Getaran dan Akustika

TKM164505 / 3 SKS
Dr. Indraswari Kusumaningtyas

15-8-2019
Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Gadjah Mada
 1 Introduction
 Akustika dan Getaran: Mata kuliah pilihan

 Tujuan:
 Mahasiswa memahami dasar-dasar akustik yang terkait dengan
bidang teknik, dasar dari konsep pengukuran akustik, serta aplikasi
akustik dan getaran di bidang teknik dan industri.

 Materi kuliah:
 Sebelum UTS: Akustika  ARI
 Setelah UTS: Akustika (lanjutan) dan Getaran (lanjutan)  IMM

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 2

 Cakupan Materi Akustika

 Basic concepts of acoustics

 Wave equations, plane wave, spherical waves, standing waves
 Sound reflection and transmission
 Sound radiation
 Acoustic measurement and instrumentation
 Human hearing and noise criteria
 Sound absorption and attenuation
 Noise control

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 3

 Buku Referensi

 Fundamentals of Acoustics: Lawrence E. Kinsler

 Principles of Vibration and Sound: T. Rossing and N. Fletcher
 Industrial Noise Control and Acoustics: Randall F. Barron.

Tugas-tugas akan diambilkan dari buku-buku di atas.

Silakan lihat juga buku-buku lain di perpustakaan dan sumber-

sumber di internet.

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 4

 Evaluasi

 Ari = 50%
 Tugas = 15%
 UTS = 35% (open book atau take-home - TBD)

 Made Miasa = 50%

 Tugas
 UAS

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 5

 The Science of Sound

“If a tree falls in a forest and no one is there to hear it,

does it make a sound?”

Two approaches to define “sound”:

1. Physical acoustics: sound as physical quantities
 Pressure, amplitudes, frequencies, spectra
2. Psychoacoustics: perception of sound
 Loudness, pitch, timbre

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 6

 The Science of Sound

Acoustics is the science of sound; that is, wave motion

in gases, liquids and solids, and the effects of such
wave motion.

What are the areas of applications of acoustics?

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 7

 You’re might be familiar with…

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 8

 Other interesting sounds…

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 9

 Bundengan http://ugm.id/play

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 10

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 11
 From Vibration to Acoustics

 Simple harmonic motion:  Simple vibrating system:

 One mass, one spring  Pendulum (small angle)
 Stiffness  Helmholtz resonator
 One natural frequency
 Additionally, with damping

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 12

 From Vibration to Acoustics

 Systems with two or more masses and springs:

 Two or more natural frequencies
 Two or more natural modes

 From vibration to sound

 Vibrating string
 Vibrating membrane
 Vibrating bar
 Vibrating plates
 Tuning fork
 Air-filled pipe

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 13

 From Vibration to Acoustics
Common example: musical instruments

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 14

 From Vibration to Acoustics

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 15

 Noise Control Principles

 Three basic elements in any noise control system:

 The source of the sound
 The path through which the sound travels
 The receiver of the sound

 There may be many sources,

various paths, and many receivers,
but the basic principle of noise
control remain the same.
 Noise control can be accomplished
by modifying any of the elements.

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 16

 Noise Control Principles
 The source of noise : vibrating surface, a mechanical shock,
mechanical friction, fluid flow, a flame burst, an explosion.
 Acoustic engineer should identify all possible noise sources when
considering a solution for a noise problem.
 The path for the sound may be the air between the source and
receiver, e.g. machinery noise transmitted directly to the operator‟s
ears.
 The path may also be indirect, e.g. sound being reflected by a wall to
a person in the room (or through ventilating ducts to another room).
 The receiver is usually the human ear, although it could also be
sensitive equipment that would suffer impaired operation if exposed to
excessively intense sound.

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 17

 Noise Control Principles
 The goal of a noise control procedure is normally to reduce the
acoustic noise.
 However, the actual application may be quite varied:
 prevention of hearing loss for personnel,
 to allow effective face-to-face communication or telephone
conversation, or
 to reduce noise so that neighbors of the facility will not
become intensely annoyed with the sound emitted by the
plant.
 The engineering approach is often different in each of these cases.

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 18

 Noise Control Principles

 Three basic elements in any noise control system:

 The source of the sound
 The path through which the sound travels
 The receiver of the sound

What kind of noise control can you do for each element?

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 19

 Noise Control At the Source
 Modifications at the sound source are usually the best solution for
a noise control problem.
 reducing forces, modifying components, replacing parts,
substituting materials, stiffening structures, changing
processes, and minimizing fluid flow turbulence.
 Where impacts are involved, as in punch presses, any reduction of
the peak impact force will dramatically reduce the noise
generated.
 Components of a machine may be modified to reduce the
mechanical shock and produce a significant change in noise
emission.

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 20

 Noise Control At the Source
 Noise at the source may indicate other problems, such as a need for
maintenance.
 Excessive noise from a roller bearing.
 Replacement of the defective bearing may solve the noise
problem, in addition to preventing further mechanical damage.
 There may be areas, such as panel coverings, that vibrate
excessively on a machine.
 The noise generated by large vibrating panels can be reduced
by applying damping material to the panel surface, applying
stiffeners to the panel surface, or by uncoupling the panel from
the vibrating force, if possible.

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 21

 Noise Control At the Source
 In most cases, reducing the amplitude of vibratory motion of
elements in a machine will reduce the noise generated.
 Make the panel stiffer by increasing the panel thickness or
reducing the panel dimensions, or use stiffening ribs
 Reduction of noise resulting from the resonant vibration of
structures
 Ensure that machine rotational speeds do not coincide with
resonance frequencies of the supporting structure.
 Change the machine speed or change the resonance
frequencies of the structure by changing its stiffness or mass.

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 22

 Noise Control At the Source
 Substitution of materials in mechanical components may help
reduce noise introduced by these components.
 For example, replacing metal with plastic in vibrating
structures, using plastic gears to replace metal gears.
 A change in the process may also be used to reduce noise.
 For example, instead of using an air jet to remove debris from
a manufactured part, rotating cleaning brushes may be used.

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 23

 Noise Control At the Path
 Modifying the path through which the noise is propagated is often
used when modification of the noise source is not possible, not
practical, or not economically feasible.
 For noise sources located outdoors, one simple approach for noise
control is to move the sound source farther away from the
receiver, i.e. make the noise path longer.
 Other possible measures include noise barriers, enclosures,
mufflers, lined ducts, vibration isolators, absorbers and dampers,
and sound absorbing materials.
 For noise sources located outdoors or indoors, the transmission
path may be modified by placing a wall or barrier between the
source and receiver.

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 24

 Noise Control At the Path
 Reduction of traffic noise from vehicles on freeways passing near
residential areas and hospitals has been achieved by installation
of acoustic barriers along the roadway.
 The use of a barrier will not be effective in noise reduction indoors
when the sound transmitted directly from the source to receiver is
much less significant than the sound transmitted indirectly to the
receiver through reflections on the room surfaces.
 For this case, the noise may be reduced by applying acoustic
absorbing materials on the walls of the room or by placing
additional acoustic absorbing surfaces in the room.

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 25

 Noise Control At the Path
 A very effective, although sometimes expensive, noise control
procedure is to enclose the sound source in an acoustic enclosure
or enclose the receiver in a personnel booth.
 The noise from metal cut-off saws has been reduced to
acceptable levels by enclosing the saw in an acoustically
treated box.
 If the equipment or process can be remotely operated, a
personnel booth is usually an effective solution in reducing
the workers‟ noise exposure.
 The exhaust noise from engines, fans, and turbines is often
controlled by using mufflers or silencers in the exhaust line for the
device.

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 26

 Noise Control At the Path

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 27

 Noise Control At the Path

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 28

 Noise Control At the Path

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 29

 Noise Control At the Receiver
 In some cases, it may be necessary to apply noise control to the
receiver of the excessive noise.
 The human ear is the usual „„receiver‟‟ for noise, and there is a
limited amount of modification that can be done for the person‟s
ear.
 One possible approach to limit the noise exposure of a worker
to industrial noise is to limit the time during which the person
is exposed to high noise levels.
 Hearing protectors (earplugs, acoustic muffs, or active noise
cancelling headphones) can be effective in preventing noise-
induced hearing loss in an industrial environment.

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 30

 Noise Control At the Receiver

Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Akustik dan Getaran 31