Vectors

LECTURE 4

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Vectors
LECTURE 4
Rectangular unit vectors are the unit vectors along the positive or negative
direction of the axes of the co-ordinate system.

Y
^
j ^
-k
^ 1 unit ^
-i 1 unit i
X
it O
un
^ 1
k ^
-j
Z
 How to Resolve Vectors?

F F
θ θ
 Vertical Vertical

F (Magnitude F) F (Magnitude F)
F F F sin θ
F sin θ
θ θ
Horizontal
Horizontal
F cos θ F cos θ

^ ^ Magnitude = √ (Fcosθ)2 + (Fsinθ)2

F = F cosθ i + F sinθ j
What is Triangle Law of Vector Addition?
Under this law we will learn 2 more things

How to find angle How to identify

between 2 vectors. resultant vector
Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition
If 2 vectors of same type acting simultaneously at a point are represented
in magnitude & direction along 2 adjacent sides of a parallelogram then
their resultant vector is represented in magnitude & direction by the
diagonal drawn from the same point.

Q R

θ
A
P
 Q R

θ
A
P
Parallelogram law of vector addition
Summary

=R = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos θ
Q R

θ
A
P
Example Find magnitude of resultant force of the 2 vectors.

A. √1F
B. √2F
600 F C. √3F
D. √ 4F
2F
Solution Find magnitude of resultant force of the 2 vectors.

600 F
R = √ A2 + B2 + 2ABcosθ

R = √ (F)2 + (2F)2 + 2(F)(2F)cos(1200)

2F
= √3F
 → → →
Example Resultant of 2 vectors A and B makes an angle of 450 with B.
→ →
If magnitude of A is 2 then find the magnitude of B. Also the angle
between A & B is given to be 600

A. (√3 – 1 )N
B. (√4 – 1 )N (A = 2)
→
C. (√5 – 1 )N A
D. (√6 – 1 )N

600

→
B
 → → →
Resultant of 2 vectors A and B makes an angle of 450 with B.
Solution → →
If magnitude of A is 2 then find the magnitude of B. Also the angle
between A & B is given to be 600
(A = 2)
A. (√3 – 1 )N
B. (√4 – 1 )N → →
A R
C. (√5 – 1 )N
D. (√6 – 1 )N
450
0
60
→
B
 → → →
Resultant of 2 vectors A and B makes an angle of 450 with B.
Solution → →
If magnitude of A is 2 then find the magnitude of B. Also the angle
between A & B is given to be 600

A sin θ
→ tan α =
→ R B + A cos θ
A
2 ×√3/2
tan (450) = = 1
(A = 2) 450 B + 2 ×1/2
0
60
→ √3
B = 1 B = (√3 – 1 )N
B+1
 → → → → → →
Example If |A + B| = |A – B| find angle between A and B

A. 900
B. 1000
C. 1100
D. 1200
 → → → →
Solution If |A + B| = |A – B| find angle between A and B

√ A2 + B2 + 2ABcosθ = √ A2 + B2 – 2ABcosθ

A2 + B2 + 2ABcosθ = A2 + B2 – 2ABcosθ
4ABcosθ = 0
cos θ = 0

∴ = 900
θ
 → → 0
→
Example The angle between
→ A and B is 60 .
Find the angle
→
between -2A and B/2.
A. 1000
B. 1200
C. 1400 A
D. 1600
600

B
 → →
The angle between A and B is 600 . Find the angle
Solution → →
between -2A and B/2.

A
A

600 600
B B/2 B

A
-2 1200
 → → →
Example If the angle between the vectors a and b is an acute angle,
→ →
then prove that the difference a − b is the minor diagonal of the
→ →
parallelogram and the sum a + b is the major diagonal of the
parallelogram.

b b

a a
 → →
Solution If the angle between the vectors a and b is an acute angle,
→ →
then prove that the difference a − b is the minor diagonal of the
→ →
parallelogram and the sum a + b is the major diagonal of the
parallelogram.

s R

a
b −b
+b
a
P a Q
 → →
Solution If the angle between the vectors a and b is an acute angle,
→ →
then prove that the difference a − b is the minor diagonal of the
→ →
parallelogram and the sum a + b is the major diagonal of the
parallelogram.

s R

a
b −b We can observe that PQRS is a
+b Parallelogram where PR and
a
SQ are the two diagonals.
P a Q
 → →
Solution If the angle between the vectors a and b is an acute angle,
→ →
then prove that the difference a − b is the minor diagonal of the
→ →
parallelogram and the sum a + b is the major diagonal of the
parallelogram.

s R

a
b −b We can observe that PQRS is a
+b Parallelogram where PR and
a
SQ are the two diagonals.
P a Q

PR = a + b major diagonal
SQ = a − b minor diagonal
What is Polygon Law of Vector addition?
Polygon law of vector addition
If a number of vectors are represented in magnitude and direction, by the
side of an incomplete polygon taken in certain order, then their resultant is
represented in magnitude and direction by the remaining side of the
polygon, taken in opposite order.

A3 A3
+
A2
+
A1
A2
A1
Consider 3 vectors to be added OA, AB and BC;

A3 A3
+
A2 B OB = A1 + A2
+
A1
A2 OC = OB + BC
O A
A1 OC = A1 + A2 + A3

Polygon law is an extension of triangle law

How are two 3D vectors added?
 Addition of Two vectors resolved along 3 Dimensions

Y ^ ^ ^
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
^
j ^ ^ ^ ^
-k B = Bx i + By j + Bz k
1 unit

^ ^
-i 1 unit i
X
it O A + B = (Ax + Bx)^i + (Ay + By)^j + (Az + Bz)^
un
^ 1
k
k ^
-j
Z Similarly,
^ ^ ^
A - B = (Ax - Bx) i + (Ay - By) j + (Az - Bz) k
 → → → → → →
Example ABCDEF is a regular Hexagon. If, AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = x AD,
Determine x
E D
A. x = 9
B. x = 7
C. x = 5
D. x = 3
F C

A B
 → → → → → →
Example ABCDEF is a regular Hexagon. If, AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = x AD,
Determine x
E D
Solution

F C

A B
 → → → → → →
Example ABCDEF is a regular Hexagon. If, AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = x AD,
Determine x
E D AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = x AD
Solution
AB + AB + BC + AD + AD + DE + AF = x AD

AB + BC + AD + AD + AF = x AD
F C
AB + BC + AD + AD + CD = x AD

AD + AD + AD = x AD
A B x=3
3 AD = x AD
 ^ ^ ^
A= 2i + 4j + 6k
^ ^ ^
B= -i + 3j - 2k
Find :-

a) A+B= ? A-B= ?
→ → →
b) when C is added to A, the resultant is unit vector along x-axis. Find C
 ^ ^ ^
A= 2i + 4j + 6k
^ ^ ^
B= -i + 3j - 2k
a) A+B= ? A-B= ?
→ → →
b) when C is added to A, the resultant is unit vector along x-axis. Find C
Solution

a) → → ∧ ∧ ∧ b) → ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
A+B = i+7j+4k C + 2i + 4 j + 6 k = i
→ → ∧∧ ∧ → ∧ ∧ ∧
A – B = 3i + j + 8 k C = –i – 4 j – 6 k
 Addition of Two vectors resolved along 3 Dimensions

Y ^ ^ ^
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
^
j ^ ^ ^ ^
-k B = Bx i + By j + Bz k
1 unit

^ ^
-i 1 unit i
X
it O A + B = (Ax + Bx)^i + (Ay + By)^j + (Az + Bz)^
un
^ 1
k
k ^
-j
Z Similarly,
^ ^ ^
A - B = (Ax - Bx) i + (Ay - By) j + (Az - Bz) k
Example In a Cartesian coordinate system the coordinates of two points P and Q are
(2, 4, 4) and (– 2, – 3, 7) respectively. Find PQ and its magnitude.

A. √ 71 units

B. √ 72 units
C. √ 73 units
D. √ 74 units
 Example In a Cartesian coordinate system the coordinates of two points P and Q are
(2, 4, 4) and (– 2, – 3, 7) respectively. Find PQ and its magnitude.

Solution

∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
P = 2i + 4j + 4k and Q = – 2i – 3j + 7k
PQ = PQ
PQ = Q – P
∧ ∧ ∧ = √ (– 4)2 + (– 7)2 + (3)2
∧ ∧ ∧
= – 2i – 3j + 7k – 2i + 4j + 4k =
∧ ∧
√ 16 + 49 + 9
∧
= (– 2 – 2) i + (– 3 – 4) j + (7 – 4) k = √ 74 units
∧ ∧ ∧
= – 4i – 7 j + 3k
How to Multiply Vectors?
 Multiplication of Vectors

There are 2 types of Vector Multiplication

Scalar product Vector product

Dot product Cross product

Introduction to scalar product or DOT product

P θ is the angle between the vectors

, denotes the dot product

Scalar product of two vectors is

θ defined as product of magnitude of
two vectors and cosine of the angle
Q between the two vectors

P.Q = PQ cosθ
Introduction to scalar product or dot product

θ
Q

P.Q = PQ cosθ

= (Pcosθ)Q
Introduction to scalar product or dot product

P.Q = Q .P

θ
Q
Example of scalar product or dot product

You have studied before Work is the

product of force & displacement in the
same direction.

Work = Force × Displacement

W = F cos θ × s
W = F s cos θ
W = F . s =F s cos θ
s
Thus work is an example of scalar
product of two vector.
Properties of Dot product
1) The dot product gives a scalar quantity.
→ →
2) A . A = A2

→ →
i.e. A . A = A A cos 0 = A2
→ →
A . A = A2
3) a . b = ab cos θ B
900
cos θ = a . b
ab A

B
θ
a . b =0 ⇒ θ = 90°
A
a . b >0 ⇒ θ = Acute

a . b <0 ⇒ θ = Obtuse θ
B
A
 ^ ^ ^
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
4) If
^ ^ ^
B = Bx i + By j + Bz k

^
A . B = (Ax Bx) i + (Ay By) ^j + (Az Bz)^k
 ^ ^ ^
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
4) If
^ ^ ^
B = Bx i + By j + Bz k

^
A . B = (Ax Bx) i + (Ay By) ^j + (Az Bz)^k
Proof

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
A .B = Ax i + Ayj + Azk . Bx i + By j + Bzk

^ ^
= i . i AxBx + ^j . ^i AyBx + ^k . ^i A B
z x

+ ^i . ^j AxBy + ^j . ^j A B + ^k . ^j A B
y y z y

+ ^i . ^k AxBz + ^j . k^ A B + ^k . ^k A B
y z z z
 ^ ^
A . B = i . i AxBx + ^j . ^i AyBx + ^k . ^i A B Using
z x
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
+ ^i . ^j AxBy + ^j . ^j A B + ^k . ^j A B i.i = j.j = k.k = 1
y y z y
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
+ ^i . ^k AxBz + ^j . k^ A B + ^k . ^k A B i.j = j.k = k.i = 0
y z z z

A . B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz

The vector that must be added to the vectors and
So that resultant vector is a unit vector along the y-axis is

A.

B.

C.

D. Null Vector
If A = and B = , the vector having the same
magnitude as B and parallel to A is

A.

B.

C.

D.
The unit vector parallel to the resultant of the vectors
and is

A.

B.

C.

D.
The position vector of a particle is determined by the expression

The displacement traversed in first 10 sec is

A. 500m
B. 300m
C. 150m
D. 100m
Unit vector parallel to the resultant vectors and
Will be

A.

B.

C.

D. None of these
The three vectors

form ,

A. An equilateral triangle

B. Isosceles triangle

C. A right angles triangle

D. No triangle
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