RES701 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Module 1 Assignment

Prepared for:
Prof. Darius Gnanaraj S

Prepared by:
Tom Saju (Ph.D. scholar)
19PHD0134

Date: 30 August, 2019

 Basic Research
1) Material and Metal Ecology; M.A. Reuter, A. van Schaik
Abstract: The complex interaction between the ‘nature, design, and resource cycles´ is discussed.
By defining on first principles the ‘web of metals´ and the ‘design wheel´, the complex relationship
between the ‘resource and design cycle´ can be captured by computer-aided design (CAD) tools.
The basis for this description are dynamic models as well as system optimization models that
define the flow of metals, materials, particles, liberated and unliberated material between the
various stakeholders of the ‘original equipment manufacturers´ (OEM) and, respectively, the
metallurgical process, recycling, resource-recovery industries. At the basis of the models are
physics, chemistry, and thermodynamics and the concepts of industrial ecology. All this is
illustrated by industrial examples by the authors which show the application of the theory to the
design and recycling of automobiles.
2) Mechanical Properties and Fracture of Materials; A.H. Sherry, T.J. Marrow
Abstract: Ensuring the integrity of structural components is paramount for the safe and reliable
operation of engineering plant across a wide range of industries, including process and power,
aerospace, and transport. Safety cases for structural components are often made using a
multilegged approach in which a number of separate and distinct safety arguments are combined
to build a robust case. These arguments include, but are not limited to, design basis, quality of
construction, nondestructive examination (NDE), and defect assessment. The development of the
defect assessment argument or ‘leg’ of the safety case is thus critically dependent on the engineer's
ability to assess the severity of defects that are either present from the start of life or which may
form during service. Start-of-life defects may include welding defectssuch as
porosity, slag inclusions, lack of fusion, cold-cracking, and (or) undercuts. The mechanisms by
which defects can form during service include stress corrosion cracking(SCC), fatigue, corrosion-
fatigue, and creep.
Applied research
1) Dissimilar welding between SAF 2507 stainless steel and Incoloy 825 Ni-based alloy: The
role of microstructure on corrosion behavior of the weld metals; Kangazian, Jalal, Shamanian,
Morteza, Ashrafi, Ali
Abstarct: The effect of the filler metal type, welding process and the welding pass number on the
corrosion behavior of Incoloy 825 Ni-based alloy to SAF 2507 super duplex stainless steel weld
zones were addressed utilizing scanning electron microscopy, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization
and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results detailed the formation of some
secondary phases in the weld metals. The welds employing Ni-based filler wires revealed the
highest general corrosion resistance, while super duplex stainless steel weld metals displayed the
best pitting corrosion behavior. Pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding and super duplex stainless
steel filler metal were recommended to obtain the optimum surface corrosion resistance.
2) Arc weldability of Incoloy 825 to AISI 321 stainless steel welds; Sayyar, Navid,
Shamanian, Morteza, Niroumand, Behzad
Abstract: Composition effect of Inconel 625, Incoloy 65 and ER347 fillers on microstructural
evolution and solidification crack (SC) sensitivity of gas tungsten arc welded Incoloy 825 to AISI
321 SS was investigated. The structure of welds had been mostly austenitic, and solute segregation
caused formation of eutectic-nature secondary phases in inter-dendritic/cellular spaces of three
weld alloys. The dilution effect led to a transition from FA to AF mode of solidification in ER347
weld and decreased its ferrite content. Inconel 625 and ER347 welds had the highest and lowest
resistance to SC during Longitudinal Varestraint Test, respectively. Fine dendritic structure of
Inconel 625 weld resulted in easier strain accommodation and better weldability properties of this
alloy. Severe cracking and high sensitivity of ER347 weld to SC were characterized because of
low ferrite content and easier wettability of solidification grain.
Descriptive research
1) Study on Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Characteristics of Nickel based Aerospace Alloys;
Bishub Choudhury, M. Chandrasekaran
Abstarct: Welding of high strength and corrosion resistant materials is always been a challenging
task for the researchers. This work investigates weld strength of Inconel 825 using gas tungsten
arc welding (GTAW) process. A Box-Behnken design of 27 experimental runs was employed.
Further full quadratic models were developed to predict different welding responses. The
predictive performance of the model shows an average percentage error as 6.72% for UTS, 2.79%
for YS and 17.75% for % E. Welding current (I) was found to be the most significant process
parameter followed by welding speed (V) for each response. The process parameters were
optimized using desirability graphical analysis with maximum desirability value of 0.7089.
2) Study of Materials used in Gas Turbine engine and swirler in combustion chamber; Singh,
Prashant, Kaurase, Kalpit P, Soni, Gaurav
Abstarct: Selection of material is prime requirement during design of gas turbine engine
components due to selection of proper material can enhance the life of component in gas turbine
engine Temperature limitations is one of the most crucial limiting factors to gas turbine efficiencies
and performance. At high temperature some material fails to maintain its strengths. due to varying
criteria in gas turbines individual components materials selection for is one of the most difficult
tasks. Also materials and alloys used for high temperatures applications are generally very costly
than others. This paper is the study of various materials and their applicability for different
components of gas turbine for the purpose of enhancing the performance, reliability and durability.
Due to introduction of swirler in gas turbine it can effectively reduced the emissions in gas
turbines. This paper presents the study of a critical review of the existing literature on gas turbine
engine materials.
Analytical Research
1) Studies on the structural property, mechanical relationships and corrosion behaviour of
Inconel 718 and SS 316L dissimilar joints by TIG welding without using activated flux;
Ramkumar T, Selvakumar M, Narayanasamy P, Begam, A. Ayisha, Mathavan P, Raj, A. Arun
Abstarct: This research article addresses about the joining of 4 mm thick plates of Inconel 718 and
ferritic stainless steel (S.S) 316L by Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process without using the
activated flux. Trial experiments were conducted to find the influence of welding current on the
depth of penetration and depth to width (D/W) ratio. The studies proved that a complete penetration
could be achieved in multi pass. Microstructure examination using optical and Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) clearly exposed the development of unmixed zone and also the Heat Affected
Zone (HAZ) of Inconel 718. The chemical components of the Inconel 718 and SS316L were
determined using Energy Dispersive Analysis (EDAX). Tensile and bend failures were observed
at the parent metal of Inconel 718, SS316L and Inconel 718 & SS316L dissimilar joints. It was
indicated from the notch tensile studies that the notch strength ratio was better than unity, which
established that the weldments were ductile in all circumstances. The corrosion studies were
carried out in the Nacl solution and it was found that Inconel 718 and SS316L dissimilar joint
possess less corrosion resistance than similar SS316L weldment. It was inferred from the current
study that the ultimate tensile strength of dissimilar weldments was better compared to similar
weldments and the failure was observed in the parent metal for all the cases. Bend test results
portrayed that dissimilar weldments possess better strength compared to SS316L weldments.
2) Dissimilar welding of nickel-based Alloy 690 to SUS 304L with Ti addition; Lee, H. T.
Jeng, S. L., Yen, C. H., Kuo, T. Y.
Abstract: This study investigates the effects of Ti addition on the weldability, microstructure and
mechanical properties of a dissimilar weldment of Alloy 690 and SUS 304L. Shielding metal arc
welding (SMAW) is employed to butt-weld two plates with three welding layers, where each layer
is deposited in a single pass. To investigate the effects of Ti addition, the flux coatings of the
electrodes used in the welding process are modified by varying additions of either a Ti-Fe
compound or a Ti powder. The results indicate that the microstructure of the fusion zone (FZ) is
primarily dendritic. With increasing Ti content, it is noted that the microstructure changes from a
columnar dendritic to an equiaxed dendritic, in which the primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS)
becomes shorter. Furthermore, it is observed that the amount of Al-Ti oxide phase increases in the
inter-dendritic region, while the amount of Nb-rich phase decreases. Moreover, the average
hardness of the FZ increases slightly. The results indicate that Ti addition prompts a significant
increase in the elongation of the weldment (i.e. 36.5%, Ti: 0.41 wt%), although the tensile strength
remains relatively unchanged. However, at an increased Ti content of 0.91 wt%, an obvious
reduction in the tensile strength is noted, which can be attributed to a general reduction in the
weldability of the joint.
Qualitative Research
1) Friction stir welding of titanium alloys: A review; Gangwar, Kapil, Ramulu, M.
Abstract: The candidacy of ninth earth abundant material, titanium is supreme when it comes to
the higher strength to weight ratio, and higher corrosive resistance. Next generation of jet engines
for aerospace industry clearly depends on the manufacturability and improved ability of titanium
alloys that can withstand the high temperatures. However, the primary sheets, plates, billets, ingots,
or rods are of limited sizes that need to be either machined or welded in order to produce a desired
structure with optimal the buy-to-fly ratio. This article primarily summarizes the research in the
field of joining of titanium sheets with a direct focus on friction stir welding (FSW). The industrial
requirements, whether to weld similar or dissimilar titanium alloys, or of different thicknesses, or
even with composites, are often challenged by the selection of the tool, position of the alloying
sheets, cooling of the weld nugget, material composition, complex material flow in the wake of
the rotating, and traversing tool etc. This article provides a review of FSW of similar and dissimilar
titanium alloys focusing on surface, and subsurface properties, such as microstructural, and
mechanical properties, texture evolution, current challenges summarizing a possible remedy,
encompassing the recent development and research in the field.
2) Mechanical Behavior of Dissimilar Welds for Steam Turbine Rotors with High Application
Temperature; Krojer, Stefan, Roos, Eberhard, Klenk, Andreas, Sheng, Shilun, Kern, Torsten Ulf
Absttract: Fossil fired steam power plants of the latest generation require the elevation ofsteam pa-
rameters pressure and temperature to increase efficiency as well as to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. In order to achieve these goals for high temperatures, nickel-base alloys could play an
important role for steam turbine applications in the future. Due to techno- logical and economical
restrictions, their application in turbine rotors shall be restricted to the most heavily stressed
regions. Dissimilar welds offer a known solution to combine nickel-base alloys with
ferritic/martensitic steels in this case. Thermal mismatch and differences in high temperature
performance of the applied base materials make it very difficult to evaluate the lifetime of such
dissimilar welds. Depending on temperature and type of loading, different failure mechanisms can
be observed. Further, the type of weld material plays a major role for the service behavior of the
weld. Therefore, this paper describes standard creep and fatigue tests which were conducted to
identify failure mechanisms and failure locations at the weld zone. To simulate the outcome ofthe
creep tests, a modified Graham-Walles approach is used that also accounts for the different creep
behavior of the heat affected zones (HAZs) compared to the base material. For the simu- lation of
the fatigue tests, the model type Chaboche–Nouailhas–Ohno–Wang (CNOW) is used. The results
contribute to better knowledge in designing dissimilar welds between nickel-base alloys and
martensitic steels under high temperature loading
Quantitative research
1) Microstructures and microhardness at fusion boundary of 316 stainless steel/Inconel 182
dissimilar welding; Wang, Wei, Lu, Yonghao, Ding, Xianfei, Shoji, Tetsuo
Abstract: Microstructures and microhardness at fusion boundary of a weld joint were investigated
in a 316 stainless steel/Inconel 182 dissimilar weldment. The results showed that there were two
alternately distributed typical fusion boundaries, a narrow random boundary with a clear sharp
interface and an epitaxial fusion one with (100)<inf>BM</inf>//(100)<inf>WM</inf> at the joint
interface. The composition transition, microstructure and hardness across the fusion boundary
strongly depended on the type of the fusion boundary. For the random boundary, there was a clear
sharp interface and the composition transition with a width of 100 μm took place symmetrically
across the grain boundary. For the epitaxial fusion one, however, there were Type-I and Type-II
grain boundaries perpendicular and parallel to the epitaxial fusion boundary, respectively. The
composition transition took place in the Inconel 182 weld side. Σ3 boundaries in the HAZ of 316SS
side and Σ5 grain boundaries in weld metal were usually observed, despite the type of fusion
boundary, however the former was much more in epitaxial fusion boundary. Microhardness was
continuously decreased across the random fusion boundary from the side of Inconel 182 to 316SS,
but a hardening phenomenon appeared in the epitaxial fusion boundary zone because of its fine
cellular microstructure.
2) Direct keyhole laser welding of aluminum alloy AA5754 to titanium alloy Ti6Al4V;
Tomashchuk, I., Sallamand, P., Cicala, E., Peyre, P., Grevey, D.
Abstract: The tensile strength of direct AA5754/Ti6Al4V joints performed by high speed Yb:YAG
laser welding is found to be determined by morphology and phase content of dissimilar interface
formed between contacting Al-rich and Ti-rich melted zones. Three types of contact interfaces
were observed: (1) thin (<20 μm thick) interface composed mostly by TiAl and formed under 0.2
mm beam shift to Al side and linear energy of welding ≥37.5 kJ/m; (2) cracked interface (190-300
μm thick) composed by Al3Ti and other Al-Ti intermetallics and formed under beam shift at 0.2
mm to Ti side and linear energy ≥37.5 kJ/m; (3) malaxated interface composed of layers and isles
of Ti3Al and TiAl forming in other tested conditions and favored by welding speed >10 m/min.
Maximal linear tensile force (220 N/mm for 2 mm thick weld) can be attained when thin contact
interface is formed. In this case, the fracture starts in intermetallics-rich zone but propagates mainly
in Al-rich melted zone, when in other cases it occurs in brittle intermetallic layers.
 Conceptual research
1) Tissue Engineering: What is New?; Dolphus R.Dawson, AhmedEl-Ghannam, Joseph
E.Van Sickels
Abstarct: Soft tissue engineering includes the use of mesenchymal stem cells to develop tissue
sheets for donor soft tissue graft and incorporate other cell types to create new vascular structures
within the graft. Osteo conductive scaffolds mixed with osteo inductive growth factors, including
osteo-genic stem and osteo progenitor cells, enhance maxillofacial bone reconstruction. Hard
tissue engineering of bone grafts, such as those with a silica-calcium phosphate composite seeded
with human adipose-derived stem cells, creates better grafts with enhanced resorption profiles.
2) Social engineering in cybersecurity: The evolution of a concept; Joseph M.Hatfield
Abstarct: This paper offers a history of the concept of social engineering in cybersecurity and
argues that while the term began its life in the study of politics, and only later gained usage within
the domain of cybersecurity, these are applications of the same fundamental ideas: epistemic
asymmetry, technocratic dominance, and teleological replacement. The paper further argues that
the term's usages in both areas remain conceptually and semantically interrelated. Moreover,
ignorance of this interrelation continues to handicap our ability to identify and rebuff social
engineering attacks in cyberspace. The paper's conceptual history begins in the nineteenth-century
in the writings of the economists John Gray and Thorstein Veblen. An analysis of scholarly articles
shows the concept's proliferation throughout the early to mid-twentieth century within the social
sciences and beyond. The paper then traces the concept's migration into cybersecurity through the
1960s–1980s utilizing both scholarly publications and memoir accounts – including interviews
with then-active participants in the hacker community. Finally, it reveals a conceptual array of
contemporary connotations through an analysis of 134 definitions of the term found in academic
articles written about cybersecurity from 1990 to 2017.
Empirical Research
1) Review of Process and Material used for Design of Gas Turbine Blades; Jaishri pate, Jaishri
dubey, Rajni Dewangan, Prakash kumar sen
Abstract: Gas turbine blades have numerous applications in the aerospace industry. This paper is
focused on different design blades of gas turbine. The gas turbine obtains its power by utilizing
the energy of burnt gases and the air which is at high temperature and pressure by expanding
through the several rings of fixed and moving blades. The first centrifugal stress act on the blade
due to high angular speeds and second is thermal stress that arises due to temperature gradient
within the blade material.
2) Ni-based superalloys for turbine discs; Furrer, David, Fecht, Hans
Abstract: Superalloys have been developed for spe- cific, specialized properties and applications.
One of the main applications for nickel-based superalloys is gas-turbine-engine disc com- ponents
for land-based power generation and aircraft propulsion. Turbine engines create harsh
environments for materials due to the high operating temperatures and stress lev- els. Hence, as
described in this article, many alloys used in the high-temperature turbine sections of these engines
are very complex and highly optimized.