Aquifer Modelling 2019

Novandri Kusuma Wardana_Hydrogeology of Mining Operation_28 – 29 Januari 2019
Hydrogeology
CONSEPTUAL & NUMERICAL MODEL

IN HYDROGEOLOGY
Novandri Kusuma Wardana, ST., S.Si., M.T.

Member of International Society for Rock Mechanics & Rock Engineering (ISRM)
Direktur PT. Geomine Roclab’s Studio
Senior Geotechnical PT. Kaltim Prima Coal
HYDROGEOLOGI MODELLING
Pelatihan Hidrogeologi Tambang – 28 – 29 Januari 2019

Pemodelan Lapisan
(Pemodelan Parameter Hidraulik)
1. Layer Based  LPF (Later Package File)

commonly used
2. Grid Cell Base (Modified)

Physical Model
(Layer Based)
 Pembagian Unit Hidrostratigrafi

 Setiap unit lapisan hidrostratigrafi diterjemahkan sebagai
“layer”
 Setiap layer relatif homogen (K, S, θ dan parameter lainnya)
 Lapisan bisa datar, miring ataupun membentuk antiklinorium
 Korelasi bisa manual oleh hydrogeologist atau dengan
software  pembentukkan kontur struktur “layer”
Physical Model
(Layer Based)
 Mudah jika pembagian unit hidrostratigrafi sudah dilakukan

 Nilai parameter akuifer sedikit e.g. 1 nilai parameter hidraulik
untuk 1 layer
 Sering dilakukan untuk model di daerah sedimen
 Jumlah grid cell relatif sedikit
 Waktu simulasi relatif lebih cepat
Physical Model
(Database)
Hole ID ID X Y Z Bottom 1 Bottom 2 Bottom 3 Bottom 4 Bottom 5 Bottom n

Novandri Kusuma Wardana_Hydrogeology of Mining Operation_28 – 29 Januari 2019 1. Profil input
2. Model blok Hidrogeologi daerah
1
penelitian
3. Penampang yang menunjukkan
lapisan – lapisan akifer.
2 3
Data (Physical Model)
 Topografi  Log Bor

X, Y, Z (ASCII file) atau ID, X, Y, Z (ASCII) atau (.DXF)
(.DXF) 3D polyline 3D polyline
 Hydrologic Features (River,  Hydrogeological

Lake, Sea, Pond, Stream) in Parameter (K, S, θ,)
dxf dalam 3 D data
(X, Y, Z, K, S, θ) atau (ID,
Layer, K, S, θ)
Physical Model
(Grid Cell Based)
 Pembagian Unit Hidrostratigrafi tidak terlalu perlu

 Setiap unit cells diterjemahkan sebagai “grid” dan memiliki
value
 Setiap grid relatif heterogen (K, S, θ dan parameter lainnya)
 Tiap Grid akan memiliki nilai yang akan membentuk pola
hidrostratigrafi, tergantung (model struktur, lapisan)
 Adjustment dan interpolasi oleh hydrogeologist atau dengan
model geostatistic
Physical Model
(Grid Cell Based)
 Data uji nilai K (lapangan atau laboratorium) banyak

 Nilai parameter akuifer banyak
 Sering dilakukan untuk model di daerah bijih, media rekahan dan
media dengan struktur kompleks
 Jumlah grid cell relatif banyak
 Waktu simulasi relatif lebih lama
Permeability in Fractured Rocks
Permeability (𝑘) is a measure of the ability of a

geology material (often, a rock or unconsolidated
material) to allow fluids to pass through it.
In hydrogeology Hydraulic conductivity (K)
μ
K= 𝑘
ρ𝑔
In this course permeability is hydraulic
conductivity
Basic Conceptualizations
Most commonly assumed
Most commonly true

Describing an Aquifer
Flow Through A Porous Media Aquifer

Recharge Isotropic & Homogeneous Discharge
Flow Through A Karst Aquifer
Recharge Heterogeneous - Anisotropic Discharge
Types of Models
Types of Models
 Dual ‘porosity’
 Secondary porosity as ‘main actor’
 Rock defects/Fracture/gouge
 Connectivity?
 Heterogeneity
 Isotropy / anisotropy
 K value from field/lab. test?

Dual Porosity
-100 m
-110 m
Depth
-100 m
 Connectivity K105 : high

 Heterogeneity
Connected -110 m Depth
K115 : low
Not Connected
-120 m
West
Anisotropy
East

-100 m
Laboratory
test from
core
-110 m
K is very low  impermeable
NOT RELIABLE High K value (rock mass)

Pumping Test
Result
 Transmisivity (Permeability)
 Storativity
 Radius of Influence
Limitation and Problem

 Need construction, observation well (obs. well),
 Sometimes obs. well not at ‘right’ position
Observation
well 1
No drawdown
25 m
5 meter drawdown
100 m
Pumping well Observation
well 2
Packer Test
Result
 Transmisivity (Permeability)
 Type of rock defects (filled, blocked, open)
 Packer test
 Can be test at an interval depth
 No need well construction, nor obs. well
 Suitable in fracture rocks
Packer Test
-100 m
Water enter rock

formation ‘’easily” K105
K >>>
-110 m
K115
-120 m
-100 m
Packer Test
K105
Very limited -110 m

number of water
can enter the
rock formation
K <<< K115
-120 m
Limited number of Field Hydrogeological Test

In fractured and heterogenic rock, laboratory test is
not reliable
Another approach:
 In a rock mass flow can be more like a porous
medium (Long et al 1982)

 Based on structure observation K can be
approached by
e.g.
1) ODA method (1985, 1996) and
2)HC-System (2010)
ODA Method
Permeability in Fractured
ODA-method
Rocks
Upscaling approach for fractured medium

Permeability tensor depend on geometrical
properties of fractures
 Aperture area (a)
 size (length) / persistence (l)
 orientation (Ɵ)
l
a
If a fractured rock is treated as a homogeneous, anisotropic
porous medium, the permeability tensor, obeying Darcy's
law, can be formulated as (Bear, 1972)
If a fractured rock mass is assumed to have an

impermeable matrix and groundwater is assumed to only
flow through fractures, the apparent flow velocity can be
defined as
Joint apperture Field Hydraulic

Gradient
in Geometry and
size of cracks
(fractures)
The permeability tensor ki,j is concisely

expressed by a symmetric, second-rank tensor
P, (called the crack tensor) which depends
only on the geometrical properties of related
cracks (crack shape, aperture, size and
orientation)
ODA-method
Can be used at
A specific area of opening/face/blocks
Problems and limitations

Not easy to measure (from borehole)
 Aperture area (a)
 size (length) / persistence (l)
 orientation (Ɵ)
HC-System Method
HC – System
Empirical approaches
 Rock Quality Designation (RQD)
 Depth Index (DI)
 Gouge Content Designation (GCD)
 Lithology Permeability Index (LPI)

HC-System
RQD (Rock Quality Designation)
From geotechnical log
‘idea’ : low RQD (poor rock)more permeable
(High K)
Note:
100 % RQD impermeable?
0 100 cm
0 10 cm
Above-left: open and unfilled joint/

crack; upper-right: highly crushed
samples from SOP-80D bore bole;
bellow: joints orientation which
follow the bedding plane orientation.
Core photograph shows fractured of

Carbonaceous Shale
HC-System
Depth Index (DI)

‘Idea’ :
Many researchers (for example Lee & Farmer, 1993;
Singhal & Gupta, 1999) pointed out that rock mass 0
permeability may decrease systematically with depth.
DI =…?
LT is the total length of a borehole
Lc is a depth which is located at the middle of a double
200 m
packer test interval in the borehole
0 < DI < 1 220 m
The greater DI, the higher permeability 300 m

HC-System
Gouge Content Designation (GCD)
the permeability of clay-rich gouges has extremely

low values (Singhal & Gupta,1999).
 ‘Idea’: If the fractures contain infillings such as
gouges, permeability of the fractures will reduce.
Rs value is defined as the cumulative length of core

pieces longer than 100 mm in a run
Rs the total length of the core run The greater GCD will
reduce the permeability of
RG is the total length of gouge content the core run.
HC-System
Lithology Permeability Index (LPI)
Lithology is the individual character of a rock in terms

of mineral composition, grain size, texture, color, and
so forth.
HC-System
Lithology Permeability Index (LPI)
Hydraulic Conductivity (m/sec)
HC value
Rock mass permeability system
EXAMPLE OF
3D-Permeability Modeling
 3D-spatial distribution of permeability in a
block modeling
 Combination K value (primary variable)
and RQD value as (secondary)
 Replace previous layer (stratigraphical
modeling) to grid based model
Field work
Groundwater modeling
Conceptual model
Next Step in Modeling

 Permeability value in each cell / zone
 Interpolation method
 Isotropy or anisotropy is assigned by honor geological structure
 Grid cell based modeling (block model)  “discretization”
 Discretization
Novandri Kusuma Wardana_Hydrogeology of Mining Operation_28 – 29 Januari 2019 Bor ID X (m) Y (m) Depth (m) k (m/s) log k
GW-01 24300
24300
-1200
-1200
6.4
12.5
1.14× 10-5
5.08× 10-6
-4.943
-5.294
Contoh Grid Cell Based Data
24300 -1200 20.6 2.77× 10-4 -3.557
24300 -1200 28.0 1.81× 10-5 -4.742
24300 -1200 33.1 5.47× 10-4 -3.262
24300 -1200 35.6 1.82× 10-5 -4.739
GW-02 37.2 2.89× 10-4 -3.539
GW-03 23000 1000 3.3 1.50× 10-5 -4.822
23000 1000 6.5 1.85× 10-5 -4.732
23000 1000 7.7 8.22× 10-5 -4.085
GW-04 23800 0 12.4 2.89× 10-5 -4.538
23800
23800
23800
0
0
0
18.1
24.4
36.4
3.39× 10-4
7.29× 10-5
1.25× 10-4
-3.469
-4.137
-3.903
GW-05
23800
25000
0
-1100
39.4
6
4.78× 10-4
2.08× 10-5
-3.320
-4.681 Grid Cell Based
25000 -1100 11.1 3.24× 10-5 -4.489
25000 -1100 21.2 7.41× 10-5 -4.130
25000 -1100 23.2 1.85× 10-5 -4.732
25000 -1100 29.1 1.50× 10-6 -5.822
25000 -1100 47.1 2.08× 10-5 -4.681
GW-06 22500 -2300 6.5 1.10× 10-4 -3.957
22500 -2300 16.7 2.55× 10-5 -4.593
22500 -2300 21.5 3.88× 10-5 -4.411
22500 -2300 26 6.74× 10-5 -4.171
22500 -2300 30.5 2.35× 10-5 -4.628
22500 -2300 35.9 1.04× 10-4 -3.981
22500 -2300 39.5 5.65× 10-6 -5.247
CGW-07 23200 -2000 3.5 3.44× 10-5 -4.464
23200 -2000 12.5 7.13× 10-4 -3.147
23200 -2000 32.9 1.27× 10-4 -3.895
23200 -2000 40.3 2.69× 10-4 -3.570
CGW-08 22700 -1300 6.2 3.89× 10-5 -4.409
22700 -1300 13.4 2.67× 10-6 -5.573
22700 -1300 14 9.98× 10-5 -4.000
Statistical summary of log transformed k value
Number of data 95 Minimum value -5.57
Mean -4.40 First quartile -4.74
Standard deviation 0.68 Median -4.46
Coefficient of variation -0.15 Third quartile -3.40
Skewness -0.20 Maximum value -3.15

Grid Cell Based
Co Located Co Kriging (CK)

Grid kecil adalah RQD di batuan point/grid (size = 10 x 10)
n1 n2
zˆ1 (x 0 )   λ1i z1 (x1i )   λ2i z 2 (x 2 j )

i 1 j 1
Grid besar (merah) n1 n2
adalah data  1i  1,  i 1
2i  0,
parameter hidraulik i 1
Size = 125 x 125
1 1 N (h)
c)  (|h|) γ12 (h)  ( z(1 x i  h )  z(1 x i ))( z 2( x i  h )  z 2( x i ))
2 N (h) i 1
450
400
350
300
250
200
 3h  h 3 
150
γˆ(h ) sph  C 0  C1   3  for 0  h  a
100  2a  2a 

50 
0
 C 0  C1 for h  a
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
|h|
(K)
3D Spatial
s hidraulik
Distribution
Konduktivita
Contoh Grid Cell Based
10 x 10 x 10 meter
Grid Grid Total Block

Model Dimension Distance
Size Sum Grid
Easting Min 403500
2000 10 200
(column) Max 405500
Northing Min 306000
2000 10 200 3,200,000
(row) Max 308000
Min 400
Elevation 800 10 80
Max 1200
Contoh Grid Cell Based Data dengan data struktur (RQD)

Hydraulics Conductivity and RQD

55
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Novandri Kusuma Wardana_Hydrogeology of Mining Operation_28 – 29 Januari 2019

CONSEPTUAL & NUMERICAL MODEL

Novandri Kusuma Wardana, ST., S.Si., M.T.

Pelatihan Hidrogeologi Tambang – 28 – 29 Januari 2019

1. Layer Based  LPF (Later Package File)

2. Grid Cell Base (Modified)

 Pembagian Unit Hidrostratigrafi

 Mudah jika pembagian unit hidrostratigrafi sudah dilakukan

Hole ID ID X Y Z Bottom 1 Bottom 2 Bottom 3 Bottom 4 Bottom 5 Bottom n

Data (Physical Model)

 Topografi  Log Bor

 Hydrologic Features (River,  Hydrogeological

(Grid Cell Based)

 Pembagian Unit Hidrostratigrafi tidak terlalu perlu

 Data uji nilai K (lapangan atau laboratorium) banyak

Permeability in Fractured Rocks

Permeability (𝑘) is a measure of the ability of a

Most commonly true

Flow Through A Porous Media Aquifer

Permeability in Fractured Rocks

 Connectivity K105 : high

Connected -110 m Depth

Permeability in Fractured Rocks

Permeability in Fractured Rocks

Limitation and Problem

Permeability in Fractured Rocks

Water enter rock

Very limited -110 m

Limited number of Field Hydrogeological Test

medium (Long et al 1982)

Upscaling approach for fractured medium

 size (length) / persistence (l)

If a fractured rock mass is assumed to have an

Joint apperture Field Hydraulic

The permeability tensor ki,j is concisely

Permeability in Fractured Rocks

Problems and limitations

Permeability in Fractured Rocks

 Depth Index (DI)

 Gouge Content Designation (GCD)

 Lithology Permeability Index (LPI)

Permeability in Fractured Rocks

Above-left: open and unfilled joint/

Core photograph shows fractured of

Depth Index (DI)

0 < DI < 1 220 m

The greater DI, the higher permeability 300 m

Gouge Content Designation (GCD)

the permeability of clay-rich gouges has extremely

Rs value is defined as the cumulative length of core

Lithology is the individual character of a rock in terms

Hydraulic Conductivity (m/sec)

Next Step in Modeling

Statistical summary of log transformed k value

Number of data 95 Minimum value -5.57

Mean -4.40 First quartile -4.74

Standard deviation 0.68 Median -4.46

Coefficient of variation -0.15 Third quartile -3.40

Skewness -0.20 Maximum value -3.15

Data (Physical Model)