DI INDONESIA
Jamkesda
Contoh Asuransi
Asurans i Komersial
J AMKE S DA
Sasaran Jamkesda: masyarakat yg tinggal di
suatu daerah yang belum memiliki Jamkesmas
(BPJS). Sumber dana: APBD
J AMSO S T E K
B PJ S Ketenagakerjaan
Jaminan berdasarkan funded social security
terbatas untuk pekerja sektor formal
J AMPE R SAL
Untuk menurunkan AKI dan AKB jaminan
selama kehamilan, persalinan, dan masa nifas
J KN
Perwujudan pengembangan UHC melalui
mekanisme asuransi kesehatan sosial pembayaran
kesehatan yg berkelanjutan
Promotif&preventif
Imunisasi dasar
Skrining kesehatan
Akomodasi
Non Medis
Ambulance
Kapitasi
Sistem
Non Kapitasi
Pembiayaan INA-
CBG’s PBI dibayar
pemerintah
Pekerja penerima
Iuran upah dibayar
pemberi kerja/peserta
Bukan penerima
upah dibayar
peserta ybs
• Mendapat kartu peserta
• Memperoleh manfaat dan informasi tentang
hak,kewajiban, dan prosedur pelayanan
Hak Peserta • Mendapat pelayanan kesehatan di faskes yang
bekerjasama dengan BPJS
• Menyampaikan keluhan, kritik, dan saran
Metode
Co payment Pembayaran Deductible
Asuransi
Coinsurance
PERSAMAAN DAN PERBEDAAN
ASURANSI SOSIAL DAN KOMERSIAL
• Ada unsur premi yang merupakan kewajiban dan
berkaitan dgn hak peserta
• Penanggung wajib membayar
Persamaan • Ada peristiwa yg belum pasti terjadi (risiko/bahaya) yang
merugikan
• Ada suatu kepentingan
• Menimbulkan ikatan bagi kedua pihak
“GBS. In the guideline (of GBS) the IVIG (is the drug of
choice). The price of IVIG per vial is -the cheapest one,
• Denial
Three
2.5 grams-ofwas
four
about physician
performed respondents
2 million (IDR). So, if youfrom
mostly by
use it, theit
the
public(costs)
physician
almost hospitals indicated
respondents
100 (million they
IDR) orunder
must bedidsituations
rationing
more. I once
Rationing by rarely5 grams
used
when due
the to the leniency
(ofmedicines
original IVIG) for bya (non
needed theirJKN)
hospitals,
by patient,
the
and it cost
while the220 million (IDR).
physician The JKN claims
respondents from(tariff set in
private
physicians patient
INA CBGs) were
was too
only expensive
about 5 (million andIf caused
IDR). wewereused
hospitals often did rationing because they
the
genericpatients’
worried about medical
(IVIG, the costs costs
would be)
hospital greater
100 million
financial
IDR,than
losses
while
and
only
the 5 (million
claimbyusing IDR) was collectible, so 95 million were
possible
also bornedeficits intariff ofA INA
inventory
the hospital.”
CBG
physician from a private
hospital”
Hasil
“They
Denialwillwasbe the
provided
second withmost
a prescription
common torationing
buy the
• medicines
The most byprominent
him/herself.strategy
strategy in conducted
The prescription
was
by transactions.
was not
rationing
pharmacists. Some by
recorded
dilution. the patient
Non-Fornas history and/or So, it’s
expensive like
Rationing by pharmacists
buying vitamins.decided
Yes, it couldnot
havetohappened,
deliver when
certainthe
medicines
patient wants were
to kept
buy it dispensed
by to patients
him/herself. Usually, as
(the
pharmacists prescribed
written have medicines
in the because
prescriptions they thought the
patients) been motivated by but in less amount,
the physician. Actually,
itprice
is not was
especially tohigh
permitted by and
outpatients. thosebutitems
JKN system, were
what else I cannon-
do”.
Aessential,
pharmacistsuch
fromas vitamins
a private or supplements.
hospital
Hasil
Total
Rationing results GH1 GH2 GH3 GH4 PH5 PH6 PH7 PH8
(%)
# of total drug items which were prescribed by 268 175 246 207 172 181 136 176 1561
physicians
# items which were substituted by the 22 11 2 25 20 6 1 4 91
pharmacist (5.8)
# of items which were given less than the amount 14 6 0 30 2 19 2 7 134
prescribed (5.1)
# of items which were not dispensed 1 6 2 2 5 4 9 12 41
(2.6)
# of items that were advised for the patient’s 1 6 0 2 5 11 1 5 31 (2)
purchase
Analisis Jurnal PICO
Problem
• Tenaga kesehatan berkewajiban untuk mengikuti
Formularium Nasional saat memberikan resep obat kepada
pasien BPJS. Jika obat yang diresepkan stok nya tidak
tersedia atau biaya obat melebihi batas ongkos dari INA-
CBG, rationing dalam pemberian obat terkadang dilakukan.
Di sisi lain, penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rationing
terkadang tidak adil disebabkan manfaat yang sub-optimal
kepada pasien.
Analisis Jurnal PICO
Intervention Comparison
Outcome
• Penelitian ini menunjukkan rationing yang paling sering dilakukan
oleh dokter adalah dilution (menukar obat dengan yang lain yang
efektivitas nya lebih rendah atau keamanan nya lebih rendah), denial
(tidak menyediakan obat yang tidak terdapat dalam daftar
Formularium Nasional dan atau obat yang mahal), dan deterrence
(menawarkan pasien untuk membayar sendiri obatnya). Diantara
apoteker, rationing yang paling sering dilakukan adalah dilution
(mengurangi jumlah obat), denial, dan deterrence seperti yang
dilakukan oleh dokter. Sedangkan pada perawat, hampir tidak ada
strategi rationing yang dilakukan.
Analisis Jurnal VIA