to the m anager.
If I fell over and broke m y arm , I w ould go
8 W ill... give to hospital.
Q . 3
(exercise),
need 9 (hom ew ork),... 4 If I burnt m y dinner, I w ould order a pizza.
4 W ill... be won't let 5 If there w as a pow er cut in m y house. I
5 saves 10 pay w ould light som e candles.
6 rains, 11 arrives (on tim e), 6 If I caught a bad cold, I w ould stay in bed.

180
 2 S A : Shall I order a salad or a sandwich?
S B : If I were you, I'd order a salad.
3 S A : Shall I have som e coffee or som e
orange juice?
S B : If I were yo u, I'd have som e orange
juice.
4 S A : Shall I buy a d o g or a goldfish?
S B : If I were you, I'd buy a goldfish.
5 S A : Shall I go to Ja p a n or France?
S B : If I were you, I’d go to Japan.
6 S A : Shall I take up golf or baseball?
S B : If I were you. I'd take up golf.
2 had. would/could/might go
3 would/could/might buy, had
4 didn't cost, would/could buy
5 would/could/might lend, asked
6 would/could/might open, had
7 would/could/might paint, had
8 got. would/could/might go
9 was/were, w ould never work
10 would/could post, had
... he w ould have arrived in N e w York on time.
If he had arrived in N ew York on time, he
1°> w ould have attended the meeting. If he had
attended the meeting, he w ould have signed
the contract. If he had signed the contract, his
boss w ould have been pleased with him. If his
boss had been pleased with him. she w ould
have given him a prom otion.
2 had rem em bered, would/could/might have
<& 3
sent
hadn't been, could/would/might have gone
4 would/might not have broken, had been
5 would/could/might have got, hadn't taken
6 h ad done, w ouldn't/m ight not
shouted
7 w ould/could/m ight have p a sse d ,
studied
8 had closed, would/could/might not have
run away
9 w ould/could/m ight have lost,
picked
10 had saved, would/might/could have been
able
2 ... he w o u ld n ’t have fallen off (it).
3 If he h a d n ’t fallen off the ladder, he
w ouldn't have broken his leg.
4 If he hadn't broken his leg. he w o u ld n ’t
have gone to hospital.
5 If he h ad n ’t gone to hospital, he wouldn't
have met Linda (there).
6 If he h a d n ’t met Linda, they wouldn't have
fallen in love.
7 If they hadn't fallen in love, they wouldn't
have got married (six m onths later).
2 were, w ould talk
3 w on. would/could buy, w ould buy
i ’>
4 had studied, wouldn't/m ight not have
failed
5 were/was, w ould go
6 hadn't left, wouldn’t/couldn’t/might not have
escaped
7 h ad n ’t been, w o u ld n ’t have missed
8 would you go, could, could, would go
9 were/was, would report
10 had been, wouldn’t have cut
2 were/was
3 would/could/might have had
14>
4 w ould give
5 leave
6 h a d n ’t met
7 would/might/could have been
8 had
9 phones
10 would get
2 If I cut som e w ood. I will be able to/can
m ake a fire. ( 1 )
3 If I had som e food, I w o u ld n ’t be hungry
(2 )
4
5
If I sit under a tree. I won't get wet. (1)
If I get som e water from the stream. I’ll be
able to/can have a drink. ( 1 )
6 If anyone could hear me, I w ould shout for
have help. (2)/No one will be able to hear me if
I shout for help. (1)/No one w ould be able
had to hear m e if I shouted for help. (2)
7 If it w a sn ’t/weren't dark, I would/might be
able to/could find the path. ( 2 )
h ad n 't
• I wish I didn't have a sore throat.
16 • I wish I could play outside in the snow.
• I wish I didn't have to take medicine.
• I wish I didn't have to stay in bed.
• I wish I could g o to m y friend's party
tonight.
• I wish som e of m y friends were here with
me.
181
 • I wish the beach h a d n ’t been a long way 2 T h e silver was polished (b y the maid)
from the hotel. yesterday.
• I wish the hotel hadn't been dirty. 3 T h e d o g must be taken to the vet.
• I wish m y hotel room h a d n ’t been small. 4 T h e new cinem a will be ope n ed (b y the
• I wish I h a d n ’t lost m y luggage. m ayor) tom orrow (b y the m a y o r ).
• I wish m y wallet hadn't been stolen. 5 Th e fire co u ld n ’t be put out because of the
wind.
6 H a s the w ashing been done yet?
2 I wish Mrs Parker's d o g w o u ld n ’t bark all
18> day.
3 I wish Mr Fox w o u ld n ’t m o w the lawn at 5 2 A 5 A 8 A
am. 24 3 В 6 A 9 С
4 I wish Mrs Edison w o u ld n ’t leave rubbish 4 С 7 В 10 A
on the pavem ent.
5 I wish the Sm iths w o u ld n ’t have a party
every weekend. O r a l A ctivity
6 I wish Miss Brown wouldn't pick m y flowers.
H e w ishes his children w o u ld n ’t ask him
for m on e y all the time.
2 had seen 6 was/were H e wishes he had som e time for himself.
3 had done 7 h a d n ’t cost Laura wishes she d id n ’t feel lonely.
4 w ould rem em ber 8 could She wishes she went out m ore often.
5 d id n ’t have S h e w ishes she d id n ’t have difficulty
m aking friends.
2 I wish I could rem em ber the recipe. She wishes she had som e hobbies.
3 I wish I could find m y umbrella.
4 I wish I had rem em bered to lock the front
Writing A ctivity
door.
5 I wish I w a sn ’t on a diet. 1 were 4 were
6 I wish I had studied. 2 w o u ld n ’t feel 5 took up
7 I wish I had enough m on e y to g o on 3 w ould listen
holiday.
(S u g g e s te d a n s w e r)
2 wish you w ould stop
(g jl 3 were you, I w ould go Dear Miss Smithers,
4 wish you w ould Thank you for your letter asking for my
advice.
T o begin with, if I were you, I would try to
1 I wish I c o u ld go hom e now.
find w ays to change m y life. If you met some
22 2 If I were you, I w o u ld ask m y father's advice.
new people, you wouldn't feel lonely. If you
3 U nless you a sk her. she w o n ’t com e.
went out m ore often, you w ould feel m uch
4 I wish you w o u ld listen to me.
happier. If you joined a club, you w ould
5 I wish I h a d se e n the play w hen it w as on
m ake friends m ore easily. Finally, if you
at the theatre.
took up som e hobbies, yo u w ould feel a lot
6 I wish I c o u ld g o on long holidays to hot better and a lot m ore confident.
places.
I hope m y advice will help.
7 If I h a ve time, I will tidy up before I go out.

Best wishes,
Dorothy

182
 Revision 3 (Units 1 - 15)
2 В 5 В 8 A / 7 4 2 Paul asked me to open the door for him.
3 С 6 A 9 В 6 Ж 3 Anna suggested going ice-skating that
4 В 7 С 10 С weekend.
4 He asked m e what time it was.
5 Jonathan b e g g e d them not to g o without
2 must not/mustn't go out
him.
3 m a y visit us с*
о A m a n d a told m e (that) she had found a
4 m ust be
new job.
5 Shall w e go
( S a m a n th a p ro m ise d to send T im a
6 n e e d n ’t g o to work
postcard from Italy./Samantha told Tim
7 ought to look for
(that) she w ould send him a postcard
from Italy.
2 He is being taken to hospital now. 8 Mother said (that) she w ould bake a cake
3 W ho will the speech be m ade by? for the party./Mother prom ised to bake a
4 T h e flowers have been destroyed by the cake for the party.
cat. T h e fire-fighter warned/told the people not
5 ‘Ham let' w as written by Shakespeare. to g o into the house.
6 S usan w as sent a red rose./A red rose 10 Brian refused to type the report.
w as sent to Susan. 11 She asked her father to give her a lift./She
7 T h e house had been burned d o w n (b y the asked her father if he could give her a lift.
fire) by the time the fire brigade arrived.
8 W h o w as the television invented by?
2 reading 5 arguing 8 seeing
3 to help 6 to keep 9 laugh
2 had bought 7 have 4 doing 7 borrow
3 am wearing 8 h a d n ’t spent
4 could go 9 w ouldn't play 2 why 10 me
5 had 10 am 8 3 yours 11 w as able to
6 had studied 4 w as built 12 which
5 hadn't forgotten 13 see

8 A 6 w hose 14 where
2 A 4 A 6 С
7 it 15 Shall
3 С 5 В 7 A
8 has worked 16 w ho
9 is living

г 16: Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons

2 comfortable 6 lovely 2 som e beautiful round china plates
3 bright 7 tall 3 a blue Venetian crystal vase
4 fresh 8 quiet 4 an expensive gold ring
5 excellent 5 two old silver candlesticks
6 a lovely antique w oo d en radio

2 oval 5 long
3 generous 6 careful
4 thick

185
 -ly Com parative Superlative

< * > badly, quietly, carefully " , 2 m ore expensive most expensive
3 stronger strongest
i^ -ly
4 m ore difficult most difficult
im possibly, horribly, sim ply
5 m ore intelligent m ost intelligent
con son a nt + ily 6 closer closest
easily, noisily, lazily 7 m ore popular m ost popular
8 safer safest
9 m ore important m ost important
Adjective 10 louder loudest
Adjective A d ve rb
a . and A d ve rb 11 weaker weakest
12 tastier tastiest
good nicely m onthly
13 more comfortable m ost comfortable
cheap well fast
14 m ore delicious most delicious
tall sadly early
cold strongly late
w ide softly hard 2 harder hardest
pretty carefully 3 faster fastest
12>
loudly 4 m ore noisily m ost noisily
5 earlier earliest
6 more satisfactorily most satisfactorily
how where when how often

quickly
slowly
here
there
last month always
tomorrow never
13 > 2
3
4
G old is m ore expensive than silver.
C a n a d a is colder than Brazil.
Feathers are lighter than stones.
cheerfully somewhere now often
5 A car is faster than a bicycle.
anywhere last week sometimes

2 Yes. it’s the most frightening film I've ever

2 carelessly 7 politely seen.
1 4>
3 angrily 8 quickly 3 Yes, she's the most beautiful girl/woman
4 fluently 9 proudly I've ever met.
5 heavily 10 seriously 4 Yes, it's the most delicious cheesecake
6 carefully I've ever tasted.
5 Yes. it's the worst record I've ever heard.
2 good 4 angrily, bad
2 narrower/more 5 taller
< !> 3 easy 5 cheerful, go o d
1 5 > narrow 6 most beautiful
3 quickest 7 prettiest

(L 2
3
loudly
warm
6 happily
7 wonderful
4 sooner 8 tastiest

4
5
nice
sincerely
8 successful

16 , 2
3
the most carelessly of
later than

10 , 2
3
4
W e went to Spain by plane.
She ran to work quickly.
M y d o g sleeps peacefully in the garden
every afternoon.
4

8
5

7
the m ost beautifully of
the m ost clearly of
6 m ore generously, than
the hardest of
better than
5 T h e y were talking quietly in the kitchen.
6 H e played happily in his room all m orning.
7
8
9
T h e y crossed the street carefully.
I went to work by taxi yesterday.
T h e y never g o to the beach in winter.
% 2

3
4
larger than - Th e Sahara desert is larger
than the Gobi desert.
the heaviest - T h e blue whale.
the longest Th e Great Wall of China.
10 He som etim es takes his children to the 5 higher than - Mount Everest is higher
park. than Kilimanjaro.

184
 6 the smallest - Australia. 7 speak French as well as
7 faster than - T h e cheetah runs faster 8 the w arm est sweater
than the lion. 9 is as expensive as
8 lo u d e r... than - T h e blue whale m akes a 10 less h an d so m e than
louder so un d than the polar bear.
9 the tallest — Th e Petronas Twin Tow ers in 1 в 3 С 5 A 7 A
Malaysia. 23 2 A 4 В 6 С
10 better ... than - A falcon has got better
eyesight than a hum an.
T h e old bridge is being repaired at the
moment.
2 m uch 4 m uch 6 m uch T h e police had been informed about the
3 very 5 very planned robbery.
The results will b e announced early
2 longer than later than tom orrow m orning.
T h e film T h e Birds' w as directed by Alfred
3 m ore elegant the best
4 the most Hitchcock.
the most
expensive expensive
6 Y our room m ust be cleaned m ore often.

,
5 cheaper 7 Clare w as being followed while she w as
w alking hom e.
8 T h e entrance to the em bassy is guarded
2 the most 4 the biggest twenty-four hours a day.
20 uncomfortable 5 m ore enjoyable
3 the hottest 6 better
O r a l Activity
(S u g g e s te d a n s w e r)
(S u g g e s te d a n s w e rs )
S I: The Red D ragon serves the healthiest
2 T h e bicycle, the motorbike
food of all.
3 T h e bicycle
S2: Th e Regency Restaurant is more convenient
4 T h e car. the bicycle
than Roberto's Pizza.
5 T h e m otorbike, the car
S 3 : T h e R egency Restaurant is the largest of
6 T h e m otorbike, the bicycle
all.
7 T h e m otorbike, the car
S 4 : Roberto's Pizza isn't as/so expensive as
8 T h e m otorbike, the bicycle
the Red Dragon.
9 T h e m otorbike
S 5 : T h e Red D ragon is less com fortable than
10 T h e bicycle
the R e ge n cy Restaurant, etc.
11 T h e bicycle, the m otorbike
12 T h e car. the bicycle
Writing A ctivity
13 T h e car

,
14 T h e car (S u g g e s te d a n s w e r)

R oberto’s Pizza is the least expensive of all.

2 have never seen such T h e Red D ragon serves healthier food than
22 3 the m ost beautiful song Roberto's Pizza, but it is m ore expensive. Th e
4 healthier than R e g e n c y Restaurant is the m ost expensive of
5 as old as all, but also the largest. Roberto's Pizza is the
6 is new er than least com fortable of all.
 UNIT 17: Nouns - Articles
2 babies 10 roofs
2 do 7 are 12 are
3 watches 11 radios
8 needs 13 are
3 is
4 tomatoes 12 fast cars
4 were 9 are 14 are
5 chairs 13 lives
5 are 10 was 15 were
6 keys 14 parties
6 are 11 were
7 knives 15 beautiful days
8 feet 16 classes
9 tall m en 2 one 4 ones 6 ones
C i° > 3 one 5 ones 7 one

/s / myths, desks, hats, skirts, clocks, cliffs,

2 a 5 a 8 an
shirts, roofs
11 3 an 6 an 9 an
/ iz / cages, buses, churches, dresses, 4 a 7 a 10 a
foxes, boxes, roses, dishes

/z / keys, flowers, apples, dolphins, chairs, 2 Tim is a m echanic.

babies, cherries, bags, pianos, onions, 12 3 B o b is a pilot.

4 Peter is an electrician.
birds, balls, radios, songs
5 Fiona is an optician.
6 Sarah is a typist.
7 Rick is a basketball player
A 2 T-shirts В 1 lion
8 Annie is a photographer.
& 3
4
cups
glasses
2
3
giraffes
deer
5 candlesticks 4 rhinos som e, a 3 A, som e 5 som e
5 m onkeys 13 > an 4 som e 6 some, an

2 two tomatoes 4 two radishes

T h e /0е/ T h e /del
3 one onion 5 one cucum ber 14
box octopus
b oy artist
2 С 5 С 8 С 11 С table umbrella

& 3
4
U
С
6 и
7 U
9
10
U
С
12 U ship
helicopter
antenna
e gg
spoon ant
2 а 6 an 10 som e carpet object

<& 3
4
som e
som e
7
8 a
an 11
12
som e
som e 2 — 5 — 8 the
5 som e 9 som e 1 5> 3 the 6 the
4 — 7 T h e . the
2 loaves/slices/pieces of bread

a 3
4
cups/packets of tea
bars of soap
2
3
the/a
a
6 a
7 the
10
11
the
the
5 pieces/slices of pie 4 8 the 12 the
a
6 kilos/slices/pieces of meat 5 a 9 the
7 packets/cups/spoons of sugar
8 glasses/bottles/cups/bowls/jars of water
2 the 6 the 10 the
17 3 a 7 a 11 a
2 cans 4 jar 6 bottle 4 a 8 the 12 the
3 packet 5 tins 5 the 9 the 13 a

186
 2 Melanie 8 cat 4 It c a n ’t be a violin. It m ust be a guitar.
18 3 E u ro p e 9 the violin 5 It can't be a table. It m ust be a chair.
4 President Clinton 10 Sw im m in g 6 It can't be a T V . It m ust be a com puter.
5 hom e 11 the C o lo sse u m
6 the M ayor 12 the Bridgeford
O r a l A c tiv ity
7 the afternoon
2 Sim on found
3 Sim on found
1 W e g o to bed at 9 o ’clock every night.
4 Sim on found
2 C a n yo u give m e so m e advice, please?
5 Sim on found
3 T h e s e trousers are very expensive.
6 Sim on found
4 T h e police are here.
7 Sim on found
5 Jo n a th a n w ent to Brazil on holiday last
8 Sim on found
year.
6 Th e re are a lot of she ep in that field.
7 Th e news about the accident was shocking. Writing A c tiv ity
8 M y car is the red one w hich is parked (S u g g e s te d answ er)
outside.
9 Aunt Lucy gave m e a pair of gloves for my ...I found som e old books and the hourglass
birthday. w hich D ad used to have in his study. I also
10 T h e y play golf o n ce a week. found a m ask and the green radio that M um
had in the living-room . I found som e old
2 В 4 С 6 С 8 А coins and the old typewriter w hich used to
3 В 5 В 7 С 9 В belong to G ra n d pa . It w as very interesting
looking at everything again.

2 It c a n ’t be a star. It m ust be a starfish. Love,

3 It c a n ’t be a coat-hanger. It must be an S im o n
umbrella.

UNIT 18: S o m e /A n y/N o - A lot o f/M u c h /

Many - (A) little /(A ) few
S A : Is there any traffic in the picture? с В 8 A
S B : N o, there isn't. d i с С 9 С
S A : A re there a ny children in the picture? A A 10 С
S B : N o. there a re n ’t.
S A : Is there a ny sn o w in the picture?

ax
2 anything 5 Anyw here
S B : Yes, there is.
3 any 6 Anyone/Anybody
S A : Are there a ny trees in the picture?
4 any
S B : Yes, there are.
S A : Is there a ny ice in the picture?
S B : Yes. there is. 2 everything 5 everywhere
S A : Are there a ny houses in the picture? 3 everyw here 6 every
S B : Yes, there are. 4 everyone/

ax
S A : Is there a ny fog in the picture? eve ryb o dy
S B : No, there isn’t.

2 so m e 4 som e 6 som e 2 lives 4 is 6 smells/is

3 any 5 no 7 som e 3 know s 5 feels/is

187
 2 anyone/anybody 6 Som eone/ 1 C o u ld you lend m e so m e m oney, please?

(zb 3 everywhere Som ebody

anything
15* 2
3
H o w m u c h time have we got left?
Th e re aren't m a n y chocolates in the box.
4 anywhere 7
5 som ething 4 I d o n ’t know a n yth in g about chemistry.
5 I'm looking for so m eth in g in the cupboard.
2 H o w m uch 5 H o w m any 6 I want to go s o m e w h e re nice and quiet
3 H o w m any 6 H o w m any for m y holidays.
4 H o w m uch 7 H o w m uch 7 I d o n ’t need a n y help with m y hom ework.
8 You can have a nyth in g you want. Just ask
2 m any 5 m any 8 a lot of for it.
3 m uch 6 a lot of 9 m any 9 Did you catch a n y fish in the river?
Q . 4 a lot of 7 m uch 10 m uch 10 E ve ryb o d y k n o w s that the Earth is round.

2 m uch 5 a lot 8 m uch 2 В 4 A 6 В 8 С

(« * 3 m any 6 m uch 9 a lot ie > 3 С 5 A 7 В
4 m any 7 a lot 10 m uch
O r a l Activity
2 too m any 5 T o o m any
S A : W e m ust take som e cam era film.
a 3
4
too m uch
too m any
6 too m uch
7 too m uch
S B : W e m ust take som e sweatshirts.
S A : W e must take som e insect repellent.
S B : W e must take som e sunscreen.
a little honey, a few cars, a little ice-cream , a S A : W e must take som e matches.
<2> little milk, a few w om en, a few sheep, a little S B : W e needn't take any boots.
water, a few cup s, a little flour, a few forks, a
few babies, a little apple juice, a little pepper, Writing Activity
a few dolls, a little m arm alade, a few dresses
(S u g g e s te d A n s w e r)

2 a few 6 few 10 a little, a ...string but you needn't take any tools.
3 a little 7 a few few Y o u m ust also take som e cam era film and
13>
4 few 8 little som e sweatshirts, but you needn't take any
5 little 9 little boots. You must take som e sunscreen and
som e insect repellent, and you must take
2 too much 7 anywhere,
som e matches, too.
Si 3
4
any
som e
somewhere
8 everyone,
If you need any m ore help, just ask me.
H ave a g o o d time!
5 everyone n ob o d y, Osome
Best wishes.
6 m any, very few 9 any
Andrew

UNIT 19: Questions

2 C a n he swim, too?
T: Are T: C an T: Do
(L 3
4
D oes Sharon like playing tennis, too?
Did Mike read a book last week, too?
5 Has A nne bought a new car. too?
2 Don't you know what the capital of Italy is?
6 Are you w earing a red dress, too?

2 Does 4 Can 6 Did

( 5 * 3
4
Don't you find him handsom e?
Haven't you ever sw um in the sea?
3 Have 5 Have 5 C a n ’t yo u keep quiet while I’m on the
phone?
2 Will you finish this tomorrow? 6 Didn’t they know that the meeting was

<S> 3
4
Did you rem em ber to b uy som e eggs?
Has G e o rg e m oved house yet? 7
cancelled?
Haven’t you paid the bill yet?
5 C a n you help m e clean the kitchen? 8 Aren't you taking the children with you?

188
 1 W hich 4 W hat, W hich 9 W h o went on holiday with Jo a n n e ?
2 W hich 5 W hat, W hich 10 W hat are they building?
е >
3 W hat. W hich 11 W h o does Helen like?
12 W h o lives with Bill?

<L 2
3
4
W hat
W hat
How
5

7
How
6 W hat
What
8 How

15
2 W h o is Linda talking to?
3
4
W hat is he looking at?
W h o did S an d ra b uy a present for?
2 long 5 m uch 8 often 5 W here d oes Paul co m e from?
3 often 6 far 9 long 6 W h o did the children g o to the park with?
(* , 4 m any 7 m an y 7 W h o did she borrow this dress from?
8 W hat is Tim looking for?
1 В 4 W ho В

& 2
3
W h ich С
W hich С
5 H o w m an y В
16
1 haven’t you, w o n ’t you
2 h a sn ’t he. d o you, have you
3 didn't he. aren’t they
2 W hat time/When 8 H o w often
10 3 W h ose 9 H o w m uch 2 isn’t she 9 are w e
4 H o w m any 10 H o w long 17 3 haven't we 10 can't he
5 W hy 11 W here 4 does he 11 is it
6 W hich 12 W ho 5 have they 12 d id n ’t she
7 W hat 6 doesn't he 13 aren’t I
7 is she 14 did you
2 W here 6 H o w m uch 8 aren’t they
3 H o w long 7 How
а . 4 W h en 8 W hy 2 hasn’t she. she 7 d o n ’t you. I d o n ’t
5 H o w m an y
has 8 isn’t he. he isn’t
3 isn’t he, he is 9 d o e s n ’t she. she
2 H o w often does Ja n e b uy new clothes? 4 d oes he, he does
12 3 W h o s e desk is this?/Whose is this desk? doesn't 10 isn’t it, it isn't
4 Are yo u go in g to his party? 5 d o n ’t they, they 11 d o n ’t yo u, w e do
5 H o w far is it from yo ur house to the do 12 doesn't she, she
cinem a? 6 haven't you. I does
6 W h en did yo u start work? have
7 W hat time/When d o yo u g o to bed?
8 W h y did yo u close the door?
9 Did yo u g o sh o p p in g yesterday? 2 doe sn 't she / 7 d id n ’t he /
10 H o w m u ch did yo ur sunglasses cost? 3 did he / 8 haven't they ч
11 H o w m a n y people w ere invited to H e len ’s 4 are w e / 9 isn’t s h e /
w e d d in g ? 5 d o e s n ’t he V 10 w o n ’t h e x
12 W here does Jo na th an work?
6 isn’t she v

2 A 4 A 6 A
Did she return from her trip to Paris?/Has
(щ . 3 В 5 A
she returned from her trip to Paris?
2 0 . 2 W h ic h one d o yo u like best?
W h o did Paul meet? 3 W ho phoned last night?/Who did yo u
14 W h o is Ja m e s seeing tom orrow ? (N B : phone last night?
w hen see is used in continuous tenses it 4 Did th e y not enjoy their journey?
m eans ‘visit’.) 5 Y o u never drive at night, d o you?
W h o has found a new job? 6 Let’s go sh o p p in g, shall we?
W hat is M u m doing? 7 Th e re are lots of flowers, aren’t there?
W h o p h o n e d Richard? 8 D o e s he kn o w the answer?
W hat is she reading? 9 W h e re are yo u going?
W h o did they w elcom e? 10 W h o do you live w ith?

189 *
 He asked m e if I could give him directions 4 S A : W h o w as the British Prime Minister?
to the post office. / He asked m e to give him S B : T h e British Prim e Minister w as Sir
directions to the post office. W inston Churchill.
T h e b oy said (that) he w as going to the 5 S A : W here did m ost of the battles take
park that day. place?
Father told me (that) he w ould tidy the S B : Most of the battles took place in
garden the following/next day/the day after. Europe.
Jo h n asked m e to turn off the light. 6 S A : H o w m an y people were killed?
S B : M ore than forty million people were
2 A 5 С 8 С killed.
3 С 6 A 9 В 7 S A : H o w did it end?
4 В 7 A 10 A S B : T h e A m e rica n s d ro p p e d atom ic
b o m b s on Hiroshim a and Nagasaki.

O r a l A c tiv ity
Writing Activity
2 S A : H o w long did it last?
S B : It lasted six years. (S u g g e s te d answer)
3 S A : W hich countries were involved?
W here did yo u fight?
S B : G erm any, Italy, France, Great Britain,
W hat w as it like?
the U S A , the Soviet Union, Ja p a n and
H o w long did you fight for?
China were involved.
W here were you w hen it ended?
W ere yo u injured?

UNIT 20: Prepositions - Linking Words

ax (S u g g e s te d answ ers)
2
3
4
5
at (I like going sh o pp in g with m y friends.)
at (I usually stay at hom e.)
on (I usually g o out with m y friends.)
on (I w ear very w arm clothes.)
3

5
S A : W h en w as the Acropolis built?
S B : It w as built in the 5th century B C .
S A : W hen w as the M ona Lisa painted?
S B : It w as painted in the 16th century.
S A : W h en w as the telephone invented?
S B : It w as invented in 1876.
6 at (I am having an English lesson at the
m om ent.)
6 S A : W hen w as Mozart born?
S B : H e w as born on Ja n u a ry 27th, 1756.
7 at (I usually g o to bed at 10 o ’clock at
7 S A : W hen did Marilyn M onroe die?
night.)
S B : S h e died on August 5th, 1962.
8 in (N o , I d id n ’t.)
8 S A : W h en did Neil Arm strong land on the
9 at (Yes. I usually do.)
m oon?
10 on (I usually visit m y family.)
S B : H e landed on the m oon on Ju ly 20th.
2 on 5 at 8 On 1969.
3 in 6 at 9 in
4 in 7 at 10 On
2 under 7 opposite 12 between
3 in 8 in 13 on
2 At 4 in 6 on 8 at 4 at 9 beside 14 at
3 on 5 on 7 on 9 on 5 on 10 near 15 in
6 in 11 in

2 С 4 В 6 A 8 В
3 В 5 В 7 В 2 on 6 in
3 in 7 next to/behind
4 at 8 behind/next to
2 S A : W hen w as Gandhi first put in prison?
5 On 9 on
S B : H e w as first put in prison on March
10th, 1922.

190
 2 next to/beside/ 6 on 5 if I d o n ’t have/haven't got
near 7 in 6 had set
(8> 3 On 8 in, in
4 under 9 In 3 I w as hungry, so I m ade a sandwich.
5 between 10 Between ie > 4 I had a party because it was m y birthday.
5 I feel tired today because I went to bed
2 in front of 6 near late last night.
3 O pposite 7 behind 6 M y clothes were dirty, so I w ashed them.
<• > 4 under 8 on 7 T h e food was burnt because she forgot to
5 between turn off the oven.
8 W e were bored, so w e went for a walk.
2 В 4 A 6 С 9 Je n n y w as late, so the boss was angry.
Й * 3 С 5 A 7 С 10 Frank w ent to the hairdresser’s because
his hair w as too long.

2 through 6 dow n 2 w as reading m ade

<а. 3
4
over
from ... to
7
8
out of/into
up
a 3 had cleaned see

5 round 2 although/even though

3 In spite of/Despite
2 dow n 5 on 8 Near 4 in spite of/despite
12* 3 along 6 near 9 on 5 although/even though
4 behind 7 out of 6 in spite of/despite
7 In spite of/Despite
1 T h e car is going a lo n g the street. 8 Although/Even though
13* 2 U ncle Jim fell d o w n the stairs yesterday
3 I live at 14. South G rove. 2 ... is old. it’s in g o o d condition.
4 T h e Eiffel T o w e r is in Paris.
5 Let’s have a party next Saturday.
1?> 3 ... that it w as snow ing, w e went out for a
walk.
4 ... S andra is short.
2 A 5 A 8 В 5 ... w as a hot day. he w ore a w arm coat.

К * 3 В 6 В 9 A 6 ... busy, he h elp ed me with my

4 A 7 С 10 A hom ew ork.
7 ... over, she d id n ’t hurt herself.
2 were you, I w ould
15> 3 wishes she had gone 2 a 3 e 4 b 5 d
4
'2 0 >
wish you w ould tidy

Revision 4 (Units 1
2 A 5 В 8 С You mustn't use
3 С 6 A 9 A Kelly may/might/could be
4 В 7 A 10 С
Q . Shall I call
Y o u ought to/should go
1 must, m ustn’t 6 Richard w as able to buy
2 m ustn’t, must 7 Alex can't be
3 Must, n e e d n ’t, must 8 Eric may/might have
4 must. m ust, needn’t, must 9 Y o u n e e d n ’t/don’t have to do
5 Must, n e e d n ’t 10 H e m ust be

191
 2 that/which/- 5 w hen 7 H o w d o they co m e hom e?

0 3
4
w ho
that/which/-
6 w hose
7 w hy
8 W h y does Peter adm ire Doris?

2 С 5 С 8 С
2
0 . 3
S am w as attacked on Saturday night.
T h e bed s are m ade every m orning (b y the (L 3
4
A
A
6
7
В
С
9
10
С
A
m aid).
4 T h e letter will be written next week. 2 The 7 a. the. 11 the
5 T h e project had been finished (by G a ry). 12
10> 3 a, the an a
6 T h e birthday cake is being baked by 4 the 8 An. the 13 an
Catherine. 5 an 9 Th e , a, a 14 the
7 W ere the police informed by Alison? 6 The a. the
10
8 T h e burglars were being w atched by the
police.
2 the b ig g e s t... in 7 the yo u n g e st... in
T h e dishes have to be w ashed before we
g o out. & 3
4
the sw e e te st... of
taller than
8 richer than
9 the most
10 Your hom ework must be completed tonight.
5 m o re g e n e ro u s delicious of
11 The ir house m ay be painted this sum m er.
than 10 the fu n n ie st... in
12 Th re e languages are taught at that school.
6 better than
13 T h e car w as being driven by Tara.
14 W h o w as that p o e m written by? 2 the smallest of 7 the noisiest of
15 The kitchen w as being tidied by
Jefferson.
Mrs
' 12> 3 the biggest of 8 m ore, than
4 m ore, than 9 fewer, than
16 A n d re w is g o in g to be offered a better 10 better, than
5 m ore, than
post b y the boss. / A better post is going 6 the quietest of
to be offered to A n d re w b y the boss.
1 som ewhere 5 som e
2 leave 6 had paid 2 anyw here 6 nobody
3 w ould not/ 7 did not/ 3 anyone 7 som ething
• * >
w ouldn't buy didn't have to 4 everyone 8 anything
4 w ould stop 8 w ould not/
5 had been w ouldn't make 1 any 7 som ew here
2 no 8 Nothing
2 Mother asked T o m m y w hy he w as crying. 3 anything 9 Anyone
3 T h e w o m a n b e g g e d the rich m an to lend 4 som e, any 10 N o one
<?> her so m e m oney. 5 everyone 11 everywhere
Mr Sm ith told the children not to knock on 6 every 12 N ow here
the d o o r so loudly.
T h e teacher told the students that coffee
is gro w n in Brazil.
Rick asked m e if I could go at four instead
15 > 1
2
3
to be
to buy
writing/to write
5
6
7
go
doing
to see
of five the following afternoon. 4 cycling 8 working
T h e m an told the policem en that he had
never seen the w o m a n before.
1 Neither Jo h n nor Sally likes swimming.
8 G ra n d p a told/promised Alex that h e ’d buy 1 6 , 2 I don't want a nyth in g to eat at the
him a new toy train for his birthday.
m om ent.
9 I asked what time Paul w as com ing.
3 Y ou m u s tn ’t run across the road. It’s
10 T h e boss told m e to call him as soon as I
dangerous.
heard about the results.
4 H ave yo u e ve r been to Italy?
2 W here does she live? 5 1 c o u ld ru n very fast w hen 1 w as young,
but 1 ca n ’t now.
■ з> 3
4
H o w old is she?
W hat are her favourite hobbies? 6 T o m w as the man w h o helped m e paint
5 H o w often d oes she g o sw im m ing? m y house.
6 W hat d o Doris and Peter d o every 7 S an d ra visited the zo o with her friends
Saturday m orning? yesterday.

192

G ra m m a rw a y 2 is the second book
in a four-level g ra m m a r series in
full colour. Designed for learners
at post-elem entary level, the book
practises and revises English
gram m a r structures systematically
and can be used to supplem ent
any main course at
post-elem entary level.
Express Publishing
ISB N L -А чахь» - Jb U - 3
with answers
Key Features
• clear, sim ple presentation of g ra m m a r structures through
functional exam ples and attractive photo graphs and
illustrations
• com prehen sive theory boxes
• a variety of exercises with sp a ce for filling in answ ers
• exercises d esign e d to help the learner use correct
appropriate patterns in e veryda y situations
• colourful photo gra p hs and illustrations
• error correction exercises
• oral and writing activities at the end of each unit involving
structures presented
• revision units
• full key to the exercises in the S tu d e nt’s Book
Components
• G ram m anw ay 2 S tu d e n t’s B o ok with answ ers
• G ra m m a rw a y 2 S tu de n t’s B o ok without answ ers
• G ra m m a rw a y 2 T e a c h e r’s Book
• G ra m m a rw a y 2 Picture Flashcards