Study material:

Elasticity. It is the property of a material by virtue of which it tends to

regain its original conguration on removal of deforming forces.
Stress. It is dened as the restoring force acting per unit area. Its unit is
dyn cm or N m .
−2 −2

Strain. It is the relative change in conguration. It has no units. It is of

three types; longitudinal volumetric and shear strain.
Coecient of elasticity. The ratio between stress to strain is called coef-
cient of elasticity. corresponding to three types of strains there are three types
of co-ecient of elasticity: Young's modulus (Y), bulk modulus (B), modulus
of rigidity (η ).
Hooke's law. It states that stress is proportional to strain. It is valid for
all types of strains.
Relations between elastic constant. Elastic constants (Y, B, η , and σ )
are connected by following relations:
(i) B = 3(1−2σ)
Y
(ii) η = 2(1+σ)
Y

(ii)σ = 3B−2η (iv) Y9 = B1 + η3

Torsional couple per unit angular twist.
6B+2η
It is the amount of torque
required to produce a twist of one radian in the wire. Its value for a cylindrical
wire is
nηr4
C=
2l
Bending of beams. Torque required to bend a beam into an arc of radius
of curvature R is
Y
τ= Ig
R
where Ig = geometrical moment of inertia = aK 2
(i) For a rectangular beam Ig = bd
3

12
(ii) For a cylindrical beam Ig = πr4
4

Cantilever. It is a beam of uniform area of cross section clamped horizon-

tally at one end and loaded at the other. Depression of the free end is
W l3
y=
3Y Ig

Beam supported at two ends and loaded at the centre.

Depression in this case is
W l3
y=
48Y Ig