REPORT
Text Report menguras suatu hasil pengamatan, penelaahan, penelitian, observasi, atau studi
tentang benda, binatang, orang, atau tempat participant pada Report cendrung general. Data
yang tersaji umumnya berupa simpulan umum akan karakteristik, ciri dan atau keberadaan
dan keadaan participant.
Tujuan text Report adalah untuk menggambarkan participant apa adanya bila yang di
bicarakan suatu benda. Text Report lebih menyoroti fungsi dari benda tersebut
Text Repot lazimnya menyodorkan suatu generalisasi akan participant yang di ulas,
generalisasi ini umumnya di dapat lewat membandingkan yang satu dengan yang lain yang
tergolong participant yang sejenis.
Grammatical Feature
a. focus on Generic Participants
b. use of relational processes to state what is and what which it is
c. use a simple past tense
d. no temporal sequences
Example
ANALYTICAL
Text Exposition bertujuan untuk menyodorkan pendapat/ide/pendapat/argumen penulis akan
suatu perkara/topik/permasalahan/fenomena. Terdapat dua fariasi dalam Text Exposition.
1. Analytical Exposition
Dalam Analytical Exposition penulis menyodorkan pandangan/ide/opini/pendapat. Suatu
topik atau fenomena atau masalah perjudapat perhatian, ulasan atau penjelasan atau uraian
atau data penguat. Tanpa dimunculkannya usaha untuk mempengaruhi/membujuk pembaca
untuk memiliki sikap pro-kontra terhadap sesuatu. Analytical Exposition juga dikenal dengan
istilah Argumentative.
Generic structure of Analytical Exposition
Thesis : Pernyataan pendapat penulis akan sesuatu kasus/fenomena
Argument : Terdiri dari poin atau inti masalah/perbandingan atau hal yang menjadi concern
dan elaboration. Penjelasan atau pemaparan dari point.
Reiteration : Penguatan pernyataan
2. Hortatory Exposition
Text Hortatory Exposition bertujuan untuk menyodorkan pandangan/ide/opini/pendapat
untuk mempengaruhi/membujuk pembaca untuk memiliki sikap pro-kontra terhadap sesuatu
dan atau mengajak pembaca untuk melakukan sesuatu. Hortatory Exposition juga dikenal
dengan istilah Persuasive
Example
Analytical Exposition
Thesis
In Australia there are three levels of government, the federal government. All of there levels
of government are necessary. This is so for a number of reasons.
Argument
First, the federal government is necessary for the big things. They keep the economy in order
and look after things like defense. Similarly, the state governments look after the middle-
sized things. For example they look after low and order, preventing things like vandalism in
schools. Finally, local governments look after the small things. They look after things like
collecting rubbish, otherwise everyone would have diseases.
Reiteration
Thus, for the reasons above we can conclude that the three levels of government are
necessary.
Hortatory Exposition
Thesis In all the discussion over he removal of lead from petrol (and the atmosphere) there
doesn't teem to have been any mention of the difference between driving in the city and the
country.
Argument While I realize my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that
when you travel through the county, where you only see another car very five to ten minutes,
the problem is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.
Those who want to penalize older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners don't seen to
appreciate that, in the country, there is no public transport to fall back upon and one's own
vehicle is the only way to get about.
Re-commendation I feel that country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the
nearest town and who already spend a spec deal of money on petrol, should be treated
differently to the people who live.
CONDITIONAL
Pola conditional merupakan bentuk kalimat pengandaian dengan ciri hadirnya kata
jika/apabila, yang umumnya dinyatakan dangan kata IF. Terdapat dua kategori besar pola
pengandaian yakni : The real (factual dan nabiutral) dan unreal (centrary to the fact).
The real conditional yang lebih dikenal dengan istilah future conditional, merupakan pola
lamunan yang menyatakan sesuatu memiliki peluang untuk terjadi bila syarat tertentu
terpenuhi selanjutnya disebut conditional type 1.
Type unreal merupakan pola lamunan yang merupakan pengingkaran dari fakta sebenarnya
akan terjadi atau sedang terjadi sekarang yang lebih dikenal dengan present conditional atau
conditional type 2.
Dan kedua lamunan yang berkontradiksi dengan yang sebenarnya sudah terjadi yang lebih
dikenal dengan past conditional atau conditional type 3.
Example
1. If you come with me for a jogride to night, you will have a great fun.
2. You must study hard, if you want to enter favorite university
"If" Pada pola diatas dapat dilesapkan / dihilangkan tanpa mengubah makna dengan
mengubah structur polanya didalam bentuk inverse
Should + subject 1 + simple form + subject 2 + [will/can/may/must] + verb 1 (simple form)
Example
~ If you come with me for a jogride to night, you will have a gread fun
~ Should you want to enter favorite university, you must study hard
2. Present Conditional (Conditional Type 2)
Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang ada / terjadi
sekarang / belakangan ini.
Example
~ Were I to have time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend
~ Were he here, he would tell you about it
3. Past Conditional (Conditional Type 3)
Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangn dengan apa yang telah terjadi sesuatu
yang sudah berlalu
If + subject 1 + past perfect + subject 2 + [would / could / might] + have + verb 3 / been
Example
1. If I had known you were there, I would have writen you a letter
2. If you had asked me I would, have told you the whole story
Bentuk inversi (tanpa menggunakan kata "if") untuk type ini adalah
Had + subject 1 + verb 3/been + subject 2 + [would/could/might] + have + verb 3/been
Example
~ Had I known you were there, I would have written you a letter
~ Had you asked me I would have told you the whole story
Example of Conditional
1. If I were in town, I would go
I do not were in town, pn i would not go
2. If I had known you were, I would come to have you.
I do not had known you were, so I would not came to have you.
SPOOF
Goal/purpose
Toretell/to tell funny story
The structures
Orientation : Pengenalan waktu,tokoh dan tempat.
Event : Kejadian.
Twist : Akhir yang tidak terduga atau lucu.
Keterangan
Dalam satu Sroof text, dapat terjadi beberapa event.
Example:
Tittel Penguin in the par
Orientation Once a man was walking in a park when he came a class a penguin.
Event 1
He took him to a policeman and said.” I have just Found this penguin what should ? Do?”
The policeman replied" take him to the zoo.
Event 2
The next day the policeman saw the some in the some park and the man was still carrying the
penguin with him. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and asked.
"Why are you still earring that penguin about ? Didn't you take it to the zoo" "I Certainly did"
Repaired the man.
Twist
And it was great idea because he really enjoyed it so today I am taking him to the movies.
ADVERB
A. Adverb of manner (kata keterangan cara)
Kata-kata yang termasuk kedalam adverb of manner diantaranya adalah :
Example
a. I am Felling better today
b. She is best language spanis in the class
c. He driver carefully every where
Above : Diatas
Abroad : Luar negri, dengan luas, tersiar, tersebar
Below : Dibawah, kebawah
Down town : Kota
Far : Jauh
Gance : Dari sini
Here : Disini
In side : Kedalam
Near : Keluar, diluar
Thence : Dari Sana
There : Disana, disitu, kesana
Example
a. She lives above tree
b. They go to abroad every year
c. We go to down town
Example
a. I met than a few days ago
b. They finished their work a few minute ago
c. I lived in bandung formerly
Keterangan
Have untuk subjek they, we, I, you
has untuk subjek she, he, it
Example
1. They have cathee this morning
2. Dedi has antihu pencil in the market.
Preference
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbandingan
….. like….. better than…..
….. prefer….. to …..
….. would rather….. than….
Re-orientation On Friday morning we went to Jogja kraton. We spent about two hours there.
We were lucky because we were led by a smart and friendly guide. Then we continued our
journey to Borobudur. We arrived there at four p.m. at 5 p.m. We heard and announcement
that Borobudur gate would be closed
In the evening we left for Jakarta by wisata bus.
1. Verbal sentence
S + V2 +... ( + )
S + Didn't + V1 +... ( - )
Did + S + V1 +... ( ? )
Example
She went to office yesterday (+)
She didn't go to office yesterday (-)
Did she go to office yesterday (?)
2. Nominal sentence
Example
My brother was a doctor (+)
My brother wasn't a doctor (-)
Was my brother a doctor (?)
EXPRESSING REQUEST
When we have a request, we can use some forms of the request expressions.
Can you
Could you + V1 +....?
Would you Maukah kamu…?
Would you mind + V1 (ing) +....?
I wonder if you + V1 +.....?
Example
a. Can you open the window, please?
b. Could you raise your hand?
c. Would you mind sitting on my chair?
Every day
No noonday
Always
Sometime
Generally
After
Do = jamak (I, you, they, we)
Does = tunggal (he, she, it)
Example
a. She goes to school every day (+)
She does not go to school every day (-)
Does She to school every day (?)
b. We study English on Monday (+)
We do not study English on Monday (-)
Do we study English Monday (?)
Keterangan
Penambahan "s" atau "es" hanya untuk bilangan tunggal dan untuk kalimat pasifnya saja.
2. Nominal
S + tube (is, am, are) + Noun/adjective (+)
S + tube + Not + Noun/adjective (-)
Tube + S + Noun/adjective ( )
Example
My brother is a teacher (+)
My brother is not a teacher (-)
Is my brother a teacher (?)
PREPOSITION
Listen and Repeat
At = digunakan untuk menyatakan tempat dan waktu
On = digunakan untuk menyatakan waktu
In = digunakan untuk menyatakan tempat dan waktu
At half
At night
At Jakarta
On Wednesday
On 15th April
In Bandung
In 1956
Stating like
I really like... ( watching foot ball/chicken )
I'm quite keen on... ( hiking/tennis )
I'm fond of... ( playing foot ball/music )
Agreeing with like
So do I
Oh yes, I do too
So am I
Disagreeing with like
Oh, do you? I do not really
Oh, are you? I am not really
Oh, really
Stating dislike
I really don't like... (watching horror films)
I hate... (that man)
I dislike... (people smoking in the bus/ rock music)
I’m not particular keen on... (watching boxing)
I don't find... (hiking/that novel) very good/enjoy able.
I think... (his speech is rather boring)
It is used to express the activity which was still going on in the past or
It is used to express the activity that is being done wheel another activity is happened is the
past.
Example
She was playing football this morning (+)
She was not playing football this morning (-)
Was she playing football this morning (?)
Keterangan
a. ketika ada dua kejadian berlangsung bersama maka keduanya menggunakan past
continuous.
Example
- While Rudy was reading a book Karina was not watching TV
- Fini was watching TV while Manan reading a book
b. Tapi jika ada satu kejadian dan disusul dengan kejadian yang kedua maka kalimat yang
pertama menggunakan past continuous yang kedua menggunakan past tense
Example
- While Harry was watching TV Rudy read a book
- When Fini come home nona was watching TV
While : Diikuti past continuous kemudian past tense
When : Diikuti past tense kemudian past continuous
DESCRIPTION
Text description bertujuan untuk menggambarkan seseorang, sesuatu, suatu tempat, seekor
binatang seara khusus text description menyodorkan banyak informasi tentang orang, benda,
tempat, binatang secara gamblang, rinci, dan dapat dipublikasikan atau digambarkan.
Example
Example
1. I am writing in the blackboard now (+)
I am not writing in the blackboard now (-)
Am I writing in the blackboard now (?)
2. She is reading a book this moment (+)
She is not reading a book this moment (-)
Is she reading a book this moment (?)
PASSIVE VOICE
Tube + T3
Active
Simple Present Tense
S + V1 (s/es)
She eats an apple on Sunday
Present continuous tense
S + tube + V1 (ing)
She is eating an apple now
Simple Past tense
S + V2
She ate an apple yesterday
Simple Future tense
S + Will/shall + V1
Shall (I, we)
She will eat apple tomorrow
Passive
Simple Present Tense
S + tube + V3
An apple is eaten by her yesterday
Present Continuous Tense
S + tube + being + V3
An apple is being eaten by her now
Simple Past Tense
S + tube (Was/were) + V3
An apple was eaten by her yesterday
Simple Future Tense
S + Will/shall + be + V3
An apple will be eaten by her tomorrow.
2. Text Type
News Item (informative article)
Example