Sans10123 PDF

© SABS.
This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to the Vaal University of Technology in
accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/19-001, valid until 2019-12-31. Only students, lecturers and staff members of the Vaal University of
Technology may make paper copies of the standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.
ISBN 978-0-626-29897-5
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
The control of undesirable static electricity
WARNING
This standard references other
documents normatively.
Published by SABS Standards Division

1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof  Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001
Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568
www.sabs.co.za
 SABS
This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to the Vaal University of Technology in
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope
Amdt 1 2001 Amended to update referenced standards.
Amdt 2 2011 Amended to change the designation of SABS standards to SANS
standards, to update referenced standards, to move reference to
legislation to the foreword, to modify the scope, and to insert and
correct formulae and a symbol.
Amdt 3 2014 Amended to update referenced standards.
Acknowledgement
The SABS Standards Division wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance derived from the
publications of the following organization:
Standards Association of Australia
Foreword
This South African standard was approved by SABS National Committee SABS/TC 65, Explosion
prevention, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with
annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.
This document was published in January 2014.
This document supersedes SANS 10123:2011 (edition 1.2).
A vertical line in the margin shows where the text has been technically modified by amendment
No. 3.
Reference is made in NOTE 2 to 3.5.12 to the “relevant national legislation”. In South Africa this
means the Regulations for the harbours of the Republic of South Africa and of South West Africa.
Reference is made in 3.13.4 to the “relevant national legislation”. In South Africa this means the
regulations contained in the latest issue (as amended) the Regulations for the harbours of the
Republic of South Africa and of South West Africa (and in particular Regulation 168).
Reference is made in A.2 (four references) to the “relevant national legislation”. In South Africa this
means the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act No. 85 of 1993) the Mine Health and
Safety Act, 1996 (Act No. 29 of 1996), SAR Regulations for the harbour of the Republic of South
Africa and South West Africa and Regulations included in Supplement No.6 ‘Dangerous and
hazardous goods to the official Railway Tariff Book No. 29 (as amended), respectively.
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Contents
Page
Acknowledgement
Foreword
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 5
2 Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 5
3 Design considerations ............................................................................................................ 7
3.1 Generation, induction, and dangers: basic considerations .......................................... 7
3.1.1 General ............................................................................................................. 7

3.1.2 Generation of static electricity ........................................................................... 7
3.1.3 Induction of static electricity .............................................................................. 7
3.1.4 Fire and explosion dangers .............................................................................. 8
3.1.5 Removal of fire and explosion dangers ............................................................ 8
3.2 Discharges of static ...................................................................................................... 8
3.2.1 Nature of discharges of static ........................................................................... 8

3.2.2 Energy of a discharge of static ......................................................................... 8
3.3 Solid objects . ................................................................................................................ 9
3.3.1 Selection of an appropriate control method ...................................................... 9

3.3.2 Conductive objects ........................................................................................... 9
3.3.3 Non-conductive objects .................................................................................... 11
3.4 Persons ........................................................................................................................ 12
3.4.1 General ............................................................................................................. 12

3.4.2 Floors ................................................................................................................ 12
3.4.3 Wearing apparel (other than footwear) .............................................................. 13
3.4.4 Earthing of persons by footwear ....................................................................... 13
3.4.5 Other means of earthing persons ..................................................................... 14
3.5 Liquids .......................................................................................................................... 14
3.5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 14

3.5.2 Dissipation of charges from an installation ....................................................... 15
3.5.3 Dissipation of charges from a conductive liquid ................................................ 15
3.5.4 General considerations for non-conductive liquids ........................................... 15
3.5.5 Raising of the conductivity of liquids ................................................................. 16
3.5.6 Reduction of the likelihood of discharges of static above a liquid surface ....... 16
3.5.7 Avoidance of turbulence ................................................................................... 16
3.5.8 Avoidance of contaminants ............................................................................... 16
3.5.9 Control of flow velocities ................................................................................... 16
3.5.10 Use of relaxation sections ................................................................................. 17
3.5.11 Metallic piping ................................................................................................... 17
3.5.12 Hoses and couplings ........................................................................................ 18
3.5.13 Filling of vessels ............................................................................................... 18
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Contents (continued)
Page
3.5.14 Non-conductive vessels .................................................................................... 18

3.5.15 Transfer of small quantities (less than 25 L) ..................................................... 18
3.5.16 Blending and mixing ......................................................................................... 18
3.5.17 Sampling from high pressure sources .............................................................. 19
3.5.18 Pneumatic transfer of liquids ............................................................................ 19
3.5.19 Spraying ............................................................................................................ 19
3.5.20 Switch-loading ................................................................................................... 19
3.6 Gases ........................................................................................................................... 20
3.6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 20

3.6.2 Minimizing generation of static ............................................................................... 20
3.6.3 Preventing accumulation of static ........................................................................... 20
3.7 Dusts ........................................................................................................................... 20
3.7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 20

3.7.3 Dissipating static from equipment .......................................................................... 21
3.8 Belt drives and conveyors ............................................................................................ 22
3.8.1 Generation of static ................................................................................................ 22

3.8.3 Safety guards .......................................................................................................... 23
3.9 Explosives .................................................................................................................... 23
3.9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 23

3.9.2 Assessing the hazard ............................................................................................. 24
3.9.3 Minimizing the hazard ............................................................................................. 24
3.10 Printing, coating, spreading, and impregnating processes .......................................... 25
3.10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 25

3.11 Film casting and extrusion (plastics) ............................................................................ 27
3.11.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 27

3.12 Dry-cleaning ................................................................................................................. 27
3.12.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 27

3.12.2 Controlling static electricity ..................................................................................... 27
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Contents (continued)
Page
3.13 Sundry processes involving liquids .............................................................................. 28
3.13.1 Loading and unloading of road tankers .................................................................. 28

3.13.2 Loading and unloading of rail tank wagons and storage tanks .............................. 28
3.13.3 Fuelling and defuelling of aircraft ........................................................................... 28
3.13.4 Loading and unloading of tankers and barges ....................................................... 29
3.13.5 Fuelling of motor vehicles ....................................................................................... 29
3.13.6Transferring of ether and carbon disulphide ........................................................... 29
3.14 Sundry processes involving pressurized gas(es) ........................................................ 29
3.14.1 Discharge of carbon dioxide ................................................................................... 29

3.14.2 Release of hydrogen-air and acetylene-air mixtures .............................................. 29
3.14.3 Transfer of liquefied petroleum gas (LP gas) ......................................................... 29
3.14.4 Steam jets ............................................................................................................... 29
3.14.5 Spray-painting ........................................................................................................ 29
3.15 Ducting and flexible ventilation pipes ........................................................................... 30
4 Measuring methods and equipment ...................................................................................... 30
4.1 Voltage detection ......................................................................................................... 30
4.1.1 Neon lamps ............................................................................................................. 30

4.1.2 Electroscopes ......................................................................................................... 30
4.2 Voltage measurements ................................................................................................ 31
4.2.1 Electrostatic voltmeters .......................................................................................... 31

4.2.2 Non-contacting electronic instruments ................................................................... 31
4.2.3 Measurements in hazardous locations ................................................................... 32
4.3 Determination of capacitance ...................................................................................... 34
4.4 Measurement of charges ............................................................................................. 34
4.5 Measurement of resistance and conductivity of liquids ............................................... 34
4.5.1 Resistance of earthing circuits ................................................................................ 34

4.5.2 Resistance of various materials and products and conductivity of liquids ............. 34
4.5.3 Personnel resistance tester .................................................................................... 34
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Contents (concluded)
Page
Appendix A Applicable standards, publications, and regulations ........................................... 36
Appendix B Determination of resistance ................................................................................. 37
Appendix C Flammable materials ........................................................................................... 41
Appendix D Minimum ignition energies ................................................................................... 45
Appendix E Examples of the solving of practical problems resulting from static electricity .... 50
Appendix F The formation of static electricity ......................................................................... 58
Appendix G Conductivities of some liquids used commonly ................................................... 60
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
The control of undesirable static electricity
1 Scope
1.1 This standard covers recommendations for controlling static electricity that is generated
incidentally during various processes and operations and that may present hazards or
inconvenience. Amdt 2
1.2 Basic considerations relating to the generation of static electricity and the danger it presents in
a given environment are set out, together with methods of controlling or minimizing its occurrence or
)
generation, including specific methods for certain . Amdt 1
1.3 The standard also covers methods and equipment for measuring voltage, charge, capacitance,
and resistance parameters associated with electrostatically charged objects. Amdt 2
NOTE
a) The titles of standards referred to by number in the standard are given in appendix A. Amdt 2
b) It is emphasized that this standard comprises recommendations, and is not intended as a set of mandatory
rules. It is, however, appreciated that certain organizations require regulations dealing with static electricity,
and in compiling these they shall use this standard as a general basis. Where certain organizations such as
the South African Railways or Chamber of Mine of South Africa have published similar standards dealing
with specific activities, these standards should be followed in respect of the activities that they cover.
Amdt 2
c) In locations where a fire or explosion hazard exists, the removal or restriction of flammable or explosive
substances should be given preference over, and be undertaken in conjunction with, the control of static
electricity.
2 Definitions
For the purposes of this standard the following definitions shall apply:
bonding
the process of connecting two or more conductive objects together by means of a conductor
brush discharge
corona
transitory luminescent discharge of static electricity in an inhomogeneous electrostatic field strength
and ends in the space between two electrodes, i.e. before reaching the other electrode
1) Footnote deleted by amendment No.1.
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
conductive liquid
liquid having, under any conditions of normal use, a conductivity exceeding 1 nS/m
conductive material
solid material having, under any conditions of normal use, a resistivity not exceeding 10 kΩ.m
conductive surface
solid surface having, under any conditions of normal use, a surface resistivity not exceeding
100 MΩ per square
earthing
grounding
specific form of bonding by means of which one or more conductive objects are connected to earth
by a conductor
NOTE Hereinafter in this standard "bonded" or "earthed" means respectively that a bonding or earthing
conductor has been deliberately applied, or that an electrically conductive path having a resistance sufficiently
low for this purpose (usually not exceeding 1 MΩ) is always present. This resistance includes the combined
resistance of every component in the earthing system, e.g. person plus floor plus connection between floor and
earth.
flammable or explosive mixture

mixture (including gases, vapours, mists, dusts, or solids in combination with air, oxygen, or other
combustion sustaining substances) that can be ignited by a static spark
flammable solid
substance that can be ignited by a static spark
intrinsically safe circuit

circuit or part of a circuit in which any spark produced normally (by breaking or closing the circuit) or
accidentally (e.g. by short-circuit or earth fault) is incapable under prescribed test conditions of
causing ignition of a prescribed flammable mixture
non-conductive liquid
liquid having, under any conditions of normal use, a conductivity not exceeding 1 nS/m
non-conductive material
a solid material having, under any conditions of normal use, a resistivity exceeding 10 kΩ.m
non-conductive surface
solid surface having, under any conditions of normal use, a surface resistivity exceeding 100 MΩ
per square
spark discharge
static spark
transitory luminescent discharge of static electricity whereby luminescence bridges the gap between
the electrodes (i.e. it does not end in the space between the electrodes)
surface resistivity
a measure of the electrical resistance over the surface layer of solid bodies, as distinct from through
the bulk of the material
NOTE The measurement is expressed in ohms per square and is independent of the actual size of the
square.
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
3 Design considerations
3.1 Generation, induction, and dangers: basic considerations
3.1.1 General
Static electricity is of common occurrence but often causes danger, discomfort, or inconvenience.
Under some conditions electrostatic voltages can reach a value in excess of the dielectric strength
of air (or other medium) and a spark discharge then occurs. Hazardous conditions exist where such
a discharge is liable to occur in areas containing flammable materials. In other instances, static
electricity does not present a danger but can cause operational problems during manufacturing or
handling processes. Articles sticking to each other or neighbouring objects, and the attraction of
dust and foreign material are common examples.
Static electricity may indirectly be the cause of serious accidents if involuntary muscle contractions
from a discharge through a person cause entanglement in moving machinery, falls, or similar
accidents.
3.1.2 Generation of static electricity
Static electricity is generated when electric charges are separated into equal quantities of opposite
polarity by separation or relative movement between contacting surfaces of different physical and/or
chemical structure. The surfaces may be of solids or liquids, or of one solid and one liquid.
Generation can occur between two substances that are apparently identical but have differing
surface properties due to the presence of solid or liquid contaminants.
Generation can occur within one liquid or mass of dust undergoing internal movement because of
agitation. Under such conditions equal quantities of charges of opposite polarity may be physically
separated and give rise to internal static generation within the liquid or dust.
When two electrostatically charged bodies are separated, an electrical stress (expressed in terms of
field strength or potential gradient) is created that tends to reunite the separated charges and
opposes further separation. Energy has therefore been applied to the system to bring about this
separation and part of the energy is contained in the electric stress so formed. When the electric
stress exceeds the breakdown strength of the medium between the separated bodies a static
discharge will occur.
Often the generation of static electricity cannot be completely prevented because its intrinsic origins
are present at every interface. In many instances the generation goes unnoticed because the
resistance between the surfaces is low and allows the charges to recombine as quickly as they are
separated. An accumulation of static electricity will result where the rate at which the charges are
separated in the generation process exceeds the rate at which the charges recombine.
3.1.3 Induction of static electricity
Electrostatic charges can be induced on a conductive object that is brought into the vicinity of a
charged body. The part of the object that is closest to the charged body will exhibit a charge of
opposite polarity to that on the body. Under such conditions the over-all electrostatic charge on the
object is zero, but substantial charges, with their inherent dangers, can be present at particular
parts of the object.
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
3.1.4 Fire and explosion dangers
A danger of fire or explosion is not necessarily created by the generation or presence of static
electricity but such danger will arise if all of the following four conditions are fulfilled:
a) an effective means exists for generation of static electricity;
b) a means exists for accumulation of the separated charges and attaining sufficient potential
difference between them;
c) a static discharge, having sufficient energy for ignition (see section 4), occurs between the
separated charges; and
d) the discharge occurs in or on a flammable material.
3.1.5 Removal of fire and explosion dangers
Elimination of any of the conditions described in 3.1.4(a)-(d) will remove the danger of fire or
explosion being initiated by static electricity.
3.2 Discharges of static
3.2.1 Nature of discharges of static
Discharges of static from conductive objects are generally in the form of spark discharges and
usually dissipate all the electrical energy stored in the object.
Discharges of static from charged, clean, dry non-conductors at rest are generally in the form of
brush discharges and a relatively small amount of energy is expended, but, under some conditions,
the energy may be sufficient to ignite flammable materials. Discharges of higher energy can,
however, result when charge conduction is caused by movement within non-conductive liquids or
dusts. Furthermore, high energy discharges can emanate from isolated patches on charged non-
conductive surfaces that are rendered conductive by, e.g. the deposition of absorption of dirt, water,
and the like. Also, when some region of an extensive non-conducting surface (e.g. oil) acquires a
-5 2
surface charge density in excess of 2,65 × 10 C/m , the potential gradient may exceed the
dielectric strength of air (approximately 3 MV/m) and small brush discharges may result. These
render the region conductive and, if sufficient further charging occurs, a subsequent discharge from
this region may have sufficient energy to ignite a flammable material.
3.2.2 Energy of a discharge of static
The ability of a discharge of static to produce ignition is governed primarily by its energy that will be
some fraction of the total amount of electrical energy contained in the charged object from which the
discharge emanates. The energy so contained in an object is given by the formula:
E = ½ QV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
where
E = electrostatic energy of the object, J
Q = charge of the object, C
V = voltage of the object, V
As Q = CV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
2
it follows that E = ½ CV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3)
where C is the capacitance, in farads, of the object in relation to other objects or earth.
Tests indicate that sparks having an energy of approximately 0,2 mJ are necessary to ignite
optimum mixtures of air with gases or vapours from saturated hydrocarbons. Lower ignition
energies are required for some other mixtures and certain non-saturated hydrocarbons like
acetylene-air mixtures. It has also been shown that static sparks arising from potential differences of
less than 1 250 V are unlikely to ignite these mixtures because of the short spark gap and
absorption of heat by the spark electrodes. Assume therefore that a conductive object,
electrostatically charged to 1 250 V, is completely discharged by a spark of static having an energy
of 0,25 mJ. From formula (3) above, the capacitance of the object is calculated as 320 pF.
Thus discharges of static occurring between small electrodes, and emanating from a conductor
having a capacitance of 320 pF, and charged to a potential of 1 250 V, could cause ignition. As the
electrostatic voltage increases beyond 1 250 V, the capacitance likely to cause ignition becomes
less than 320 pF. At 1 500 V this capacitance is 220 pF, that is the order of capacitance of a
person. However, because of the quenching properties of practical electrodes, the capacitance
likely to cause ignition is usually slightly higher than that calculated by the above procedure.
As Q = CV, it follows that the electrostatic voltage of an object will be increased by lowering its
capacitance. This in turn causes the electrostatic energy of the object to increase because
E = ½ QV. A common example of this occurrence is that of a person becoming charged by sliding
over a motor car seat. When the person leaves the car, the capacitance between the person and
the car is lowered and the voltage and electrostatic energy attained by the person consequently
rise. A discharge of static may then occur as the person reaches to close the door.
3.3 Solid objects
3.3.1 Selection of an appropriate control method
Before applying any of the control methods given in 3.3.2 (applicable to conductive objects), or
3.3.3 (applicable to non-conductive objects), carefully assess the materials to be used.
As far as possible, ensure that objects liable to become charged are of wholly conductive materials
or of wholly non-conductive materials. The resistivity of the surface of an object that is liable to
accumulate a surface charge will influence the behaviour of the charges after separation. In such
cases the surface resistivity should be taken into account in deciding whether a material is
conductive or non-conductive.
If an object is constructed from both conductive and non-conductive materials, earth or bond the
conductive material(s) and, for the non-conductive materials select, from those discussed in 3.3.3,
an appropriate method to prevent the accumulation of unwanted electrostatic charges. If earthing or
bonding of the conductive material(s) is impracticable, apply to the whole of the object an
appropriate method selected from those given in 3.3.3.
3.3.2 Conductive objects
a) Earthing. If the total resistance between the object and earth exceeds 1 MΩ, install a separate
earthing conductor. If the object has a very large capacitance to earth, any accumulated
electrostatic charges are usually of low voltage, even if the resistance to earth exceeds 1 MΩ. In
such cases, give proper consideration to the maximum possible charging rate, and install an
earthing conductor if considered necessary.
Consider the following factors when deciding whether a certain conductor should be earthed or
not:
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
1) The maximum capacitance of the object. (This capacitance will vary as surrounding objects
are moved around.)
2) The voltage needed for ignition (at that capacitance) of any flammable substance that may
be present.
3) Whether the maximum rate of charge, the maximum possible leakage resistance, and the
breakdown dielectric strength of the air will allow that voltage to be reached.
The earthing conductor that forms part of the mains supply to electrical equipment may be used as
an earthing conductor for static, or alternatively, a separate earthing conductor for static may be
installed. In the second case, the two earthing conductors may be interconnected at the equipment.
Where it is possible for charges of static to reside or accumulate on electrical equipment when the
electrical supply lead (including the earthing conductor) is disconnected, the installation of a
separate permanently connected earthing conductor is recommended.
Objects that are earthed against lightning need not be separately earthed against charges of static.
However, do not connect any other objects to the lightning earthing system, except at the buried
electrodes.
b) Bonding. Connect electrically isolated sections of a plant by bonding, thereby enabling static on
such sections to be dissipated through a single earth connection, e.g. bonding or resistance
bonding across insulated flanges of a metallic pipe.
c) Earthing and bonding conductors. The requirements for robustness and corrosion resistance
of earthing conductors dictate that the resistance of an installed conductor will be of the order of a
few ohms. The conductors need not be insulated, but should be sufficiently robust to withstand all
mechanical and corrosive influences likely to occur. Attach them by soldering, welding, or suitable
screwed terminations. Do not use chains. Carry out regular checks on the continuity of the
conductors.
d) Conductive and anti-static flooring. Static electricity can be dissipated from conductive objects
by placing the objects on an anti-static or conductive floor.
e) Mobile apparatus. Conductive mobile apparatus may become charged. If it operates on an anti-
static or conductive floor, ensure that there is a conductive path between the axle of each wheel,
castor, or roller and the surface of the rim normally in contact with the floor. This makes it
necessary for the tyres of wheels and castors to be of conductive rubber.
When such apparatus operates on a floor that is not anti-static or conductive, firmly attach a
suitable lead to the apparatus and to earth. In such cases, there is no need for conductive
wheels, castors, and rollers.
f) Rotating shafts. Special attention is necessary for the earthing or bonding of rotating conductive
shafts liable to become charged. On some bearings oil films may continually or intermittently
insulate the shafts from the remainder of the apparatus and therefore from earth. If it is found that
the resistance between a rotating shaft and earth exceeds or is likely to exceed 1 MΩ, or that a
static voltage exceeding 1 250 V occurs or is likely to occur on the rotating shaft, connect the
shaft to earth by, e.g. a carbon brush or sliding-metal contact.
NOTE Conducting greases that have recently become commercially available may be used instead of the
carbon brush or sliding-metal contact.
10
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
3.3.3 Non-conductive objects
a) General. Electrostatic charges in non-conductive objects cannot be rapidly dissipated by

earthing or bonding.
However, it may sometimes be favourable to place an earthed conductive body in contact with or
near to the non-conductive object thereby increasing the capacitance between the two and
correspondingly decreasing the energy of the system.
Although a charge of static cannot be readily dissipated from non-conductive objects, it can be
prevented from accumulating on them by enabling the charges to recombine during the process
of separation. Methods for accomplishing this are recommended in the remainder of this
subsection.
b) Increasing the conductivity of non-conducting objects. The surfaces of some materials can
be rendered conductive by wetting them with a conductive liquid such as glycerine or coating
them with graphite, or other suitable preparations. Thus, the accumulation of a charge of static
can be prevented by so applying the conductive liquid or coating in a continuous layer over the
object that it is in electrical contact with an earthing conductor, and by ensuring that the liquid or
coating remains intact.
c) Arranging metal strips, gauze, etc. in contact with the non-conductor. The effects of
charges on non-conductors may be mitigated by arranging earthed metal strips, wires, foils, or
gauze in intimate contact with the surfaces of the non-conductor or, in the case of woven
material, incorporating, throughout the material, closely spaced earthed metallic threads. It is
absolutely essential that the conductive material is electrically continuous and earthed.
d) Increasing the humidity of the air. The surfaces of non-conductive objects may be rendered
conductive by the absorption and adsorption of water vapour from the surrounding air. Generally,
this may be achieved by maintaining the ambient air at a relative humidity of approximately 70 %
provided that the surfaces are:
1) at ambient temperature;
2) not hydrophobic (i.e. causing water to form droplets rather than a film) as is the case with
polytetrafluorethylene and many other plastics materials; and
3) not covered by a hydrophobic film such as fat or grease, especially silicone grease.
On surfaces that are tightly coiled or woven the conductive path may take a long time to form.
e) Ionization of the air
1) General. Ionization of the air provides a supply of ions that neutralize the accumulated
charge on a non-conductive object to a greater or lesser extent. Different methods of
ionization, that may be used singly or in combination, are described below. However, always
ascertain the effectiveness of the selected method(s) in regard to the process or system
concerned; also that the formation of ozone and nitric oxide resulting from the discharge is
not such as to be harmful to personnel, process, or equipment.
2) Radioactive materials. Radio-active materials do not produce glow discharges and are
therefore suitable for use in areas where flammable materials are present.
If used without proper care, however, personnel may suffer injury from excessive exposure to
radiation. Therefore use radio-active material only in compliance with existing regulations.
11
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Data relating to the effectiveness of radio-active materials, e.g. half-life value and maximum-
saturation current, are obtainable from suppliers.
3) Earthed, sharp-pointed combs (static combs). Sharp-pointed combs are metal bars
equipped with a series of needle points. Alternatively, they may consist of a metal wire
surrounded with metallic tinsel; a typical construction is illustrated in figure 1. Static combs
are commercially available.
When the comb is earthed, properly maintained, and placed with its points in the immediate
proximity of a charged non-conductive object, the charge concentration at the points causes
ionization of adjacent air. In this application the combs are known as "static combs".
When properly arranged these combs will reduce the field strength of a non-conductive
object to less than 500 V/mm.
There is no record of explosions caused by combs used in this manner.
Figure 1 — Typical construction of static comb
4) High voltage sharp-pointed combs (electrical neutralizers). Ionization of the air can be
accomplished by connecting the sharp-pointed combs described in (3) above to an external
a.c. high voltage source. When so applied the combs are known as "electrical neutralizers".
Unless electrical neutralizers that introduce no risk of explosion or shock are available, their
use where flammable materials are present is not recommended.
3.4 Persons
3.4.1 General
The human body is a conductor and, when insulated from earth, can become electrostatically
charged.
3.4.2 Floors
Unless other means of earthing personnel and mobile apparatus are employed, install an anti-static
or conductive floor having a resistance to earth not exceeding 1 MΩ when measured in accordance
with the relevant method given in appendix B.
If electrical apparatus is used in a room, install an anti-static floor, having a resistance to earth of at
least 50 kΩ, to reduce the danger to personnel of electrocution.
12
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
An unearthed floor will, of course, reduce still further the danger of electrocution. Floors of concrete,
magnesite, and conductive or anti-static rubber or plastics may be suitable for this purpose when
they are constructed to fulfil the requirements of this subsection. Take care to avoid contamination
of the floor with oils, resins, waxes, or any other material likely to impair its conducting properties.
Where the danger of electrocution does not exist, e.g. because of the complete absence at all times
of electrical apparatus, a conductive floor, having no lower limit of resistance to earth, may be used.
When a conductive floor is used, ensure that the electrical system is designed to take account of
the low earth resistance.
To combat static electricity, the floor need not be earthed. Sufficient safeguard is provided if the
resistance between two electrodes, measured in accordance with the relevant method given in
appendix B, does not exceed 1 MΩ (and, in the case of an anti-static floor, is at least 50 000 Ω), in
which case equilization of charges will occur.
3.4.3 Wearing apparel (other than footwear)
It is recommended that persons working in hazardous locations and liable to accumulate a charge
during their normal work processes do not wear loose-fitting metal articles. Metal articles that are in
close contact with the skin, such as finger rings and wrist-watches, may be exempted.
Care should be taken in the choice of clothing. Clothing made of silk or synthetic fibres, unless
regularly treated with anti-static solutions, tends to generate and accumulate static electricity. Static
discharges are liable to emanate from such untreated clothing when worn loose-fitting on the body
and from tight-fitting clothes when they are removed from contact with the skin.
Clothing of silk, synthetic fibres, or other non-conductive material is therefore not recommended in
areas where flammable materials are liable to be present.
3.4.4 Earthing of persons by footwear
In localities where an electrocution hazard exists use anti-static footwear having a resistance
between 75 kΩ and 10 MΩ and complying with the appropriate requirements of ISO 2023 or
SANS 20345. Where no danger of electrocution exists, use conductive footwear having a resistance
not exceeding 150 kΩ and complying with the appropriate requirements of ISO 2023 or
SANS 20345. Amdt 1; amdt 2; amdt 3
Leather-soled footwear is not always sufficiently conductive.
All types of footwear can be adapted to provide a conductive or anti-static path by the use of a
conductive or anti-static garter that is strapped in contact with the skin of the wearer's leg and
makes electrical contact with a sufficiently large area on the sole of the footwear.
Take care that the anti-static or conductive properties of footwear are not impaired by factors such
as aging or by the formation on the sole of insulating layers such as oil or wax. The likelihood of the
latter increases if the footwear is worn outside the danger area.
Test the resistance of footwear at regular intervals.
Dissipation of static electricity from a person by the use of anti-static or conductive footwear is only
effective if the person stands on an anti-static or conductive floor, and does not wear socks of such
thickness and material that these form an insulating barrier between the body and footwear.
13
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
3.4.5 Other means of earthing persons
If a person is earthed inherently because of a process, e.g. by holding earthed conducting tools, or
by working at an earthed, conductive table, no conductive or anti-static floor and footwear need be
supplied.
3.5 Liquids
3.5.1 Introduction
a) Generation of static electricity. Liquids can become electrostatically charged while flowing
past the walls of pipes or vessels, while impinging upon obstacles, during jet or propeller mixing,
and when released as a spray. Filtering results in a particularly high rate of charging, with some
types of clay and micro filters increasing the net static generation by 10 - 200 times the amount
produced with fibrous media. During these processes charges of one polarity collect on the solid
surfaces, while charges of the opposite polarity are carried with the liquid or spray.
A liquid so charged and flowing into a vessel will, upon decreasing its flow velocity or coming to
rest, dissipate its charge within a period of time dependent on its conductivity. This time can vary
between a fraction of a second and an hour or more.
b) Fire and explosion dangers. In general, petroleum products usually form flammable mixtures
under normal conditions, and are in practice the most frequent sources of danger. However, in
the petroleum industry some products are considered safe during certain processes if the
temperature is such that their vapours are always above the upper limit of flammability.
Objects (such as pipes, valves, or fittings) that are electrically isolated and have become charged
by a flowing liquid or by induction (as in the case of floating objects), and charged liquids are
liable to produce an incendive spark to earth, or to another charged object. Consider the
possibility of flammable mixtures forming in the vicinity of such objects or liquids, and particularly
in storage tanks and around the outside of vessels in open or enclosed areas.
c) Factors affecting generation of static
1) Conductivity. During the bulk transfer of a liquid, as distinct from spraying and atomization
processes, the rate of generation of static by the liquid depends on its conductivity, but not
in any accurately predictable relationship. Furthermore, the conductivity of a given liquid is
raised by the presence of ionizable trace components.
In conductive liquids the charges generally recombine as quickly as they are generated.
Liquids having conductivities less than 10 pS/m are especially prone to generation of static.
In theory, there is a lower limit of conductivity below which generation of static is negligible
but in practice reliance cannot be placed on keeping conductivity below such a limit.
As a general guide, all highly refined flammable liquids can be expected to present dangers
due to static electricity unless proved otherwise by test. Published values regarding the
conductivities of liquids vary widely and depend primarily on the purity of the specimen.
2) Contaminants. Contaminants that form colloidal suspensions in flammable liquids (e.g.

rubber and bitumen) or are immiscible (e.g. water) greatly increase generation of static. Such
increased generation of static occurs during transportation or processing, but also during
storage as a result of, for example, the settling of water droplets in a receiver tank. This
process can continue for a long time after tank-filling has ceased.
14
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
3) Transfer rate and type of flow. At any given velocity of flow, generation of static increases
with pipe diameter, while for constant pipe diameter it increases with velocity. Generation of
static is also increased by turbulent flow caused by, for example, rough pipe surfaces or
obstructions.
d) Static-generating tendencies of particular liquids. In general, the conductivity of a particular

liquid can be used as an indicator of its static-generating tendency.
Generation of static has been found to be particularly high with ether and carbon disulphide but with
each of the following liquids it is progressively lower in the order given: some homologues of
benzene, petrol, kerosene; other petroleum hydrocarbons; some chlorinated hydrocarbons, esters,
ketones, and alcohols (the static-generating tendencies of the lower alcohols being negligible).
Under some conditions water is a good generator of static but usually its high conductivity and
wetting properties, when the water is present as a continuous phase, cause the charge to leak away
as quickly as it is generated.
Experience indicates that crude oils do not normally accumulate sufficient static to cause ignition.
3.5.2 Dissipation of charges from an installation
Earth and bond conductive parts of the installation in accordance with 3.3.2.
To minimize accumulations of static on non-conductive parts, employ one or more of the methods
given in 3.3.3. Where such methods are not practicable, avoid, as far as possible, the use of non-
conductive parts.
Observe the recommendations regarding particular parts of installations given below.
3.5.3 Dissipation of charges from a conductive liquid
Place the liquid in a conductive container that is earthed in accordance with the relevant
recommendations given in 3.3.2.
3.5.4 General considerations for non-conductive liquids
Do not rely on earthing and bonding to dissipate charges from non-conductive liquids, except where
detailed test data or experience indicates that this can be done. One example of such a case is in
aviation fuelling installations where conductivities of 50 pS/m are considered satisfactory for this
purpose.
However, where the conductivity of the liquid is lower than 10 pS/m, charges of static cannot be
dissipated by earthing or bonding. In that case, give prior consideration to raising the conductivity of
the liquid by means of additives (see 3.5.5).
If this is impractical or introduces other disadvantages, it becomes difficult to dissipate the charge
and the emphasis has to be placed on reducing the amount of charge generated. The following
procedures or combinations of these (not necessarily listed in order of priority) can be used for this
purpose:
a) reduction of the likelihood of discharges of static occurring above a liquid surface (see 3.5.6);
b) avoidance of turbulence (see 3.5.7);
c) avoidance of contaminants (see 3.5.8);
15
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
d) avoidance of high flow velocities (see 3.5.9);
e) use of relaxation sections (see 3.5.10);
f) other procedures as necessary for particular applications, e.g. 3.5.13 (Filling of vessels), and
3.5.16 (Blending and mixing).
3.5.5 Raising of the conductivity of liquids

If practicable, use additives to raise the conductivity of the liquid to a value sufficient to enable
charges to be dissipated by earthing and bonding.
3.5.6 Reduction of the likelihood of discharges of static above a liquid surface
Charged liquid flowing into a vessel causes an electrostatic field to develop between the liquid
surface and any earthed parts, e.g. the roof of a tank.
To reduce the probability of a static discharge emanating from the liquid, ensure that there are no
sharp pointed objects protruding from the sides or roof of a tank. Do not insert metal objects such
as dip tapes, thermometers, sample containers, and the like into a tank until the charge in the liquid
has been dissipated.
3.5.7 Avoidance of turbulence
Ensure that pipes have smooth walls that are free from protrusions and sharp bends. Employ
steady flow rates. Avoid unnecessary spraying, filtering, splashing, or mixing. When filling vessels,
observe the recommendations given in 3.5.13.
3.5.8 Avoidance of contaminants
Avoid contaminants. In particular, avoid water plugging to separate products in a pipeline. Where
this is not practicable, ensure that the pipeline is full and free of flammable mixtures. If possible, do
not disturb water layers on tank bottoms.
3.5.9 Control of flow velocities
a) Uncontaminated hydrocarbons
1) In cases where tanks, pipelines, and associated fittings are earthed or bonded together, and
where no jetting, splashing, or free fall of products occurs, and where the product does not
pass through a microfilter and is not switch-loaded (see 3.5.20), ensure that the flow velocity
does not exceed 7 m/s.
2) If the conditions given in (1) above are not met, ensure that the flow velocity does not exceed
1 m/s or that the filling rate does not exceed 11 L/s, whichever is the larger.
b) Contaminated hydrocarbons
1) If the product in the pipeline is contaminated with water or other substances, apply the
recommendation given in 3.5.9(a)(2). Increase the pumping speed gradually after the
pipeline has been cleared of the contaminated product.
2) If the product in the tank is contaminated, start the filling operation at the rate recommended
in 3.5.9(a)(2) and, when the outlet end of the filling pipe becomes submerged, increase the
rate to not more than 7 m/s (see 3.5.9(a)(1)). For the last 150 mm of filling reduce the rate to
that given in 3.5.9(a)(2).
16
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
c) Other products. For most liquids other than hydrocarbons, it has been determined
2 3 2
experimentally that provided V d < 0,64 m /s , no significant charging will result,
where
V = flow velocity, m/s
d = pipe diameter, m
Based on this formula, the following flow velocities result:
1 2
Pipe diameter Flow velocity

mm m/s
10 8
25 5
50 3,5
100 2,5
200 1,8
400 1,3
600 and more 1,0
In the cases of ether and carbon disulphide, ensure that the flow velocity does not exceed 1,0 m/s
and 1,5 m/s for pipe diameters of 12 mm and 24 mm respectively. However, in the cases of esters,
higher ketones, and higher alcohols a flow velocity of up to 10 m/s can be used.
3.5.10 Use of relaxation sections
Where it is impractical for flow velocities to be controlled in accordance with 3.5.9, the charge of
static accumulated by the liquid can be considerably reduced by the insertion in the line of a
suitable length of earthed pipe of greater diameter than that of the remainder of the line. The
principle is that the velocity of the liquid within the enlarged (relaxation) section is lessened to the
extent that each particle of liquid is resident within the section for a time sufficient to allow charge
relaxation.
So construct and connect the relaxation section as to reduce turbulence to a minimum. Insert the
section close to the tank into which the liquid is discharging, and downstream from any filters or
coalescers.
So choose the length and diameter of the relaxation section that the liquid resides in the section for
a time equal, in seconds, to at least three times the value of its dielectric constant (that can be taken
)
as 18 for most hydrocarbons) divided by its conductivity in pS/ . Flow velocity in the section must
not exceed 3 m/s.
3.5.11 Metallic piping
Bond, to the remainder of the section, or earth all electrically isolated parts of metallic piping.
Ensure that the resistance across pipe connections does not exceed 1 MΩ.
Unless metallic piping on either side of insulating inserts (e.g. such as may be used for cathodic
protection) is earthed separately, shunt such inserts with a resistance of the order of 1 MΩ.
2) See appendix E.5 for an example.
17
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Ensure that electrical continuity exists at all times across swivel joints and telescopic pipe
connections. This applies in particular to such connections as swing arms used for filling road
tankers, as the arms are liable to contact earthed vessels near exit points of flammable vapours.
NOTE This recommendation is not intended to override other established safe practices such as those of the
South African Railways, that may require the use of insulating inserts for the control of stray currents.
3.5.12 Hoses and couplings
Use hoses made of conductive or antistatic materials, or hoses with embedded steel wire or mesh.
In the second case, ensure that the steel wire or mesh is electrically continuous. If conductive or
anti-static hoses are used, ensure that the resistance between couplings does not exceed 1 MΩ.
Ensure that couplings, including intermediate couplings on multiple hose lengths, are bonded
together during the transfer of flammable liquid. A separate bonding conductor should be used for
this purpose, but if this is not practicable, reliance can be placed on the conductivity of the hose or
(when relevant) embedded steel wire or mesh.
NOTE 1 The resistance of conductive rubber hoses can greatly increase under certain adverse conditions.
NOTE 2 This recommendation is not intended to override other established safe practises such as those
based on the relevant national (legislation (see foreword). Amdt 2
NOTE 2 For the control of stray currents, insulating inserts may have to be used. In that case, the bonding
conductor on each side of the insulation insert should be earthed to its own earth point.
3.5.13 Filling of vessels
Transfer a flammable liquid to or from a vessel by means of a pipe. Do not use cans or buckets.
Ensure that the filling pipe extends to the bottom of the vessel, has a large diameter outlet nozzle,
and is so directed as to minimize turbulence within the vessel. Avoid the creation of a free liquid
stream but where this is not possible (e.g. at the beginning of a filling operation involving an empty
vessel), use velocities much lower than the relevant values recommended in 3.5.9.
3.5.14 Non-conductive vessels
a) General. When a non-conductive vessel is being filled with a flammable liquid it is desirable,
particularly in the cases of ether and carbon disulphide, to prevent accumulation of charge on the
equipment after dissipation of charge from the liquid. Use earthed wire mats or similar devices for
this purpose provided that they do not create substantial turbulence.
b) Lined vessels. Lined vessels generally have a large capacitance between the liquid and the shell
of the vessel and therefore electrostatic voltages acquired on them are usually not sufficient to
create a hazard.
3.5.15 Transfer of small quantities (less than 25 L)
Earth all conductive parts, such as containers and metal funnels. Remember that metal buckets
suspended from plastics handles (and therefore isolated from the remainder of the system and
earth) have been responsible for many fires.
3.5.16 Blending and mixing
Reduce generation of static as follows:
a) so direct the jet or propellor that charged liquid is not carried upward through the liquid surface,
18
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
b) keep the liquid free of contaminants, especially immiscible ones. Prior to starting, remove any
water from the tank bottom. If this is not practicable, minimize the agitation of the water,
c) bond and earth all containers and filing lines associated with the process.
3.5.17 Sampling from high pressure sources
Ensure that vessels having capacities exceeding 1,5 L are constructed entirely of conductive
material.
Bond conductive sampling vessels to the high-pressure source during sampling, or earth both the
vessel and the source.
3.5.18 Pneumatic transfer of liquids
Pneumatic transfer of liquids, having flash-points lower than 93 °C, is not recommended. In some
cases, however, experience has indicated that pneumatic transfer of certain products having such
flash-points is safe.
Prevent the pressurizing gas from bubbling through the liquid or spraying through the pipe system.
Do not exceed the flow velocities recommended in 3.5.9(c).
3.5.19 Spraying
Spraying or atomization of liquids having a low dielectric constant will not normally generate
)
significant quantities of static. For liquid having a high dielectric constant the Lenard may generate
considerable static.
However, considerable generation may occur in the case of any liquid (but in particular a liquid
having a high dielectric constant) that is sprayed or atomized in an electrostatic field.
Where spraying is liable to cause generation of static, bond the outlet nozzle to any conductive
object in or adjacent to the spray and earth both.
3.5.20 Switch-loading
Directly after a switch is made from the transfer of one liquid to the transfer of another through the
same equipment, a substantial temporary increase may occur in the amount of static and this will
persist until the original liquid has been flushed from the equipment.
An extremely hazardous condition can occur when a liquid is loaded into a tank containing vapour
from a hydrocarbon liquid that has a lower flash-point than that of the liquid being loaded (e.g.
loading kerosene or distillate into a tank containing gasoline vapour).
The vapour is absorbed by the liquid and, in consequence, air is drawn into the tank. A flammable
mixture thus forms at some point between the liquid surface and the point at which air enters.
To obviate such a hazard observe at least one of the following precautions:
a) completely drain the previously loaded liquid (having the lower flash-point) and free the
compartment of gas,
3) See appendix F.2.3.
19
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
b) completely drain the previously loaded liquid. Maintain the flow velocity of the second liquid at
less than 1 m/s until the fill-pipe is submerged, then increase the flow velocity slowly to a value
not greater than that recommended in 3.5.9,
c) if the receiving tank is made of conductive material and is earthed, add an anti-static additive to
the liquid being loaded.
3.6 Gases
3.6.1 Introduction
Transfer of a pure gas generates no static. However, when a gas contains entrained solid or liquid
particles (e.g. rust-flakes, moisture in wet steam, solid C02 snow) electro-static charging can result.
As such entrained particles are present in most instances, generation of static can be expected to
result from the flow of gas or the release of pressurized gas into vessels or the atmosphere. Such
releases can be unintentional (e.g. steam-leaks) or part of a process (e.g. the discharging of a fire-
extinguisher). The static will accumulate on any electrically isolated body in the gas or vapour
stream. Electrically isolated bodies adjacent to the stream are also liable to become charged by
induction.
3.6.2 Minimizing generation of static
Minimize generation of static by keeping the gas as free from entrained solid or liquid particles as
possible and reducing the velocity at which it flows or is released.
3.6.3 Preventing accumulation of static
Ensure that nozzles from which a gas is released are made from conductive material and are
earthed, and that any conductive objects and persons in or in close proximity to the gas stream are
similarly earthed.
If possible, do not place non-conductive bodies in or near the gas stream.
The insertion of earthed metal screens in the stream will not assist in static dissipation but may
increase the hazard. Their use is therefore not recommended.
3.7 Dusts
3.7.1 Introduction
a) General. Generation of static electricity occurs frequently during handling and processing of dust
in industry, and there are instances where it has caused ignition of airborne dust and dust lying
on surfaces. In such instances the ignition resulted from a discharge of static occurring between
a charged isolated conductive object and earth. As yet, no evidence exists that a dust cloud can
be self-ignited, i.e. ignited by a discharge of static from one part of the cloud to another.
The ignition energy of a dust is a function not only of its chemical composition, but also of the
shape, size, and surface area of the individual particles, the density of the dust, the amount of
adsorbed or absorbed gas(es), the extent of surface layers, etc. Variations in any of these
characteristics may modify the ignition energy.
Unlike vapour-air mixtures, the concentration of a dust cloud throughout a given atmosphere
may vary widely from area to area. Therefore, reliance cannot be placed on maintaining the
concentration of dust clouds outside flammable limits as a means of controlling the risk of fire or
explosion due to static.
20
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
b) Generation of static. When a dust layer is dispersed from a surface, considerable static may be
generated by the process of physical separation. This will generally only occur when the dust
and surface are of different materials and one or both are non-conductive.
Flowing dust-air mixtures generate static because of the physical contact of the dust particles
with and separation of the dust particles from each other and the surfaces of other bodies, e.g.
pipe walls.
In practice, generation of static occurs when dust is dispersed from surfaces, or when dust-air
mixtures flow through pipes, from narrow orifices, or past obstructions. Substantial static may be
generated during sand-blasting.
The dust of plastics materials, iron-oxide, shellac, carbide, and quartz sand are particularly
prone to generation of static.
c) Factors affecting generation of static. The extent of generation of static depends on:
1) the inherent properties of the dust, i.e. type of material, particle size, contact area, and
surface resistivity;
2) the presence and magnitude of any external electrostatic fields;
3) the over-all leakage resistance of the system, i.e. resistance between the surface from
which dust disperses and surfaces on which dust settles or with which dust makes contact;
4) the occurrence and extent of any ionization of air as the dust separates from a surface; and
5) the smoothness of the surface from which the dust disperses (the smoother the surface, the
greater the charge amount of static generated).
When dust is dispersed from a surface, generation of static cannot be absolutely prevented and will
not be completely eliminated by high humidity or grounding of the surface from which the dust is
dispersed. The method of dispersing the dust, the amount of energy expended in dispersion, the
turbulence created by this, and the composition of the atmosphere do not appreciably affect the
magnitude or distribution of the charge of static.
Furthermore, static accumulated in dust clouds or flowing dust streams cannot be readily
dissipated. The insertion of earthed metal screens in flowing dust streams may generate additional
static. The use of such screens is therefore not recommended.
The accumulation of static on dust-handling equipment used in dust-enriched atmospheres can be

minimized by using low flow velocities and small heights of fall.
3.7.3 Dissipating static from equipment
a) Outlet nozzles. Ensure that nozzles from which dust is ejected are made wholly from conductive
materials and are earthed.
b) Objects in dust streams. Do not position any object in a dust stream. Where this cannot be
avoided, ensure that the object is of conductive material and is earthed.
c) Sampling. Use only earthed, conductive sampling devices.
21
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
d) Bags for collecting and transporting dusts. Use conductive bags that are earthed or bonded
during filling, emptying, and transporting. Conductivity can be achieved by making the bags of
conductive material or by rinsing them in an anti-static solution as often as is necessary to
maintain their conductivity.
NOTE 1 Detergent manufacturers should be consulted for recommendations on suitable anti-static

solutions.
NOTE 2 The effects of a static charge on non-conductive bags may be mitigated by incorporating,
throughout the material, closely spaced earthed metallic threads.
NOTE 3 As jute is a natural fibre, its inherent conductivity, as has been found in practice, is usually
sufficient to obviate any hazard of electro-static sparking. However, if jute bags are used under especially
dusty conditions or for materials having appreciable lower ignition energies than those quoted for
agricultural dusts in appendix D, a resistance test should be done on them at regular intervals.
3.8 Belt drives and conveyors
3.8.1 Generation of static
Drive belts and conveyor belts made of non-conductive material such as leather, rubber, or
synthetic materials may generate static because of the contact and separation occurring between
the belts and their pulleys or idler roller(s). Generation of static may occur with conductive or non-
conductive pulleys or rollers and the charge acquired will be of equal magnitude but opposite
polarity to that carried by the belt.
The degree of generation of static depends upon the materials and surface resistivity of the belt and
pulley and increases with belt velocity and with the slip and contact width between belt and pulley.
Because frictional losses cause them to operate at temperatures above ambient, flat drive belts are
generally dry and non-conductive, and are particularly prone to generation of static when running at
moderate or high speeds. Such belts can produce electrostatic discharges of 50 mm and longer.
Vee belts are not as prone to generation of static as are flat belts and generally the risk of
discharges of static emanating from them is small.
Slow-moving conveyor belts do not normally generate troublesome quantities of static. However, if
the belts are used for the transportation of heated or very dry materials, or are operated at high
ambient temperatures or at high speeds, appreciable static may be generated.
Give consideration to the replacement of belt-drive by direct- or gear-drive. If this is not practicable
use one or more of the following methods to minimize creation of static:
a) Use conductive or anti-static material. In the case of conveyor belts, use, if possible, belts
made of conductive or anti-static material, and free of any non-conductive parts such as joining
strips.
b) Increase air humidity. If the condition of the belt surface is as described in 3.3.3(d)(1), (2), and
(3), decrease its surface resistivity by maintaining the air adjacent to the belt at a relative
humidity of at least 70 %.
c) Ionize the air. Ionize the air adjacent to the inside of the belt, 100-150 mm from the point where
the belt leaves each pulley (see figure 2). This can be accomplished by the use of static combs,
electrical neutralizers, radio-active materials, or combinations of these methods, in accordance
with the appropriate recommendation in 3.3.3(e).
22
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
NOTE Although figure 2 relates only to drive belts, the same principles apply to drive pulleys or idler rollers of
conveyor belts.
Figure 2 — Location of ionizing device for minimizing generation of static from drive belts
d) Pulleys, idler rollers, and shafting. Earth all pulleys, idler rollers, and all conductive parts
associated with these.
e) Materials discharged from conveyors. Chutes or hoppers into which materials are discharged
from conveyor belts should be made from conductive material and should be bonded to the
shafts of pulleys and rollers.
3.8.3 Safety guards
If the control methods recommended in 3.8.2 are not applied (e.g. because generation of static
does not cause a hazard or inconvenience), safety guards surrounding the belt may become
electrostatically charged by induction.
A person touching such guards could therefore receive an electric shock. In itself, this may not be
harmful but could result in injury because of involuntary reaction. It is therefore recommended that
safety guards be made from conductive material and that they be earthed.
3.9 Explosives
3.9.1 Introduction
When explosives or explosive ingredients are dispersed, mixed, transferred, or stored as finely
divided powder or liquids, sufficient electrostatic generation can occur to cause static discharges.
Some of the initiating explosives, particularly lead styphnate and lead azide, are very susceptible to
ignition by static sparks. Gun cotton in the dry state and, to a lesser extent, PETN and nitro-
glycerine are also susceptible. Ammonium nitrate and some other blasting explosives such as TNT
and tetryl are much less susceptible.
Although the presence of moisture renders commercial and other explosives less susceptible to
ignition by sparks, the hazard may be increased by these explosives with other materials.
23
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
The quantity of static generated also increases with the amount of explosive being handled. This
applies particularly to powdered explosives where a dust explosion can occur even with less
sensitive explosives.
3.9.2 Assessing the hazard
In attempting to control the hazards of static it is necessary to determine the critical ignition energy
of an explosive by detailed experiment or from reliable published information.
Measure, under normal working conditions, the resistance to earth of all conductors associated with
the process. The resistance of persons and movable conductors is of particular importance.
If the resistance to earth of a particular conductor exceeds 1 MΩ, measure the capacity of the
conductor. The rate at which energy is generated on the conductor can then be calculated from the
rate of voltage-increase measured under experimental conditions (but not in the work situation).
If the energy generated is more than the critical ignition energy of the explosive divided by the
desired safety factor, reduce the leakage resistance between the conductor and earth or alter the
plant arrangement.
NOTE When taking measurements in a work situation, exercise great care not to introduce hazardous
conditions by the testing procedure. In some instances, measurements may have to be made from behind
protective barricades. Alternatively, an inert but static-generating substance may be used in place of the
explosive.
3.9.3 Minimizing the hazard
a) Observance of regulations. Observe all relevant statutory regulations relating to the handling of
explosives.
b) Materials of construction. Wherever possible ensure that plant and equipment, including
containers such as bags, bins, and scoops, are constructed of materials not prone to static
generation.
NOTE Other considerations (e.g. sparking due to impact, heat generated by friction) are also to be
observed when selecting materials.
c) Prevention of static charges. The accumulation of static can be prevented by the following
methods:
1) Surface coating. Apply a surface coating to the non-conductive parts of a plant.
A mixture of stove polish and flaked graphite is sometimes suitable but other coatings are
commercially available.
Explosive may also be coated provided that its stability is not affected.
2) Maintain a sufficiently humid atmosphere around the non-conductive parts of a plant.

Where sensitive primary explosives such as lead styphnate are processed, a relative
humidity of at least 70 % is usually sufficient. Under less hazardous conditions, a relative
humidity of 50 % or more may suffice. In each case allow time for the surfaces, including
those of the explosive, to reach equilibrium with the humidified air.
24
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
3) Bonding and earthing. Bond together all conductors (and surfaces that have been made
conductive) and earth the whole system. Because of the possibility of high intensity sparking
to earth do not use direct earthing in very hazardous locations, but earth through a resistance
of between 100 kΩ and 1 MΩ, if possible.
Ensure that the electrical properties of surfaces are not impaired by contamination with oil,
wax, and the like. This applies particularly to work-benches, floors, and the soles of
conductive and anti-static footwear. Check the complete bonding and earthing system
regularly.
4) Plant arrangement. Arrange the plant to reduce the rate of movement, height of free fall,
and the degree of separation occurring between the explosive and other materials.
5) Clothing and footwear. Forbid the use of garments made of nylon, polyester, and other
synthetics, and give preference to woollen and flame-resistant cotton garments and
conductive footwear in localities where sensitive primary explosives are handled. Conductive
or anti-static footwear should be worn where other types of explosives are handled.
3.10 Printing, coating, spreading, and impregnating processes
3.10.1 Introduction
a) General. In the printing industry static electricity often causes difficulty in controlling the sheets
or web. It may increase set-off (i.e. smudging of a clean sheet when it is laid on a freshly printed
surface), or it may damage the printed image by attracting dust particles or loose paper fibres.
If flammable inks and solvents are used, a fire or explosion hazard exists. Charged webs or
sheets may cause electric shocks.
In coating, spreading, and impregnating operations the fire or explosion danger, difficulty in
controlling the sheets, and electric shock are the main hazards.
b) Generation of static. Static is generated by the motion of non-conductive material through

rollers on the press; when such material is pulled from a roll or stack; during the actual
impression, coating, or processing stages; or in any of the handling equipment between the
impression or processing stages and the delivery of the roll or stack on completion.
In the case of printing, the maximum charge is likely to be on the material as it passes from the
printing roller, i.e. in the immediate vicinity of the ink duct. As the rotation of the cylinder in the
ink may cause the ink to become charged, it is here that the risk of igniting flammable ink
vapours is greatest.
c) Factors influencing generation of static
1) Material. The amount of static generated depends on the nature of the surface and on the
volume- and surface-conductivities. These, in turn, usually depend on the moisture content.
2) Contact pressure. Increased contact pressure of the rollers generally results in increased
static generation.
3) Solutions or ink. The presence of colloidal particles in the ink or solutions greatly increases
static generation. Coloured inks are prone to generate static owing to the presence of
metallic pigments.
25
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
4) Running speed. High-speed operation results in increased generation of static.
5) Running-track and guiding-element surfaces. Rough and non-conductive surfaces on

running-tracks and guiding-elements increase generation of static.
6) Humidity. Increased generation of static occurs in atmospheres of low relative humidity.
7) Machine characteristics. The degree of generation of static may be influenced by the

characteristics of particular types of machines, e.g. additional friction between the running-
track and the rubber cylinders when the machine is started, or with changes of roller speed
(as in photogravure printing machines).
The generation and accumulation of static electricity can be minimized by one or more of the
following methods:
a) Use moist materials (if allowed by the process). This can be achieved by maintaining a
sufficiently humid atmosphere and allowing the material to reach equilibrium with the humidified
air. The amount of moisture required and the method of introducing it into the air depend on the
material used and the room conditions.
b) Minimize friction between the material and the running tracks and guiding elements. This is
especially important during changes in speed and, to a lesser extent, when starting the machine.
c) Use the minimum necessary contact pressure between rollers.
d) Avoid the use of excessive running speeds.
e) Use conductive rubber rollers or rollers fitted with a conductive rubber sleeve.
f) Increase the conductivity of printing inks, solvents, and lubricants by the use of additives.
Where static generation cannot be maintained at a sufficiently low value by the methods
recommended above, employ one or more of the following methods, as appropriate:
a) Install an anti-static or conductive floor in the working area.
b) Earth rotating parts (e.g. rollers), particularly in the vicinity of ducts for ink or rollers.
c) Earth conductive vessels, metal funnels, and the like used for mixing, pumping, or pouring inks
and solvents.
d) Ensure that personnel wear anti-static or conductive footwear, and clothing not prone to static
generation.
e) Ionize the air, in particular by the installation of earthed sharp-pointed combs in the running track.
Ensure that the earth connection is always continuous.
26
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
3.11 Film casting and extrusion (plastics)
3.11.1 Introduction
The non-conductive film web becomes electrostatically charged when lifted out of the casting
mould, or separated from the rollers or extrusion dies. The degree of charging depends on the
machine characteristics, the type of film and smoothness of its surface, and the film take-off speed.
Appreciable static generation can also result when film waste is dissolved.
a) Film casting and extruding. During film casting and extrusion reduce the hazard of static by
one or more of the following methods:
1) ionize the air immediately above the running track,
2) spray water on the film emerging from the discharge vent of the casting machine or extrusion
die. Alternatively, the film so emerging may be dipped into an earthed water-bath.
b) Dissolving film waste (spoil). During the process of dissolving film waste, reduce the static
hazard by one or more of the following methods:
1) earth all conductive parts of the kettle,
2) fill the kettle with a solvent before the film waste is added. If possible a non-flammable
component of the solvent should be added first,
3) wet the waste with a conductive liquid before adding it to the kettle,
4) use tools made entirely of non-conductive materials for adding waste to the kettle,
5) maintain the air in the vicinity of the kettle at a relative humidity of at least 70 %,
6) ensure that personnel wear anti-static or conductive footwear and clothing not prone to
generation of static,
7) immediately remove any lacquer spillage from floors or shoe soles, thereby preventing the
formation of insulating layers.
3.12 Dry-cleaning
3.12.1 Introduction
In dry-cleaning static electricity is generated by the immersion and agitation of articles in the
cleaning liquid, and during their removal from the liquid. Further generation may occur when the
articles are dried and when they are scrubbed by hand (spotted).
3.12.2 Controlling static electricity
a) Earthing and bonding. Bond together all parts of the plant that are not electrically continuous.
These include storage tanks, treatment tanks, purifiers, pumps, piping, washing machines,
extractors, drying-tumblers, and drying-cabinets. Earth the whole system.
Ensure that the working surfaces of spotting-tables are of metal and are earthed.
27
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
b) Solvent conductivity. If the washing machine is earthed, prevent the accumulation of static
electricity by using a conductive solvent.
By controlling the quantity of soap and water added, the conductivity of solvents comprising a
soap and water emulsion in a white spirit base can generally be maintained at a sufficiently high
level.
Similarly, the addition of phosphoric esters raises the conductivity of perchloroethylene solvents
sufficiently to prevent electrostatic generation.
c) Humidification. The dissipation of static charges can be assisted by the maintenance of a

sufficiently humid atmosphere.
d) On persons. Static charges acquired by persons can be dissipated by one or more of the
methods recommended in 3.4.
3.13 Sundry processes involving liquids

3.13.1 Loading and unloading of road tankers
Except where otherwise recommended below, when filling and emptying road tankers, observe the
relevant precautions given in SANS 10089-2. Bond the tanker and dispensing or receiving unit
together during filling and emptying, except as provided for below. Earth them if possible.
In the case of non-conductive tanker vessels used for transporting liquids, bond and earth all metal
parts that are likely to cause a static hazard.
Ensure that bonding and earthing conductors have suitable clamps that can be connected in a
position remote from where flammable vapours can escape. Connect conductive tanker vessels to
the vehicle undercarriage.
When gravity-filling underground storage tanks through single-length, closed-piping systems, it is

unnecessary to bond or earth the tanker, but bond intermediate couplings on multiple hose lengths
in accordance with 3.5.12.
Experience indicates that bonding may not be necessary when farm tanks with small diameter pipes
are filled at flow velocities not exceeding 1 m/s.
3.13.2 Loading and unloading of rail tank wagons and storage tanks
Observe the applicable inspection contained in the latest issues (as amended) of the Instructions
governing the prevention of electrical fires during the transfer of flammable liquids or gases to or
from rail tank cars and the Instructions governing the lease of oil sites, both issued by the
South African Railways Administration and the relevant precautions given in SANS 10089-2.
3.13.3 Fuelling and defuelling of aircraft
It is recommended that the precautions given in SANS 10089-2 be observed when aircraft are
fuelled and defuelled.
28
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
3.13.4 Loading and unloading of tankers and barges
When loading and unloading tankers and barges observe the regulations contained in the latest
issue (as amended) of the relevant national legislation (see foreword). Observe also the relevant
recommendations given in SANS 10089-2. Amdt 2
3.13.5 Fuelling of motor vehicles
There is no evidence that hazards may arise from the fuelling of motor vehicles.
3.13.6 Transferring of ether and carbon disulphide
When filling containers with ether and carbon disulphide use a filling tube or funnel that extends to
the bottom of the container. Use conductive containers and funnels; never use non-conductive
funnels with conductive containers.
If the use of a non-conductive container is unavoidable, transfer the liquid by pouring it through an
earthed conductive funnel that is electrically connected to the liquid at the bottom by a conductive
hose, wire, or wire mesh or, alternatively, connect a wire or wire mesh between the filling nozzle
and liquid at the bottom of the container. Ensure that the operator is earthed.
3.14 Sundry processes involving pressurized gas(es)
3.14.1 Discharge of carbon dioxide
The release of carbon dioxide as a liquid under high pressure from a nozzle (when it immediately
changes to a gas and "snow") can result in accumulations of static electricity on the nozzle and the
receiving container. Ensure that the nozzle and the container are made of conductive material and
are earthed. Do not permit the discharge of carbon dioxide as a liquid under high pressure in the
vicinity of flammable materials or use such discharge as a means of forming an inert atmosphere in
an enclosed system.
3.14.2 Release of hydrogen-air and acetylene-air mixtures
Take special care during the release of hydrogen-air or acetylene-air mixtures containing entrained
solid or liquid particles, as such mixtures have very low ignition energies.
3.14.3 Transfer of liquefied petroleum gas (LP gas)
In closed systems the concentration of LP gas vapour is always above the upper explosive limit and
no danger of internal explosion exists. To obviate the danger of external ignitions, resulting from
leakage, earth and bond all metal parts.
3.14.4 Steam jets
Significant static can be generated by the release of wet steam from an orifice. Conductive objects
adjacent to the jet are therefore especially liable to become charged by induction.
3.14.5 Spray-painting
Observe the general recommendations given in 3.6. Since high fluid-velocities are involved with
"airless" spray-finishing equipment, static is liable to accumulate on the spray-gun and the object
being sprayed. A hazardous situation exists in such cases as flammable liquids are usually
involved. Bond the spray-gun and the conductive object being sprayed, and earth them.
29
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Ensure that paint layers do not impair the effectiveness of the bonding or earthing connections to
the object.
3.15 Ducting and flexible ventilation pipes

Dust-laden air is a very efficient charger of conductive bodies. In this particular case, conductive
bodies may be metal ducting or conductive spots, such as wet spots, on flexible ventilation pipes
made of treated fabrics.
In the case of metal ducting, ensure that the resistance to earth nowhere exceeds 1 MΩ.
In the case of flexible ventilation pipes made of treated fabric, observe the following:
a) ensure that the resistance of the material of ventilation pipes, when measured in accordance with
the relevant method given in appendix B, does not exceed 300 MΩ;
b) earth ventilation pipes at intervals not exceeding 6 m; ensure that the resistance to earth,
measured between an effective earth-point and the earth-connection attached to a pipe, does
not exceed 1 MΩ;
c) do not install a ventilation pipe in such a way that it can contact unearthed conductors (e.g. a
notice board nailed to an insulating pole, or a wet spot on an insulating brattice door). If the
ventilation pipe must be in contact with a conductor, ensure that the conductor has a resistance
to earth that does not exceed 1 MΩ.
NOTE If the surface resistance of ventilation pipes is dependent on the humidity, the pipes must not be used
at a humidity lower than that at which the resistance is 300 MΩ, measured in accordance with appendix B. This
may be the case with certain canvas ventilation pipes.
4 Measuring methods and equipment

4.1 Voltage detection
4.1.1 Neon lamps
A small neon lamp that has one terminal earthed by, for example, holding it in the hand, will glow
feebly when its envelope is placed in contact with an electrostatically charged conductive or non-
conductive object. If the object is very highly charged the lamp will glow even when placed close to
it. Depending on the surface resistance of the glass, the envelope may become charged and inhibit
the glow. It will then be necessary to touch the envelope with several fingers to discharge it.
Greater sensitivity is obtained by placing the unearthed terminal in contact with the charged object,
but in the case of a conductive object this may cause a high-intensity discharge of static. This
method is therefore not recommended in hazardous locations.
It is advisable to test the suitability of various makes of neon lamps by detecting the presence of a
charge on a perspex rod rubbed with wool.
4.1.2 Electroscopes
The gold-leaf electroscope is a simple and sensitive voltage detector and rugged designs are
commercially available. If the voltage is sufficiently high, an indication can be obtained without
touching the charged object. Because non-contacting, self-contained, transistorized electrometers
specially designed for measuring the voltages of static are commercially available, electroscopes
are now rarely used.
30
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
4.2 Voltage measurements
4.2.1 Electrostatic voltmeters
Electrostatic voltmeters require connection to the test object and therefore are suitable only for
measuring voltage on conductive objects. They operate by electrostatic attraction between movable
and stationary vanes and, when measuring d.c. voltages (e.g. static electricity), require almost no
current to maintain deflection. A current corresponding to the insulation resistance of the meter will
however flow, but generally this resistance exceeds 100 TΩ. This current causes the meter reading
to decrease with time, and if objects having a small capacitance are measured, a correction should
be made.
A greater error may be introduced by the capacitance of the meter, that shunts the capacitance of
the object on which the charge is collected. Apply a correction if this second capacitance is small.
4.2.2 Non-contacting electronic instruments
a) General. Non-contacting electronic instruments measure the electrostatic field strength around
charged objects.
Such instruments are not placed in contact with the charged object and therefore are not prone
to significant errors caused by the capacitance or insulation resistance of the instrument.
Calibration is only correct when the measuring-head of the instrument is at a specified distance
from the object and the surface contour of the object is similar to the surface contour of the
device used for calibration (see 4.2.3(d)). The calibration-distance relationship is usually given in
the manufacturer's instruction book for the more common surface contours (e.g. flat or spherical
surfaces) but may be ascertained for any surface by the method described in 4.2.3(d).
In the case of conductive objects, a measurement of field strength can be directly converted to
the actual voltage of the object by calibrating the instrument in terms of voltage in accordance
with 4.2.3(d).
However, in the case of non-conductive objects, voltages relative to earth usually vary from one
point of the object to another and measurements of field strength represent only an average over
the measuring-head area of the instrument and give no indication of point-to-point voltage
variations. Therefore, due to the charge distribution, measurements on non-conductive objects
can be taken only in terms of an average field strength.
For this reason most instruments are calibrated in kV/m and, when measurements are made with
such an instrument on a conductive object, the reading obtained may be quoted as the field
strength due to charge distribution on the object, or may be converted to the voltage of the object
by obtaining the calibration of the instrument, e.g. from the method described in 4.2.3(d) or from
the manufacturer's handbook.
When measurements are made on a non-conductive object with an instrument calibrated in

kV/m, the reading of the instrument should be quoted only as the average field strength due to
charge distribution on the object.
Some instruments are scaled, however, in terms of "field volts", which correspond in magnitude
to the actual voltages applied during calibration as described in 4.2.3(d). When measurements
are made with such an instrument on conductive objects, the reading obtained is the voltage on
the object, and the reading obtained on non-conductive objects is the average surface voltage
due to the charge distribution, and should be quoted only as "field volts".
31
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
b) Instrument operation
1) Electrometers have a measuring-head on which a voltage is induced by the charged body;

this voltage is fed into a high input impedance amplifier and measured on the amplifier
output. Because the input impedance is not infinite, the voltage on the head will slowly leak
to zero. Normally there is ample time to take readings, but if successive readings are
required over a period of time it is necessary to bring the measuring-head into a field-free
space by, e.g. shielding it by hand or a metal shutter if provided, and by shorting the amplifier
input after which a new reading can be taken.
2) Instruments using radio-active materials. Instruments having a measuring-head in which

the air is ionized by radio-active materials may also be used for measuring static voltages.
When the head is brought into an electric field, the ions are accelerated and a current flows
between the earthed outer part of the head and the measuring electrode. This current is
amplified and indicated, the indication being proportional to field strength. Use of such
instruments causes a gradual discharge of the charge on the body on which the voltage is
being measured.
3) Generating voltmeters. Such instruments sense mechanically the d.c. voltage on the body
as an a.c. voltage. This is effected by the use of a vibrating membrane or by alternately
shielding and exposing the measuring-head. The resulting alternating voltage obviates the
need for high-input resistance amplifiers and enables the voltmeter to be used for taking
continuous voltage readings.
4.2.3 Measurements in hazardous locations
a) General. When measuring voltages or field strengths in hazardous locations, ensure that
flammable solids or mixtures are not present and that no sparking in the instrument circuits or
from static sparks or brush discharges can occur. If necessary, use intrinsically safe
instruments.
b) Using an electrostatic voltmeter. To minimize the probability of static sparking in a hazardous

location, when an electrostatic voltmeter is used to determine the charge on a conductor, follow
the steps given below:
1) connect the earth terminal of a suitably scaled electrostatic voltmeter to earth;
2) stop the charging process;
3) with the object earthed, connect the high-voltage terminal of the electrostatic voltmeter to the
object;
4) inspect the object and, after ensuring that there are no gaps (across which a static discharge
could jump) between earth and the object, remove the earth connection from the object;
5) start the charging process and take readings;
NOTE Stop the charging process if the voltage reaches full scale deflection as a further voltage
increase may cause internal sparking in the voltmeter.
6) stop the charging process and wait till the meter reads zero before reconnecting the earth
conductor to the object. Then disconnect the voltmeter;
NOTE Ensure that no earthed parts are brought near the object until charging has been stopped and
all residual charge has been dissipated.
32
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
c) Using non-contacting electronic instruments. Use a non-contacting field-meter as

indicated below.
NOTE If the field strength of a non-conductive object is to be measured, omit the procedure given in (1)
below, and commence with that given in (2).
1) With the earth connection attached to the object, apply a quantity of insulating material to the
object at the place where the measuring-head will be held. This material prevents accidental
contact between the head and the object and should have sufficient dielectric strength to
withstand the expected voltage, but a resistance low enough to prevent it retaining a charge
and so introducing errors. Varnished cambric is ideal for this purpose but plastics materials
are unsuitable. The suitability of a particular material may be ascertained by evaluating the
difference in readings obtained by calibrating the instrument in accordance with (d) below
and then repeating the calibration with the material attached to an insulated metal device as
described in (d) below.
2) Stop the process by which the charge is being generated.
3) After inspecting the object to ensure that there are no gaps between earth and the object,
across which static discharges could occur, remove the earth connection from the object
(conductive objects only).
4) Start the process by which the charge is being generated, and ensure that no earthed parts
are brought near the object until charging stops and all residual charge is dissipated.
5) With the instrument adjusted to its highest sensitivity, move the measuring-head slowly
towards the object. Keep the measuring-head at a safe distance beyond that at which the
reading indicates that a static discharge may occur. Continue the test by taking readings with
the measuring head at this distance from the object.
6) After obtaining readings stop the process by which charge is being generated and, in the
case of conductive objects, wait until no voltage can be detected before reconnecting the
earth to the object.
7) Using the method described in (d) below, calibrate the instrument at the same distance as
that used during the test.
d) Calibration of non-contacting electronic instruments. The calibration of non-contacting

electronic instruments is affected by changes in any of the following:
1) the spacing between the measuring electrode and the charged object;
2) the surface contour of the charged object;
3) amplification within the electronic circuit; and
4) the aperture of the measuring-head. In some instruments changes of aperture are achieved
by providing a range of metal lids, each having a different-sized hole, for clipping to the head.
Calibration is effected by simulating practical conditions. Known d.c. voltages are applied
between earth and an insulated metal device that has a surface contour simulating that of the
object to be measured. With the head at a given distance from the device the deflection as a
function of voltage is measured. The deflection is also measured as a function of distance
while the voltage is kept constant.
33
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
The voltage source is preferably a commercially available electronic power supply of suitable range,
together with a suitable meter. It is essential that the short-circuit current be limited to less than
1 mA to prevent strong electric shocks when the metal device is touched accidentally.
4.3 Determination of capacitance

If possible, use a commercially available capacitance bridge. If the capacitance to earth of an object
must be measured, difficulties may be experienced if the bridge circuit does not allow earthing of
one of its measuring terminals. Use another method in this case e.g. a method that involves the use
of a ballistic galvanometer.
4.4 Measurement of charges

The charge on a small and movable object (conductive or non-conductive) can be measured as
follows:
Connect an electrostatic voltmeter to a well-insulated metal can of such construction that the test
object is substantially surrounded by it. Suspend the charged object on a silk thread or other equally
effective insulating support and lower it into the can. It is immaterial whether or not the object makes
contact with the interior of the can. If the voltmeter then shows a potential of V volts and the
combined capacitance of the can and voltmeter is C farads, then the charge on the test object, Q
coulombs, is computed from the following formula:
Q = CV coulombs
4.5 Measurement of resistance and conductivity of liquids
4.5.1 Resistance of earthing circuits
Use a commercially available ohm- or continuity-meter having a scale on which the lowest
resistance indicated is a few ohms.
4.5.2 Resistance of various materials and products and conductivity of liquids
Use the applicable method given in appendix B. For products and materials not given in
appendix B, use the relevant method given in IEC 60093 or IEC 60247, or BS 2050 or ISO 2023 or
SANS 20345 or any other relevant publication. Amdt 1; amdt 2; amdt 3
4.5.3 Personnel resistance tester
Measure the over-all resistance to earth of a person by means of an instrument having a circuit as
shown schematically in figure 3.
34
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Figure 3 — Schematic instrument to measure personnel resistance
The person stands on the conductive plate that is connected to the base of a sensing transistor.
The circuit through the person is completed by the person grasping the metal handle, and the bias
of the transistor is thus altered according to the over-all resistance between the shoe soles of the
person and his/her hand. The handle is provided with a switch that activates the measuring circuit.
The output of the transistor is amplified and causes a relay to switch off the red lamp and switch on
the green lamp.
If the over-all resistance of the person is less than 1 MΩ the green light is switched on but if the
resistance exceeds 1 MΩ the red light remains on, thereby indicating unsafe conditions. The circuit
may be adjusted to indicate resistance less than 1 MΩ.
35
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Appendix A
Applicable standards, publications, and regulations
A.1 Reference is made to the latest issues of the following standards:
BS 2050, Electrical resistance of conducting and antistatic products made from flexible polymeric
material. Amdt 1
IEC 60093, Methods of test for volume resistivity and surface resistivity of solid electrical insulating
materials. Amdt 1
IEC 60247, Insulating liquids – Measurement of relative permittivity, dielectric dissipation factor and
d.c resistivity of insulating liquids. Amdt 1
ISO 2023, Rubber footwear – Lined industrial vulcanized-rubber boots – Specification. Amdt 2
SANS 741, Industrial boots (including safety boots) with direct vulcanized soles and heels.
Amdt 2; amdt 3
SANS 10089-2, The petroleum industry – Part 2: Electrical installations in the distribution and
marketing sector. Amdt 1
SANS 10405, Transport of dangerous goods by rail – Operational and design requirements and
emergency preparedness. Amdt 2
SANS 20345/ISO 20345, Personal protective equipment – Safety footwear. Amdt 3
A.2 Reference is made to the following publications, acts, regulations, and instructions:
relevant national legislation (see foreword) Amdt 2
Landolt-Bornstein: Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie, Astronomie, Geophysik,

Technik Vol 2, Part 7, 6th edition 1960, Springer Verlag, Berlin.
LOEB, Leonard B, Static Electrification.
SAR Instructions governing the lease of oil sites.
SAR Instructions governing the prevention of electrical fires during the transfer of flammable liquids
or gases to or from rail tank cars.
National Fire Protection Association, United States of America, Publication 77 Static Electricity
1966.
36
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Appendix B
Determination of resistance
B.1 Determination of the average resistance of a floor

B.1.1 Resistance between two electrodes
B.1.1.1 Equipment
0,25
a) Electrodes. Two clean dry electrodes, each of mass 2 ± kg and having a flat resilient
0,00
contact surface of nominal diameter 60 mm that consists of a layer of aluminium or tinfoil of
thickness 0,012-0,025 mm, backed by a layer of rubber of thickness about 5 mm and having a
)
hardness of 40-60 I.R.H. .
b) Ohmmeter. An ohmmeter of suitable range, and that will maintain a voltage of 90-500 V across a
resistance of 1 MΩ.
NOTE For the safety of the operator, the short-circuit current should be less than 10 mA.
B.1.1.2 Test conditions
Ensure that the floor is clean and dry, and that the room is free from hazardous gas mixtures.
B.1.1.3 Procedure for individual readings
0,0
Place the electrodes 1 ± m apart and measure the resistance between them. If the resistance
0,1
changes appreciably with time during a measurement, take as the measured value the value
recorded after the voltage has been applied for about 5 s.
B.1.1.4 Procedure for determination of the average resistance of a newly laid floor
Use the procedure given in B.1.1.3 to determine the resistance of the floor at positions that
2
represent each 2 m of floor area, taking at least one reading at each position. Take the average of
the readings as the average floor resistance.
B.1.1.5 Routine determination of average resistance
Determine, as in B.1.1.4, at least once every 3 months the average floor resistance, from
determinations made at least five suitably scattered positions on the floor.
B.1.2 Resistance to earth

Determine as in B.1.1 but connect one electrode directly to an earthed object.
4) This hardness is approximately that of a pencil eraser. The use of softer rubber or of a sponge rubber may
result in values that are too low.
37
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
B.2 Resistance test on treated fabric for flexible ventilation pipes

B.2.1 Apparatus
a) Measuring instrument. A measuring instrument that covers the range between 1 MΩ and
10 000 MΩ, is accurate to within ± 5 %, and is capable of applying a potential applied between
the electrodes of 40-1 000 V D.C.
b) Electrodes. Two electrodes of soft metal (such as soft tin or lead-foil) of thickness
0,025-0,007 mm. One electrode is in the form of a disc of diameter 25 mm and the other in the
form of a concentric annulus having an internal diameter of 125 mm and an external diameter of
150 mm.
c) Liquid contact agent. A conducting liquid contact agent of the following composition for
attaching the electrodes to the test area:
Anhydrous polyethylene glycol of molar mass 600 : 4 parts by mass
Soft soap, BP quality : 1/200 part by mass
Water : 1 part by mass
d) Brass contact pieces. Two cylindrical brass contact pieces of the same plan dimensions as
those of the electrodes, the height of the solid cylinder being 25 mm and that of the hollow
cylinder, 22 mm. One end of each is machined flat.
B.2.2 Preparation of test piece

On each surface of the material prepare two test areas of size at least 300 mm × 300 mm as
follows:
NOTE Ensure that the test areas do not overlap.
a) dust each area with fuller's earth (BP grade) and rub them well with a clean pad of cloth or cotton
wool;
b) remove all traces of the powder, wipe the surface of each area with a clean pad moistened with
distilled water, and rub with a clean cloth.
B.2.3 Application of the electrodes and test procedure

Immediately after cleaning a test area, apply the liquid contact agent, ensuring that it is not smeared
on the surface between the positions to be occupied by the central disc and the annulus (wipe off
any small excess with a clean cotton-wool pad).
Place the foil electrodes on the prepared test area and rub them gently onto the test surface with a
finger or small soft pad. If the surface is indented, ensure that the foil follows the indentations
closely.
Without delay, place the sample under test in an atmosphere of relative humidity less than 70 %
and a temperature less than 22 °C for 2 h.
After 2 h, place the brass contact pieces on the electrodes, place a polythene sheet of thickness at
least 1,5 mm underneath the sample, and connect the leads from the measuring instrument to the
brass contact pieces, the outer ring electrode being earthed. Between the electrodes, apply a
potential such that not more than 1 W is dissipated in the sample under test. Take the reading of
resistance when a steady indication is obtained. Do not apply the test potential for more than 5 min.
38
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Take care not to breathe on the test sample during testing.
Repeat the test on the other three test areas and take the average of the four readings as the
observed resistance value.
B.3 Determination of the electrical resistance of hoses and drill-hole

liners
B.3.1 Apparatus
a) Measuring instrument. A measuring instrument (e.g. an insulation tester or ohmmeter) that is
designed for measuring electrical resistances up to 100 MΩ and has a nominal open circuit
voltage of 100 V D.C. or greater and an accuracy of 5 % or better, or any suitable instrument
known to give comparable results.
b) Electrodes. Electrodes of the following forms:
1) In the case of ANBA loading hose, two cylindrical, metallic electrodes of length 25 mm and
diameter equal to the internal diameter of the hose.
2) In the case of drill-hole liners, an inner cylindrical metallic electrode of diameter equal to the
internal diameter of the liner under test and an outer ring-shaped metallic electrode of inside
diameter equal to the outside diameter of the liner under test. The length of both electrodes
is 25 mm.
c) Liquid contact agent. A liquid contact agent of the following composition:
Anhydrous polyethylene glycol of molar mass 600 : 800 parts by mass
Water : 200 parts by mass
Soft soap, BP : 1 part by mass
Potassium chloride : 10 parts by mass
B.3.2 Preparation of the test specimen

The areas of the test specimen to be prepared are as follows:
a) In the case of ANBA loading hose, the inside of each end for a distance of at least 25 mm along
the hose.
b) In the case of a drill-hole liner, the inside of the open end and the outside of the closed end for a
distance, in each case, of at least 25 mm along the liner.
Using a clean pad of cotton wool, clean the appropriate areas on the test specimen by rubbing with
dry fuller's earth, then ensure that the test specimen is dry.
39
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
B.3.3 Procedure
Immediately after cleaning and drying the test specimen, apply to the cleaned areas the liquid
contact agent and the electrodes. In the case of ANBA loading hose, fit the electrodes to the
prepared parts of the hose under test and measure the resistance between the electrodes.
In the case of drill-hole liners, fit the cylindrical electrode into the open end of the liner and the ring-
shaped electrode over the closed end of the liner, and measure the resistance between the
electrodes.
40
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Appendix C
Flammable materials
C.1 Vapours
C.1.1 Vapour pressure
When a liquid evaporates, molecules leave the liquid and enter the space above it. If the liquid
evaporates in a closed container, the number of molecules in the space above the liquid will
eventually reach a maximum at a given temperature. The pressure exerted on the container wall is
the sum of the pressure of the air and the pressure of the vapour molecules, and the pressure
exerted by the vapour is called the vapour pressure of the liquid at the given temperature. Further
evaporation of the liquid is possible only by a reduction of the pressure in the vapour space (by
withdrawal of vapour) or by an increase in temperature. Boiling of a liquid is characterized by a
rapid and continuous evolution of vapour and implies either that the liquid is open to the
atmosphere, or that the vapour is being continuously withdrawn from the container. A liquid boils
when its vapour pressure equals that of the gas in contact with it.
The determination of vapour pressure is usually carried out under an arbitrarily selected set of
conditions in an apparatus that is, in effect, a closed container where the ratio of liquid-sample-
volume to air-volume is 1:4 and where the temperature is accurately maintained at 37,8 °C. The
vapour pressure thus determined is known as the "Reid vapour pressure" (RVP) and is recorded in
pascals.
The test method emphasizes the need for great care when samples of liquid are taken and when
the test is carried out to prevent loss of the more volatile components.
Broad indications of RVP's for various petroleum liquids are given in table C.1.
Table C.1 — Reid vapour pressures of some petroleum liquids
1 2
Petroleum liquid RVP

kPa
Propane 1 310
Butane 358
Crude oil (as usually shipped) 6,90 - 82
Motor gasolene 41,4 - 82
Aviation gasolene 38 - 48
Catalytic reformate 27,5 and above
Aviation turbine gasolene 13,7 - 20,6
Special boiling-point spirits and certain light distillate feedstocks 6,9 - 27,5
Kerosene, white spirit, tractor vaporizing oil 0,34 - 3,4
Gas oil, diesel oil, heavy fuel oils below 0,69
41
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
C.1.2 Flammability limits

The concentration of a vapour-air mixture in contact with the free surface of a liquid can rise to an
equilibrium value that depends on the temperature, and the time to reach that value depends on the
properties of the liquid and vapour.
If the concentration of a vapour-air or gas-air mixture is within certain limits the mixture is
flammable. These limits are generally called upper and lower flammability limits respectively, and
are usually given as concentration in per cent by volume.
Below the lower flammability limit the mixture is not capable of self-sustained combustion. Between
the upper and lower flammability limits, the mixture is capable of self-sustained combustion and
propagates a flame front throughout the mixture at a velocity that depends on the composition of the
mixture. Above the upper flammability limit the material is not capable of self-sustained combustion.
If the vapour concentration is above the upper flammability limit the mixture can burn if additional air
is introduced. In such cases the burning process takes place between the mixture and the
surrounding air, for example, at the open hatch of a filling compartment of a road tanker containing
flammable liquid. This condition can occur during switch loading.
Figure C.1 shows the relationship between temperature, Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP), and the
flammability limits of petroleum products at sea level on the Reid Vapour Pressure Chart. The use
of the RVP chart is generally confined to the petroleum industry.
C.1.3 Mists and foams

A mist is a suspension of liquid droplets in air and is produced by condensing a saturated vapour
by, for example, sudden chilling of the containing vessel, or atomization of the liquid. It is a more
finely divided suspension than a spray.
Even though the temperature of a liquid may be beneath the flashpoint, mist droplets can be
vaporized in the immediate vicinity of an ignition source (e.g. static spark). The vapour may then
pass into its flammability range and ignite, allowing the flame to propagate by successive
vaporization and burning of the droplets throughout the mist, e.g. a mist of aviation kerosene can be
formed and ignited at a fuel temperature below –17,8 °C whereas a temperature of approximately
38 °C is required to form a flammable vapour.
Propagation of flame through foam follows a similar pattern. The bursting of foam bubbles forms
mist droplets that then vaporize and burn when an ignition source is applied.
It therefore follows that the presence of flammable mists or foams creates a fire and explosion
hazard even though the temperature may be beneath the lower flammability limit.
C.2 Reducing the hazards of flammable materials

C.2.1 General precautions
In areas where flammable materials are, or are likely to be, present, and static electricity cannot be
dissipated or prevented from accumulating, means should be employed to reduce or remove the
flammable materials. Methods of accomplishing this are described below.
In addition, however, apparatus liable to contain large quantities of flammable materials should be
fitted with explosion rupture disks made of sheet metal, paper, or other suitable substances and
arranged in such a manner that they blow in a safe direction.
42
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
C.2.2 Reduction of quantity of flammable material

Stocks of flammable material in areas where electrostatic sparks are liable to occur should be
limited to the amount necessary for the work in progress. Final products that are flammable should
be removed from the area as quickly as possible.
Different processes employing flammable materials should not be carried out in one area, e.g.
production of flammable coating materials should not be carried out in the room where the coating
is applied.
Figure C.1 — Vapour condition of petroleum products at various temperatures
43
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
C.2.3 Enclosure of flammable mixtures

Except where electrostatic charges are likely to accumulate inside the containers or enclosures, it is
recommended that, wherever possible, containers of flammable mixtures be closed and apparatus
producing flammable mixtures be enclosed to ensure that such mixtures do not escape into areas
where electrostatic sparks can occur. (See also C.2.4.)
C.2.4 Prevention of formation of flammable mixtures
C.2.4.1 General
Where electrostatic charges are liable to accumulate inside closed containers or enclosed
apparatus in the presence of flammable mixtures, it is recommended that the appropriate of the
methods of preventing the formation of flammable mixtures described in C.2.4.2, C.2.4.3, and
C.2.4.4 be used.
C.2.4.2 Elimination of space for flammable mixtures
Flammable mixtures can be prevented from forming in a container or apparatus by the elimination
of any space in contact with the material that is liable to produce such mixtures, e.g. a floating roof
tank as used in the petroleum industry.
C.2.4.3 Ventilation
Flammable mixtures can be kept below the lower flammability limit by forced ventilation of the
spaces in which they accumulate.
C.2.4.4 Provision of an inert atmosphere (inerting)
Purging, with an inert gas, of spaces liable to contain flammable mixtures can be used to reduce the
concentration of a mixture to below its lower flammability limit. Such a method, however, is suitable
only for completely enclosed systems and provides no protection if the system is open to the
atmosphere.
A monitoring device should be provided to ensure that the concentration of a mixture is always
maintained below the lower flammability limit. The inert-gas purge lines and nozzle should be
electrically continuous and earthed.
44
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Appendix D
Minimum ignition energies

NOTE The ignition energies listed in this appendix tend to be minimum values, and apply when the
substances are at optimum conditions for ignition, e.g. at optimum concentration with air, optimum particles
size, etc. They should be interpreted to mean that at lower energy levels ignition is unlikely, although not
absolutely impossible.
1 2
Minimum ignition
Substance
energy, mJ
Acetone ............................................................... 0,17
Acetylene ............................................................ 0,019
Allyl alcohol resin ................................................. 20,00
Aluminium, atomized ........................................... 50,00
Aluminium, powder .............................................. 10,00
Aluminium, stamped ............................................ 20,00
Aluminium, stearate ............................................. 15,00
Ammonia ............................................................. 7,2
Ammonium picrate .............................................. 25,00
ASA composition ................................................. 0,01
Bark dust, Douglas fir .......................................... 40,00
Benzene .............................................................. 0,16
Black powder KNO3 Type 100-mesh ................... 800,00
Black powder NaNO3 Type 100-mesh ................. 1 600,00
Buta -1:3 -diene ................................................... 0,10
Butane ................................................................. 0,17
Calcium silicide powder ....................................... 600,00
Carbon disulphide ............................................... 0,009
Carbon monoxide ................................................ 0,16
Casein ................................................................. 60,00
Cellulose acetate ................................................. 10,00
Cellulose propionate ............................................ 60,00
Cereal grass ........................................................ 800,00
Chloroethylene .................................................... 0,20
Cinnamon ............................................................ 30,00
Citrus peel ........................................................... 40,00
Clover seed ......................................................... 80,00
Coal, bituminous) American coals; no definite .... 40,00
Coal, Pittsburg) values available for South .......... 60,00
Coal, tar pitch) African coals ............................... 80,00
45
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Table (continued)
1 2
Minimum ignition
Substance
energy, mJ
Cocoa .................................................................. 100,00
Coffee .................................................................. 160,00
Corn .................................................................... 40,00
Corn dextrine ....................................................... 40,00
Corncob ............................................................... 40,00
Corncob, ground, dried ........................................ 60,00
Cornstarch ........................................................... 40,00
Cotton linters ....................................................... 1 920,00
Cotton seed ......................................................... 60,00
Coumarone-indene resin ..................................... 10,00
Cyclohexane ....................................................... 0,16
Cyclopropane ...................................................... 0,17
Diethyl ether ........................................................ 0,15
Dowmetal ............................................................ 80 000,00
Egg white ............................................................ 640,00
Ether .................................................................... 0,15
Ethylene .............................................................. 0,07
Ethylene oxide ..................................................... 0,07
Ferrosilicon (88 % Si) .......................................... 400 000,00
Ferrotitanium, low carbon .................................... 80 000,00
Flax shive ............................................................ 80,00
Garlic ................................................................... 240,00
Grain, mixed ........................................................ 30,00
Grass seed .......................................................... 80,00
Guar seed ........................................................... 60,00
Gums ................................................................... 30,00
Guncotton dry (unconfined) ................................. 62,00
Gunpowder 100-mesh ......................................... 800,00
Hemp burlap or sacking ...................................... 30,00
Hexamethylenetetramine .................................... 10,00
Hydrogen ............................................................. 0,019
Iron, hydrogen reduced ....................................... 160,00
Lead azide ........................................................... 7,00
Lead azide, crystalline ......................................... 0,004
Lead dinitroresorcinate ........................................ 0,05
46
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Table (continued)
1 2
Minimum ignition
Substance
energy, mJ
Lead picrate ........................................................ 28,00
Lead styphnate .................................................... 0,02
Lead styphnate, (basic) ....................................... 0,003
Lignin resin .......................................................... 20,00
Lucerne ............................................................... 320,00
Magnesium-aluminium (50-50) ............................ 80,00
Magnesium, atomized ......................................... 240,00
Magnesium, milled .............................................. 80,00
Magnesium, powder ............................................ 7,00
Magnesium, stamped .......................................... 20,00
Malt, brewers ....................................................... 30,00
Manganese ......................................................... 120,00
Mercury fulminate ................................................ 4,00
Mercury fulminate/PbO2 (55/45) .......................... 0,6
Methane .............................................................. 0,25
Methyl acetate ..................................................... 0,20
Methyl alcohol ..................................................... 0,18
Methyl methacrylate ............................................ 15,00
Methylethyl ketone .............................................. 0,16
Milk, skim ............................................................ 50,00
Mosses and weeds .............................................. 50,00
n-Butyl acetate .................................................... 0,19
n-Heptane ........................................................... 0,19
n-Hexane ............................................................. 0,17
Napalm ................................................................ 40,00
Nitro cellulose 13,4 % N ...................................... 62,00
Nitro glycerine ..................................................... 300,00
Nitro starch .......................................................... 7,00
Nut shells ............................................................ 30,00
Onion ................................................................... 8 320,00
Pea flour .............................................................. 40,00
Peanut cracklings ................................................ 370,00
Pectin .................................................................. 30,00
Pentaerythritol ..................................................... 10,00
Pentane ............................................................... 0,17
47
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Table (continued)
1 2
Minimum ignition
Substance
energy, mJ
Phenolic resin ...................................................... 10,00
Phthalic anhydride ............................................... 15,00
Pits, fruit .............................................................. 50,00
Polyethylene resin ............................................... 80,00
Polystyrene ......................................................... 120,00
Potassium chlorate/Lead sulphocyanate ............. 0,75
Potato starch ....................................................... 20,00
Propane ............................................................... 0,13
Propellant NH.055 dust ....................................... 110,00
Pyrethrum ............................................................ 80,00
Rauwolfia vomitoria ............................................. 40,00
Rice ..................................................................... 80,00
Rubber, crude, hard ............................................ 50,00
Rubber, synthetic, hard ....................................... 30,00
Safflower ............................................................. 20,00
Shellac, resin, gum .............................................. 10,00
3
Shellite, dust (0,8 kg/m ) ..................................... 20 000,00
Silicon .................................................................. 900,00
Smokeless powder ungraphited 100 mesh .......... 12,00
Soap .................................................................... 60,00
Soy ...................................................................... 50,00
Soybean .............................................................. 80,00
Sugar ................................................................... 30,00
Sulphur ................................................................ 15,00
T.N.T. 100 mesh .................................................. 62,00
Tea ...................................................................... (Dust not ignited by
electric spark.
Explosion obtained
with flame source)
Tetracene ............................................................ 10,00
3)
Tetryl dust (0,8 kg/m .......................................... 20,00
Rubber, synthetic, hard ....................................... 30,00
Safflower ............................................................. 20,00
Tetracene ............................................................ 10,00
3)
Tetryl dust (0,8 kg/m .......................................... 20,00
48
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Table ((concluded)
1 2
Minimum ignition
Substance
energy, mJ
Tetryl, 100 mesh .................................................. 7,00
Tin ....................................................................... 160,00
Titanium ............................................................... 120,00
Tobacco ............................................................... (Dust not ignited by
electric spark.
Explosion obtained
with flame source)
Town gas ............................................................. 0,06
Tung kernels ........................................................ 240,00
Urea moulding compound ................................... 80,00
Vanadium ............................................................ 60,00
Vinyl butyral resin ................................................ 10,00
Water gas ............................................................ 0,03
Wheat .................................................................. 60,00
Wheat, cracked ................................................... 160,00
Wheat flour .......................................................... 50,00
Wheat gluten ....................................................... 80,00
Wheat starch ....................................................... 20,00
Wheat straw ........................................................ 50,00
Wood flour ........................................................... 20,00
Yeast, torula ........................................................ 50,00
Zinc ..................................................................... 900,00
Zirconium ............................................................. 15,00
49
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Appendix E
Examples of the solving of practical problems

resulting from static electricity
E.1 Driving belt

E.1.1 Problem
A driving belt has a width of 200 mm and is driven at 5 m/s. It is desired to ensure that electrostatic
discharges do not occur and that the potential to earth does not exceed 300 V.
What is the value of resistance to earth that is required to achieve the desired condition?
E.1.2 Solution
As explained in 3.2.1 electrostatic discharges are liable to occur if the surface-charge density
−5 2
exceeds 2,65 × 10 C/m .
−5 2
The maximum permissible charge density on the belt is therefore 2,65 × 10 C/m .
In an interval of, say, 1s, the area of belt passing a given point such as a roller is
−3 2
200 × 10 × 5 = 1 m and the net charge on that area is therefore required to be limited to
−5 −5
2,65 × 10 × 1 C, i.e. 2,65 × 10 C.
However, Q = it (where i = current in A, and t = time in s) and since as the time taken to acquire the
−5
charge was 1 s, it follows that the charging current was 2,65 × 10 A. Obviously, to dissipate the
charge in the same time, the same current must flow to earth. As the voltage to earth is not to
exceed 300 V, it follows that the resistance to earth from any point on the belt must not exceed
300 7
Ω = 1,1 × 10 Ω
2,65 × 10 −5
E.2 Conductive shoes

E.2.1 Problem
A person working on a conductive floor is likely to become electrically charged during the course of
his activities. Such a person has therefore to be equipped with conductive shoes and it is necessary
to know the maximum permissible resistance between the person and earth if any acquired charge
is to dissipate to 1 % of its original value in 1 ms.
E.2.2 Solution
Assume that the capacitance of the person remains constant at 220 pF. As the capacitance is
constant, the rate of dissipation of voltage is proportional to the rate of dissipation of charge and is
given by the formula:
 −t 
 
R C 
Vt = Vo .e   …………………………………………………………………………………(1) Amdt 2
50
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
where
Vt = voltage on the object or person at time t seconds;
Vo = original voltage on the object or person;
t = time for voltage to fall from Vo to Vt, s;
R = resistance of object or person to earth, Ω;
C = capacitance of object or person to earth, F.
Vt
In this case = 1 % = 0,01
Vo
-12 -3
C = 220 × 10 F and t = 10 s. Substitution in formula (1) gives the following equation:

 −10−3 


R× 220 × 10−12 
0,01 = e 
 107 
 
 2,2 R 
∴e   = 100 Amdt 2
10 7
∴ = 4,6
2,2 R
∴ R = 10 6 Ω
i.e. the resistance of the person to earth should not exceed 1 MΩ.
NOTE The above example illustrates the main basis of selecting 1 MΩ as the upper limit of resistance in most
instances throughout this standard.
E.3 Static combs

E.3.1 Problem
A plastic foil of width 800 mm moves through a machine at 10 m/s and becomes charged to a level
giving a field strength of 2 MV/m. A set of static combs had been fitted to the machine and the total
ionization current was found to be 117 µA. How effective are the static combs?
E.3.2 Solution
-5 2
As explained in 3.2.1 a surface charge density of 2,65 × 10 C/m corresponds to a potential
gradient in the order of 3 MV/m.
51
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
By proportion, it follows that a field strength of 2 MV/m would arise from a charge density of
-5 2
1,8 × 10 C/m . In an interval of, say, 1 s, the area of foil passing under the
-3 2 -5
static combs is 800 × 10 × 10 = 8 m and the net charge on that area is therefore 1,8 × 10 × 8 C,
6
i.e. 144 × 10 C. As Q = i t, and as the time taken to acquire the charge was 1 s, it follows that the
-6
charging current was 144 × 10 A or 144 µA. Obviously, if the foil were to be completely
discharged by the static combs, the ionization current would also need to be 144 µA but, as the
144 −177
current measured was 117 µA, it follows that the field strength was reduced to or 0,19
144
times its former value, i.e. the field strength was reduced to 380 kV/m.
E.4 Insulating sheet charged by contact with and separation from

another body
E.4.1 Problem
A charge is generated on one side of a sheet of insulating material that has a dielectric constant
of 5. The charge is caused by the movement of and separation from another body over the surface.
The other side of the sheet rests upon an earthed metal plate. What is the maximum volume
resistivity of the material that will enable the charge and voltage to be dissipated to 1 % of its value
in 1 ms?
E.4.2 Solution
If the capacitance of the system can be assumed to remain constant irrespective of the movement
of the charging body, the rate of dissipation of voltage is proportional to the rate of dissipation of
charge and is given by formula (1) (see E.2.2).
Vt -3
In this case = 1 % = 0,01 and t = 10 s.
Vo
Substitution in formula (1) gives the following equation:
 −10−3 
 
 RC 
0,01 = e  ……………………………………………………………………….(2) Amdt 2
ρd
However, R =
A
ε0 ε r A
and C =
4π d
where
ρ = resistivity of the material, Ωm;
d = thickness of material, m;
2
A = area of material, m ;
ε -10
o = dielectric constant of vacuum (approximately 1,1 × 10 );
ε
r = relative dielectric constant of material, 5.
52
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
The product RC thus becomes:
-10
pd 1,1 × 10 × 5 × A
RC = ×
A 4 πd
-10
0, 435 × 10
∴ RC = ×ρ
Substitution in formula (2) gives the following equation:
 -10-3 
 
 0,435 × 10-10 
 
0, 01 = e
 107 
 0,435 × ρ 
∴e  =
100 Amdt 2
7
10
∴ρ = Ωm
0, 435 × 4, 6
7
∴ρ =0,5 × 10 Ωm
i.e. the resistivity of the material should not exceed 5 MΩm.
E.5 Liquids and use of relaxation sections

E.5.1 Problem
Aviation turbine kerosene of conductivity 3,6 pS/m is pumped at 12,8 L/s from a filter to a tank
through 25 m of pipe of diameter 100 mm. It is desired to reduce the static charge in the liquid by
means of a relaxation section. Calculate the necessary volume of the relaxation section.
In accordance with 3.5.10, the residence time is given by
18
3× s = 15 s
3, 6
At a pumping rate of 12,8 L/s, 192 L would be transferred in 15 s.
The flow velocity through the pipeline is
Q = V A ………………………………………………………………………….…….(3)
2
πd
A= ……………………………………………………………………………...(4) Amdt 2
4
53
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
By making velocity the subject of the formula it becomes,
Q
V= ………………………………………………………………………….…….(5) Amdt 2
A
3
12,8 dm /s
2
= 16,3 dm/s
π × 0, 25 dm
= 1,63 m/s
where
3
Q = flow rate of liquid, m /s;
2
A = area of pipe, m ;
d = diameter of pipe, m;
V = flow velocity, m/s. Amdt 2
Because the pipeline itself contains approximately 200 L, and because the flow velocity in the line is
well below 3 m/s, no additional relaxation section is required, unless a longer residence time is
considered necessary.
E.5.2 Problem
A charged liquid hydrocarbon has a conductivity of 3 pS/m and flows in a pipe at 3 m/s. Calculate
the minimum length of pipe required for satisfactory relaxation of the charge.
E.5.3 Solution
From 3.5.10 the length of pipe is:
3 × 18 × 3
=l = 54 m
3
E.6 Film charged by passing through a machine

E.6.1 Problem
A machine intermittently unwinds a roll of photographic film and guillotines it so that sheets of film
measuring 250 mm × 250 mm fall on to a stack on a slightly sloping table of plastics-coated wood.
One side edge and the lower edge of the table are bounded by metal fences (that are not directly
earthed) and the remainder of the machine, including the guillotine blade, is of earthed metal.
For purposes of quality control, every 100th sheet is removed from the system by placing a
cardboard plate under the emerging sheet and catching it after guillotining but before it lands on the
stack. Every sheet so removed contains black fog-marks on the edge nearest to the guillotine blade,
but sheets falling naturally on to the stack are not marked. The marks on the quality control sheets
are known to be the result of electrostatic discharge and it is desired to prevent such marking.
54
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
E.6.2 Investigation
Measurements with a vibrating capacitor-generating voltmeter showed that the photographic film
sheets were becoming charged, by passage through the machine, to about 12 000 "field volts", that
-6 2
corresponds to a charge level of about 7 × 10 C/m .
The first step was to minimize the charge generated on the film. It was reasoned that most of the
generation of charge was occurring at the rollers and that this could be reduced by coating the
rollers with a material not as prone to generation of static as is the metal. A covering of cloth treated
with an antistatic solution was found to be the most suitable.
Roller tensions were then adjusted throughout and measurements showed that the charged level
had been reduced to about 5 000 "field volts", corresponding to a charge level of about
-6 2
3 × 10 C /m . This resulted in less severe marking because of electrostatic discharge but did not
eliminate it.
The next step was to minimize the effect of the charge on the sheet of film.
10
The surface resistivity of the sheets was measured and found to be 5 × 10 Ω per square at an
10
atmospheric relative humidity of 50 %, and 50 × 10 Ω per square at 40 %.
These two relative humidities represented the extreme values with which the film sheets were found
to be in moisture content equilibrium.
9
The leakage resistance to ground from the table top was about 10 Ω.
The capacitance of a single sheet of film was about 10 pF whereas the capacitance of an average-
sized stack of film was of the order of 200 pF.
E.6.3 Calculation
E.6.3.1 Consideration of single sheets
Assume that the charge on the quality control sheet is discharging to the guillotine blade that is the
last point of contact between the sheet and grounded metal.
The time constant for the flow of charge to the trailing edge of the sheet is the product of effective
surface resistivity of the sheet and capacitance of the sheet. The effective surface resistivity is
estimated on the basis that the charge is uniformly distributed over the sheet and migrates to the
250
trailing edge. The average length over which the charge migrates is therefore mm whereas
2
the width of the charge migration path remains constant at 250 mm. The ratio of this length to
width is therefore ½ and the effective surface resistivity is reduced by this factor.
55
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
The time constant is therefore calculated according to the following:
At 50 % relative humidity
10 -12
Time constant = ½ × 5 × 10 × 10 × 10
= 0,25 s
10 -12
Time constant = ½ × 50 × 10 × 10 × 10
= 2,5 s
E.6.3.2 Consideration of a stack of sheets
Assume that the charge on the stack is discharging from the top sheet on the stack to the two metal
fences on the table and from there through the leakage resistance of the table to earth.
The time constant for the flow of charge to earth is the effective surface resistivity of the top sheet
plus the leakage resistance of the table, multiplied by the capacitance of the stack. The effective
surface resistivity of the top sheet can again be estimated on the basis that the charge is uniformly
distributed over the sheet, but in this case the migration of charge is to the two perpendicular metal
fences, and therefore the ratio of the width to the length of the charge migration path is variable. An
approximation of ¼ could, however, be assumed.
The time constant is calculated, therefore, according to the following:
10 9 -12
Time constant = (¼ × 5 × 10 + 10 ) × 200 × 10
= 2,5 s (approximately)
10 9 -12
Time constant = (¼ × 50 × 10 + 10 ) × 200 × 10
= 25 s
E.6.4 Evaluation of results
After the above calculations it was surmised that, for the single sheets held close to the guillotine
blade for an appreciably longer time than sheets allowed to fall normally on the stack, the
combination of small time constant and low capacitance allowed a rapid build-up of charge and
q
therefore potential (V = ) at the edge near the guillotine blade. This potential rose sufficiently to
C
exceed the breakdown potential of the small air gap as the sheet was moved away from the blade
and caused discharges of static to jump from the film sheet to the blade.
56
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
In the case of sheets allowed to fall naturally on to the stack, probably two factors reduced the
potential build-up at the edges of the sheet: Firstly, the sheet was not held close to the metal work
of the machine after it had been cut, but fell away immediately; and secondly, the leading edge was
already both partially discharging the sheet through the stack, and increasing the capacitance of the
sheet by contact with the top sheet on the stack.
Sheets subsequently removed from the stack had ample time to be discharged before they were
lifted, and therefore no danger of discharges of static.
E.6.5 Solution
As the treatment of the metal rollers had reduced the charge generated to the lowest level
consistent with other factors, the only solution was to modify the handling procedure for the quality
control sheets. Operators were instructed to allow these to fall naturally on to the stack, then to wait
a minute or two before picking them off the stack. Thereby the marking of the sheets was
eliminated. The time of the whole operation was slightly increased by this procedure, but the time
and material wasted on subsequent checking of good material was reduced.
57
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Appendix F
5)
The formation of static
F.1 The formation of charges at high voltages

Charge exchange, resulting from one of the processes discussed in F.2 below, occurs between two
surfaces that are each at low voltage and in very intimate contact with each other.
The maximum voltage that can occur between two such surfaces is of the order of 1 V or less,
depending on the exchange process. At this low voltage, the two surfaces form a condenser,
capacity Co, voltage Vo, charge Qo = Co Vo.
When the two surfaces are separated, the capacity Co is very much reduced. In the absence of
appreciable charge leakage, that is, Qo remaining constant or nearly so, Vo must increase, and can
increase to very high values.
F.2 Charging processes

F.2.1 Electrolytic
Metals in contact with a liquid of high dielectric constant assume an electric potential, with the liquid
assuming a potential of opposite sign. Mechanical separation of the liquid and metal can result in
charge separation.
To avoid reunion of charges during or after the separation process, the liquid must have a high
resistance. This can occur as follows:
a) if the liquid has an inherent high resistance;
b) if the liquid is in the form of a very thin layer, or in the form of a capillary filament. It is possible for
-4
sufficiently thin layers of water, of thickness of the order of 10 mm, to exist on certain plastics
materials, glasses, quartz, sulphur, and similar surfaces; and
c) if the liquid is dissolved or finely dispersed in another highly insulating liquid, e.g. water in
hydrocarbons.
F.2.2 Differences in contact potential of metals (metals with different work

functions)
If two metals with different contact potentials are brought close together to form a condenser of
large value, and are then momentarily connected electrically, the two Fermi levels are equalized by
a flow of electrons from the metal with the lower work-function to that of the higher work-function. If
the electrical connection is broken and the metals are moved away from each other, large potential
differences can be obtained.
It is very likely that contact electrification between a metal and a non-metal can produce a similar
result not only through exchange of electrons, but also through the absorption of ions of the non-
metallic substance by the metal.
5) See LOEB, Leonard B: Static electrification.
58
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
F.2.3 Spray electrification (Lenard effect)

When certain liquids are sprayed, or broken up into very small mist-like droplets, these droplets
become charged. Two different causes of charging can be distinguished.
a) Water (and possibly also other liquids with molecules having a large dipole moment). At a
water-gas boundary an electric dipole layer occurs, built up, when going from the gas into the
water, by water dipoles, negative OH ions, alternating with other negative impurity ions, and
lastly a thin layer of positive impurity ions.
When the water surface is broken up in such a way that droplets containing varying thicknesses
of the double layer are formed, the resulting spray is charged.
This breaking-up process is such as to cause the fine mist to be charged negatively, while a
positive charge remains on larger droplets.
b) Non-polar fluids. If such spray fluids contain dissolved ions, there is a probability that, on
separation into droplets, one droplet contains more ions than another.
The charging is therefore symmetrical, that is, for each droplet of a certain size that is charged
positively, one of identical size charged negatively can be expected. Also, the quantity of charge
against the number of droplets can be expected to follow a Gaussian distribution curve.
By increasing the conductivity of fluids the return current is obviously increased at the moment of
separation and the charging reduced.
F.2.4 Contact between solids in general

Little is known about how such contact, either between insulator and conductor, or between
insulator and insulator can cause charging in the absence of any of the foregoing processes.
In certain instances there is evidence that electrons are given off by a metal on contact with an
insulator; in other materials there is evidence that positive or negative ions are yielded by the
insulator to the metal. Attempts are made to explain such charge exchanges in terms of different
energy levels on the bodies.
If asymmetric rubbing occurs, even on two pieces of the same insulating material, one piece may
become more heated and in general will tend to yield charges.
If the assumption is made that friction is limited to a small number of protruding points, such points
could reach appreciable temperatures, and thermionic emission of electrons would be possible. At
lower temperatures, loosely bound ions could be exchanged.
F.2.5 Mechanical separation of charges

A gas stream rising from a hot body, such as issuing from a smoke stack, usually contains an
excess of electrons that may be collected on an insulated body in the stream.
Similarly, a conducting body such as water may be polarized by an external field. If particles from
one end are allowed to separate, these will contain a net charge that may be transferred to an
insulated container.
59
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Appendix G
Conductivities of some liquids used commonly
G.1 Tables G.1, G.2, and G.3 below give reported approximate conductivities of some petroleum
products and chemicals. These values have been taken from different sources as indicated.
Variations in values for the same substance indicate the difficulties in making these measurements,
especially with regard to the purity or composition of the sample tested.
Table G.1 — Approximate conductivities of some petroleum products
(Taken from National Fire Protection Association, United States of America, Publication 77 Static
Electricity, 1966, that quotes as source:
General considerations of static electricity in petroleum products, BUSTON, W.M. et alii, Esso
Research and Engineering Company, USA).
1 2 3
Product Conductivity range

S/m
High Low
–14 –15
Aviation alkylate 6,7 × 10 9,1 × 10
–11 –11
Aviation hydroformate 3,0 × 10 1,22 × 10
–7 –7
Bunker C 1,23 × 10 1,15 × 10
–11 –11
Diesel fuel 5,5 × 10 3,2 × 10
–9 –9
Fuel oil No. 5 7,7 × 10 7,1 × 10
–7 –11
Heating oil 2,6 × 10 1,85 × 10
–12 –12
Heavy catalytic naphtha 5,6 × 10 2,9 × 10
–12 –15
Heptane 2 × 10 2,2 × 10
–12 –13
Jet A1 1,1 × 10 3,7 × 10
–10 –13
Jet B 1 × 10 3,6 × 10
–9 –13
Kerosene 1,1 × 10 1,4 × 10
–12 –15
Octane 5,3 × 10 6,7 × 10
–13 –14
Solvent naphtha No. 1 5,9 × 10 1,7 × 10
–12 –14
Solvent naphtha No. 7 1,1 × 10 1,4 × 10
–11 –12
Toluene 9,1 × 10 3,7 × 10
–12 –13
Tractor fuel 3,6 × 10 2,2 × 10
–11 –12
Xylene 4,2 × 10 3,3 × 10
60
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Table G.2 — Approximate conductivities of some

pure liquids used in chemical industries
(Taken from National Fire Protection Association, United States of America, Publication 77: Static
electricity, 1966, that quotes as sources:
British Industrial Solvents Division Distillers Company Limited, Interim Report on the mitigation of
static in storage tanks and Table of resistivities of some pure liquids by N MacDonald, Shawinigan
Resins Corp. September 1955.)
1 2
Liquid Conductivity
S/m
–4
Acetaldehyde 1,72 × 10
–7
Acetic acid 1,12 × 10
–5
Acetic anhydride 5,2 × 10
–6
Acetone 6,1 × 10
–6
Benzene 7,7 × 10
–7
Ethyl acetate 1,0 × 10
–7
Ethyl alcohol 1,35 × 10
–11
Heptane 1,0 × 10
–16
Hexane 1,0 × 10
–4
Methyl acetate 3,45 × 10
–5
Methyl alcohol 4,35 × 10
–5
Methyl ethyl ketone 1,0 × 10
–7
n-Butyl alcohol 9,0 × 10
–9
n-Octadecyl alcohol 3,6 × 10
–6
n-Propyl alcohol 2,0 × 10
Sulphuric acid 1,0
–12
Toluene 1,0 × 10
–6
Water 4,0 × 10
61
© SABS
SANS 10123:2014
Edition 1.3
Table G.3 — Approximate conductivities of some pure liquids
(Taken from Landolt-Bornstein: Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie, Astronomie,
Geophysik, Technik, Vol 2, Part 7, 6th edition, 1960, Springer Verlag, Berlin.)
1 2
Liquid Conductivity
S/m
–4
Acetaldehyde 5,5 × 10
–7
Acetone 1 to 6 × 10
–4
Allyl alcohol 6,5 × 10
–7
Amyl acetate 1,6 × 10
–6 –7
Iso-amyl alcohol 1,0 × 10 to 1,0 × 10
-5
n-amyl alcohol 3,5 × 10
–12 –11
Benzol 3,8 × 10 to 1,5 × 10
–7
n-butyl alcohol 9,1 × 10
–5
Sec-butyl-alcohol 3,7 × 10
–16
Carbon disulphide 7,8 × 10
–12
Cyclohexane 1,9 × 10
–6
p-cymene 2 × 10
–7
1,2 dichloro-ethylene 8,5 × 10
–7 –7
1,1 dichloro-ethane 1,7 × 10 to <10
–9 –9
1,2 dichloro-ethane 1,5 × 10 to 3,5 × 10
–11 –14
Diethyl ether 1 × 10 to 7,6 × 10
–4
2-ethoxy-ethanol 1,8 × 10
(ethyl-cellusolve)
–6
Ethyl alcohol 0,7 to 3 × 10
–12
Heptane 6,6 × 10
–10 –11
Hexane 1 × 10 to 1 × 10
–10
d(1) Limonene 3 × 10
–7
Methyl alcohol 2 to 7 × 10
–5 –6
Methyl ethyl ketone 1 × 10 to 4,7 × 10
–7
2 methyl-propanol 1 9,5 to 10
–6
2 methyl-propanol 2 3 × 10
–8
Naphthalene (at 81,8 °C) 4,35 × 10
–6
Nonane <1,7 × 10
–8
Pentane 2 × 10
–6
Phenol (at 50 °C) 1 to 3 × 10
–8
Pinene <2 × 10
–11
Propane (at -90 °C) 5 × 10
–4
Propion aldehyde 0,6 to 1,5 × 10
–2
Propyl acetate 2,2 × 10
–7
Iso-propyl alcohol 4,0 × 10
–7
n-Propyl alcohol 9,2 × 10
–6
Terpinene <1,7 × 10
–12 –11
Toluol 1 × 10 to 7 × 10
–13
Xylol <1 × 10
62
© SABS
SABS – Standards Division
The objective of the SABS Standards Division is to develop, promote and maintain South African
National Standards. This objective is incorporated in the Standards Act, 2008 (Act No. 8 of 2008).
Amendments and Revisions
South African National Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of South African
National Standards should ensure that they possess the latest amendments or editions.
The SABS continuously strives to improve the quality of its products and services and would
therefore be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this standard would
inform the secretary of the technical committee responsible, the identity of which can be found in
the foreword.
The SABS offers an individual notification service, which ensures that subscribers automatically
receive notification regarding amendments and revisions to South African National Standards.
Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 6883 Fax: +27 (0) 12 428 6928 E-mail: sales@sabs.co.za
Buying Standards
Contact the Sales Office for South African and international standards, which are available in both
electronic and hard copy format.
South African National Standards are also available online from the SABS website
http://www.sabs.co.za
Information on Standards
The Standards Information Centre provides a wide range of standards-related information on both
national and international standards. The Centre also offers an individual updating service called
INFOPLUS, which ensures that subscribers automatically receive notification regarding
amendments to, and revisions of, international standards.
Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 7911 / 0861 27 7227 Fax: +27 (0) 12 428 6928 E-mail: info@sabs.co.za
Copyright
The copyright in a South African National Standard or any other publication published by the SABS
Standards Division vests in the SABS or, in the case of a South African National Standard based on
an international standard, in the organization from which the SABS adopted the standard under
licence or membership agreement. In the latter case, the SABS has the obligation to protect such
copyright. Unless exemption has been granted, no extract may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the SABS
Standards Division. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the
standard, of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these
details are to be used for any purpose other than implementation, prior written permission must be
obtained.
Details and advice can be obtained from the Manager – Standards Sales and Information Services.

Sans10123 PDF

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Sans10123 PDF

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

© SABS.

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

The control of undesirable static electricity

Published by SABS Standards Division

Standards Association of Australia

This document was published in January 2014.

This document supersedes SANS 10123:2011 (edition 1.2).

3 Design considerations ............................................................................................................ 7

3.1 Generation, induction, and dangers: basic considerations .......................................... 7

3.1.1 General ............................................................................................................. 7

3.2 Discharges of static ...................................................................................................... 8

3.2.1 Nature of discharges of static ........................................................................... 8

3.3 Solid objects . ................................................................................................................ 9

3.3.1 Selection of an appropriate control method ...................................................... 9

3.4 Persons ........................................................................................................................ 12

3.4.1 General ............................................................................................................. 12

3.5 Liquids .......................................................................................................................... 14

3.5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 14

3.5.14 Non-conductive vessels .................................................................................... 18

3.6 Gases ........................................................................................................................... 20

3.6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 20

3.7 Dusts ........................................................................................................................... 20

3.7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 20

3.8 Belt drives and conveyors ............................................................................................ 22

3.8.1 Generation of static ................................................................................................ 22

3.9 Explosives .................................................................................................................... 23

3.9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 23

3.10 Printing, coating, spreading, and impregnating processes .......................................... 25

3.10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 25

3.11 Film casting and extrusion (plastics) ............................................................................ 27

3.11.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 27

3.12 Dry-cleaning ................................................................................................................. 27

3.12.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 27

3.13 Sundry processes involving liquids .............................................................................. 28

3.13.1 Loading and unloading of road tankers .................................................................. 28

3.14 Sundry processes involving pressurized gas(es) ........................................................ 29

3.14.1 Discharge of carbon dioxide ................................................................................... 29

3.15 Ducting and flexible ventilation pipes ........................................................................... 30

4 Measuring methods and equipment ...................................................................................... 30

4.1 Voltage detection ......................................................................................................... 30

4.1.1 Neon lamps ............................................................................................................. 30

4.2 Voltage measurements ................................................................................................ 31

4.2.1 Electrostatic voltmeters .......................................................................................... 31

4.3 Determination of capacitance ...................................................................................... 34

4.4 Measurement of charges ............................................................................................. 34

4.5 Measurement of resistance and conductivity of liquids ............................................... 34

4.5.1 Resistance of earthing circuits ................................................................................ 34

Appendix A Applicable standards, publications, and regulations ........................................... 36

Appendix B Determination of resistance ................................................................................. 37

Appendix C Flammable materials ........................................................................................... 41

Appendix D Minimum ignition energies ................................................................................... 45

Appendix F The formation of static electricity ......................................................................... 58

Appendix G Conductivities of some liquids used commonly ................................................... 60

The control of undesirable static electricity

1) Footnote deleted by amendment No.1.

flammable or explosive mixture

intrinsically safe circuit

3.1.2 Generation of static electricity

3.1.3 Induction of static electricity

3.1.4 Fire and explosion dangers

a) an effective means exists for generation of static electricity;

d) the discharge occurs in or on a flammable material.

3.1.5 Removal of fire and explosion dangers