Report

On
Biological Science
Of
Mark Mina
And
Krichelle Jane Lopez
 The Human Excretory System function is to remove metabolic waste products such as carbon
dioxide, urea and excess water and salts in our body.
Excretion is the process of removal of metabolic waste products.
Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining the proper water and ion balance within an
organism.
Metabolic wastes are substances which cannot be used by the organism and must be excreted.
4 Major types of metabolic wastes
1. Excess water
2. Carbon dioxide
3. Salts
4. Urea (also known as carbamide) major organic component of human urine.

Organs of the Excretory System

1. Lungs

Lungs act as an excretory organ as it helps in

eliminating carbon dioxide.

Carbon Dioxide is a gas, it is a waste product generated

as our body uses up oxygen and is expelled through the
lungs as we exhale.

2. Liver
It helps in exretion by Converting harmful amino acids into
urea through the process of deamination.

Deamination is a process by which amino acids are broken

down if theres an excess protien intake.

3. Large intestine

The large intestine eliminates solid wates that remain

after the final digestion.

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 4. Skin
Skin is a supplementary excretory organ in
the human body. It is responsible in helping the
kidney to excrete excess amount of water, salts, and
urea in the form of sweat through the process of
perspiration. So as we sweat our body accomplishes
2 things (1) sweating has cooling effect on the body
and (2) metabolic wastes are excreted.

5. Kidney
Kidneys are the main excretory organ. It removes
waste from the blood and regulate percentage of water
and salts.
How the Kidneys work?
 The blood enters kidney through renal artery.
 Blood is filtered by passing through nephrons.
 Purified blood return to the circulation in the
body through renal vein.
 Waste products pass through ureter to the
bladder.

Taking Care of the Excretory System

1. Do not hold back urination.

Holding back urination for an extended period of time exposes your body to potentially
harmful bacteria, which can increase your chances of getting a urinary tract infection (UTI)
or bladder infection.

2. Avoid eating too much salty and fatty foods.

A high salt will alter sodium balance, causing the kidneys to have reduced function resulting
in higher blood pressure. This puts strain on the kidneys and can lead to kidney disease. A high salt
intake increase the amount of protein in the urine which is a major risk factor for the decline of kidney
function.

3. Drink plenty of water.

Drinking enough water maintains the body's fluid balance, which helps transport nutrients
in the body, regulate body temperature, digest food, and more.

4. Eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables

Eating plenty of fruits and veggies may help reduce the risk of many diseases, including
heart disease, high blood pressure, and some cancers. Vitamins & Minerals.

5. Avoid too much exposure to sun.

Sunlight is the best Source of Vitamin D. But too much Exposure to sunlight also have
harmful effects. The main risk factor for sunburn, premature skin aging, skin damage, and skin
cancer is exposure to UV light from the sun.

6. Take a bath regularly to eliminate dead cells that block the pores of the skin.

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Disorders of the Excretory System

1. Nephritis
Is a severe or chronic inflammation
Of Kidneys. It usually show signs in form
of fever, dull Back pain, pain in urinary
tract (kidney pain down to the urethra)
bloody urine and scanty flow of urine.

The causes of this condition include

incorrect eating habits, unhealthy Life style
drinking too much alcohol and smoking.

2. Nephrosis or Nephrotic Syndrome

It is a kidney disorder that causes body to excrete too much protein in urine. It is a
condition that is often caused by any group of disease that damage the kidneys filtering
system, the glomeruli. It’s often causing foamy urine.

3. Kidney Stones
Kidney stones form inside the body
and extremely painful to get out. A kidney
stone is a hard mass of crystals that can
form in the kidneys, ureters, bladder or
urethra. Urine contains compounds that
consist of calcium, sodium, potassium,
oxalate, uric acid and phosphate. If the
levels of this particles gets too high or if
urine become too acidic the particles can
clump together and crystalize. The crystal
will gradually grow over a few weeks,
months or even years forming a detectable
stone. Calcium oxalate is the most common
type of crystal. A kidney stone can go
undetected until it starts to move. When the
stone travels through the kidney and into the ureter its sharp edges scratch the walls of the
urinary track this scratches can send blood flowing into the urine. If the stone gets big enough
to block the flow of urine it can create an infection or back flow and damage the kidneys
themselves but most kidney stones don’t become this serious or even required invasive
treatment. Masses less than 5mm in diameter will usually pass out of the body on their own.
A doctor will simply recommend to drink a large amount of water to help speed the process
and take some pain killers. If the stone is slightly larger, medication like alpha blockers can
help by relaxing the muscles in the ureter and making it easier for the stone to get through.
Another medication called potassium citric can help dissolve the stones by creating a less
acidic urine. For medium size stones up to about 10 mm, 1 option is pulverizing them with
soundwave. If the stone is too big more invasive treatments are necessary like laser and
surgical treatment.

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 4. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

It is infection in the urinary tract.

Urinary tract consist of kidney, ureter,
bladder and urethra.
- Kidney plays a very important role in
excretion of metabolic waste products
and the formation of urine.
- Ureters drain urine from the kidney
and deliver it to the bladder.
- Bladder store urine and then release
- Urethra is the tube through which
urine passes from the bladder to the
exterior of the body.
- The female urethra is around two
inches long and the male urethra is
about 8 to 10 inches long and ends at
the tip of the penis.

UTI is more common in women because the urethra is shorter and the urethra is closer to
anus, because of that woman tend to acquire more urethral and bladder infections. The way a woman
cleans the area after relieving herself can influence her chances of contracting UTI and/or vaginal
infection. (Like when they wipe from back to front this technique wipes the bacteria from the anal
towards or into the end of the vagina and urethra)
Infection in the urinary tract caused by micro-organism and most common bacteria is E.coli.
UTI is the term commonly use to describe urethritis and cystitis.
Infection in the urethra is called urethritis and infection in the bladder is called cystitis. But
infection can be in any part of the urinary tract from the kidney to urethra.
Micro-organism or bacteria can travel from urethra to bladder, bladder to ureter and ureter to
the kidney which may result in pyelonephritis.
E.coli is the most common micro-organism to infect urethra.
Symptoms of UTI
1. Pain in lower abdomen during and after urination.
2. Cloudy urine with and unpleasant odor.
3. Sometimes blood in urine.