Science 10 ~ 2nd Quarter Lesson Summary: Chapter 5

 Water and sound waves transfer energy from one place to another- they require a medium through
which to travel. They are mechanical waves.
 EM Waves follow the basic equation that relates to speed of propagation (speed of light), frequency
and wavelength
~ Wavelength is the distance between two equivalent parts of the wave (two troughs- lower part or two
crests – upper part ). The unit of measure is the meter (m) and the symbol is lambda ( λ )
~ Frequency is the number of waves that pass a point in one second. When the wavelength is short,
the frequency is high because more waves pass through a point in one second. The unit of measure for
frequency is the hertz ( Hz ) or S -1: (waves per second, cycle per second)

 ElectroMagnetic Radiation or ElectroMagnetic Wave (EM Wave ) –

1. Produced by accelerating charges
2. Predicted their existence long ago by James Clerk Maxwell even before they were discovered.
3. They are Transverse waves without a medium. (can travel through empty space)
4. Common speed of electromagnetic waves = 300,000,000 meters/second
5. When an electric field changes, so does the magnetic field. The changing magnetic field causes the
electric field to change. When one field vibrates—so does the other.
6. They travel as vibrations in electrical and magnetic fields.
7. Have some magnetic and some electrical properties to them.

 The Electromagnetic Spectrum is the continuous range of EM Waves arranged in order of

Frequency ( f ) and Wavelength ( λ ).

 The Electromagnetic Spectrum is divided into regions according to its frequencies or wavelengths:
1. Radio wave - discovered by Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist in 1887
2. Microwave - discovered by James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist
3. Infrared - discovered by a British Astronomer, Sir William Herschel
4. Visible light - the only spectrum of EM Wave that we can see with our naked eyes.
5. Ultraviolet - discovered by Johann Wilhelm Ritter, A German Physicist
Types: a.) UV – A ; reaches the earth
b.) UV – B : causes sunburn
c.) UV – C : most harmful, almost absorbed by the ozone layer
6. X- ray - discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German Physicist, he called the
rays he discovered x – ray because he did not know their nature of origin.
7. Gamma rays - discovered by Paul Villard, a French Chemist and Physicist

ElectroMagnetic Radiation :
Radioactivity is the process of atomic transformation. Radiation is an energy released in the form of
high speed particles or electromagnetic waves during a nuclear reaction.
The electromagnetic waves that we often encounter such as visible light, radio waves, infrared,
microwaves and UV is electromagnetic waves that do not carry enough energy to separate molecules or
remove electrons from an atom. Such waves are called non-ionizing radiation.
The electromagnetic waves, on the other hand, such as x-rays, gamma rays and cosmic rays are
known as ionizing radiation. These are the rays that carry amounts of energy large enough to remove
electrons from the atom, thus making the atom a charged or an ionized particle.
These atoms eventually disintegrate into a totally new atom. This process of spontaneous
transformation of an unstable atom which results in the emission of radiation is called radioactivity.
Exposure to high level Ionizing Radiation in the form of EM radiation may cause harmful effects in
our bodies. The hazards brought about by EM Waves is dependent on its frequency, the higher the
frequency the greater the energy of the radiation.
Ionization – the process of removing electrons from atoms.

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Science 10 ~ 2nd Quarter Lesson Summary: Chapter 6

• Light ray coming from the source is traveling in many narrow beams of light.
• Each beam of light travels in a straight line and is called a light ray.
Properties of Light
• Light travels in straight lines
• Light can be reflected
• Light can be bent
• Light is a form of Energy
The Law of Reflection states :
" the angle of incidence (incoming ray) equals the angle of reflection (outgoing ray)"
• The law works for FLAT, PLANE surfaces only.
• The angles are measured from a perpendicular line to the surface called a NORMAL.
Terms to Remember:
 Reflection – bouncing of light into the same medium after
striking a surface.
 Incident Ray – light that strikes a surface
 Reflected ray – ray that rebounds from the surface
 Normal – line perpendicular to the surface at the point of
incidence.
 Angle of Incidence (ϴi ) - angle between the reflected
ray and the normal
 Angle of Reflection (ϴr) - angle between the reflected
ray and the normal.

• Reflection of light rays from polished surface

● When parallel light rays fall on a highly polished surface they are reflected as a parallel beam. This is
described as regular reflection. The angle of reflection of each ray equals the angle of incidence.
• Reflection of light rays from rough surface
● Most surfaces are not totally smooth, therefore light is reflected in many different directions. This is
diffuse reflection. Although light rays are reflected in different directions each individual ray obeys the
laws of reflection; its angle of reflection equals its angle of incidence.
 Types of Images:
a.) Real Image - forms when light rays converge to form the image.
- formed by the concave mirror or convex lens
- When an object is farther from a concave mirror than twice the focal length, the image appears
smaller and upside down.
b.) Virtual Image - reflections appear 3D even though it is not. Light rays never meet
- A virtual image-
 formed by a plane mirror
 always upright
 appears to be as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
 Types of Mirrors:
1. Flat Mirrors (Plane) – has a flat surface, does not distort the image.
i.Follows Law of Reflection
ii. Reflected image is backwards, right side up and the same size compared to the real object.
2. Spherical Mirrors – reflecting surface is taken from a surface of a sphere (curved)
a.) Convex Mirror – bulges outward, Rays never meet.
i. Reduces images
ii. Virtual images
iii. Reflected image is right side up, smaller and farther away as compared to the
real object.
Use: Rear view mirrors, store security
~ A convex mirror is also called a diverging mirror. It reflects parallel rays of light away from
the mirror in such a way that they appear to be coming from a single point or focus.
b.) Concave Mirror – curves inward
i. May be real or virtual image
ii. Reflected image is upside down and smaller compared to the real object
Use: Shaving mirrors, make-up and dentist’s mirrors
~ A concave mirror is also called a converging mirror. It reflects parallel rays of light to a single
point or focus. The focus of a concave mirror lies in front of the mirror and is real.
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Spherical Mirrors Terminology :
• Optical Axis / Principal Axis - line drawn perpendicular to the surface of the
mirror at its center.
• Focal Point / Principal Focus ( F ) - Every light ray is reflected to a certain point
on the optical axis
• Focal point is determined by how curved the mirror is
• Center of Curvature ( C ) – center of the sphere where mirror was taken
• Pole / Vertex ( V ) - is the centre of the spherical mirror.
• Focal Length ( f )- distance from the center of the mirror to the focal point. Focal
length is ½ of the radius of the curvature.
• f = ½ R
• Radius of Curvature ( R ) - is the radius of the sphere of which the mirror is a part
of.

 Ray Diagram - A ray diagram is a pictorial representation of how the light travels to form an image
and can tell you the characteristics of the image.
 The Mirror/Lens Equation - One way is to use the MIRROR / LENS equation to CALCULATE the
position of the image.
Where:
Equation: di → ( + ) real image
Where: → ( ̶ ) virtual image
1 1 1 f = focal length
  di = image distance Where:
f d d i o do = object distance f → ( + ) concave mirrors
→ ( ̶ ) convex mirrors

Magnification is simply the ratio of image height to object height. A positive magnification means an upright
image.
Equation:
where:
h h d
m
m
m 
i i i = magnification
or hi = image height (negative means inverted)
h 0
h d0 0 ho = object height

Problem Example:
Assume that a certain concave spherical mirror
has a focal length of 10.0 cm. Locate the image for
an object distance of 25 cm and describe the
image’s characteristics.

1 1 1
 
f di do
1 1 1
 
10 di 25
di = 16.67 cm ( real image )
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