1
How much slug damage can crops tolerate? – Steve Ellis (ADAS)
Understanding crop tolerance to slugs is vital for improved risk assessment. This must take
account of the minimum plant population for potential yield and the effect of slug damage
to leaves on yield. These studies assessed the effect of changes to seed rate (plant
population) and simulated slug damage to leaves on the tolerance of winter wheat and
oilseed rape crops to slug attack. Agronomic and economic implications of changes to
husbandry and effects of slug damage are discussed.
Managing Metaldehyde: Anglian Waters Experience ‐ Richard Reynolds (Anglia Water)
Since 2008, Anglian Water has had an on‐going problem associated with the agricultural use
of metaldehyde. Over the past 10 years we have implemented and evaluated a wide range
of approaches ranging from innovative raw water treatment processes at Hall Water
Treatment Works in Asset Management Plan (AMP) 5 to direct engagement with farmers
and their technical advisors through catchment management via the Slug it Out project in
AMP 6. While both approaches deliver measurable reductions in metaldehyde, building a
business to business relationship with farmers has enabled a significantly wider range of
benefits, and demonstrates the potential for further transferability in an unclear future
farming environment.
Presence of metaldehyde in rainfall: evidence and interpretation – Colin Brown (York
University)
Monitoring data indicate low‐level presence of metaldehyde in rainfall over protracted
periods, including during periods with limited agricultural usage. Additionally, metaldehyde
has been detected in upland streams draining areas that are not treated with the
compound. These data will be presented alongside research undertaken to interpret the
findings. This includes studies into effects of formulation type, soil moisture and weather
patterns on volatilisation, and modelling to optimise application patterns and assess
plausible concentrations of metaldehyde in rainfall from volatilisation following agricultural
use. Research concludes that concentrations in rainfall are unlikely to arise solely via
volatilisation from treated fields. Alternative hypotheses will be put forward.
Selection and characterisation of diverse metaldehyde‐degrading bacteria reveal a novel
shared degradation pathway – James Moir (York University)
The chemically stable cyclic ether metaldehyde can be degraded microbially. Here we
discuss our latest findings on the diversity and mechanism of metaldehyde degradation by
bacteria isolated from soils. This work builds upon recent published work [Thomas et al.
(2017) Microb. Biotech. 10:1824‐1829] in which we first isolated two bacterial strains
capable of using metaldehyde as the sole carbon and energy source for growth. In new
work, we have further developed the methods for isolation of metaldehyde degraders, and
2
investigated the impact of metaldehyde on bacterial community diversity and abundance.
Metaldehyde degraders could be enriched from a range of soils by treatment with
metaldehyde, even in soils without exposure to metaldehyde in the previous five years.
Diverse bacterial isolates were identified and whole genome sequences were obtained.
Comparative genomics of five different metaldehyde‐degrading isolates from the gamma‐
and beta‐proteobacteria, using Blast Score Ratio and Proteome Comparison, revealed a
single shared gene cluster, that was absent from non‐degrading type strains of the same
species. Random chemical mutagenesis supports the conclusion that these genes are
responsible for metaldehyde degradation in the majority of metaldehyde‐degraders isolated
in culture.
Bioengineering metaldehdye removal – Liana King (Newcastle University ‐ PhD)
Metaldehyde is the active ingredient used in 80% of slug pellets globally. Since being first
detected in 2007 as an emerging micropollutant it is frequently detected above the legal
pesticide consent limit of 0.1 μg/L as conventional treatment methods are either ineffective
or uneconomical. Resulting from this industry has heavily invested in source control
intervention and abstraction management to alleviate this form of pollution, however this
does not offer water utilities much resilience as its heavily dependent on external
stakeholders. However, several water utilities in the UK have found that some of their slow
sand filters and biobeds have the potential to remove metaldehyde through
bioremediation. Despite the potential this approach possesses, little is known about the
biological processes even though slow sand filters have been in use since the 1800s and
biobeds since 1993. Thus limiting the process design, operation and optimisation of these
processes (Benner et al., 2013). It is critical to identify the metaldehyde degrading
microorganisms, begin to understand the process by which the degradation happens, thus
allowing this technology to be adapted and optimised in industry (Rittmann and McCarty,
2001). Initial field work has shown that the performance of industrially operated slow sand
filters varies massively, thus statistical analysis will be undertaken to assess which microbial,
biological or chemical parameters are influencing this. Screening studies have shown that
slow sand filters and biobeds have the potential to remove metaldehyde to varying extents,
thus biodegradation studies have been undertaken to assess the degradation rates of
metaldehyde.
Farming for Water: can catchment management deliver metaldehyde reductions?
– Alexandra Cooke (Severn Trent Water)
Since 2016, the success of Severn Trent Waters’ Farm to Tap and Product Substitution
schemes have seen over 700 farmers and 36000 ha of land committed to metaldehyde
reducing farm practices. Engagement, advice and training has resulted in 62% of our farmers
using ferric phosphate pellets, and 72% also using cultural controls.
The use of these practices has resulted in an average metaldehyde concentration reduction
of 34%, and an average 57% reduction in peak metaldehyde concentrations in raw water,
3
within priority catchments. Effective farmer engagement is crucial to the long term and
continued success of these catchment schemes.
Forecasting surface water metaldehyde levels in drinking water catchments following
rainfall events – James Shucksmith (University of Sheffield)
Water companies are currently investing strategies to mitigate increased pesticide
contamination of raw water supplies sourced from surface waters. A recent DWI Guidance
Note states that "Companies should identify the bespoke solution(s) required to achieve
sustainable compliance for each of its supply systems, taking an approach that focuses
primarily on catchment management solutions".
This work describes the development and implementation of an travel‐time based physically
distributed metaldehyde prediction model which aims to describe the short term
fluctuations of methaldehyde concentrations in surface waters caused by rainfall runoff
events. This will allow water infrastructure operators to consider informed surface water
abstraction decisions in order to improve the quality of abstracted surface water. The new
approach integrates a spatially and temporally disaggregated surface runoff generation,
routing and build‐up/wash‐off concepts using a simple structure in a GIS environment to
build a metaldehyde concentration prediction model. The use of 1km2 resolution radar
rainfall data and identification of high risk areas in the catchment provide an improved
approach to considering the spatio‐temporal variations of pollutant generations and
transport in the catchment. The model is calibrated and validated using available catchment
flow and a new metaldehyde concentration dataset acquired using automatic samplers.
Initial tests have demonstrated the potential of this model to forecast and hence avoid high
‘peaks’ of metaldehyde at sites in a trial catchment.
The problem with pellets: A slug’s eye view – Gordon Port (Newcastle University –
Biology)
Bait pellets are the most effective way of managing slugs, but are not ideal. Slugs (and
snails) are averse to consuming large amounts of pellet containing a toxin and the search
continues to find ways to improve pellets and achieve better management. Some recent
advances and some traditional problems will be discussed.
Biodegradation rates are the Achilles heel of pesticide fate assessments – David Werner
(Newcastle University – Engineering)
Soils are the most important buffer and filter for water in the environment. The soil’s water
purification capacity depends on dissolved contaminant sorption by soil particles, the
entrapment of suspended particles in the soil’s porespace, and the mineralization of
biodegradable matter by soil microorganisms. While all of these biogeochemical processes
affect the pesticide fate in the environment, the mineralization of pesticides like
metaldehyde by soil microorganisms remains difficult to predict. In pesticide risk
4
assessments, the pesticide biodegradation in soil is typically considered via a first‐order
biodegradation rate. However, this modelling approach ignores substantial complexity in
the biodegradation process and important factors such as variable metabolic capabilities of
soil microbial communities, lag phases, population growth and decay, nutrient limitation,
co‐metabolism and substrate‐substrate inhibition. This presentation will review, using
metaldehyde as case study, how molecular microbiology methods may enhance our
understanding of the pesticide degradation in soil and similar complex environments, and
will discuss how the new insights gained may ultimately support more reliable pesticide fate
assessments.
Binding and Detection of Metaldehyde in Water – Andrew Benniston (Newcastle
University – Chemistry)
The main active constituent of slug pellets is metaldehyde (MET) which is a cyclic oligomer
formed from the self‐condensation of acetaldehyde. Because of the widespread use of the
pesticide by farmers and gardeners, water contamination by MET is now a major problem.
There has been extensive effort put into finding ways to remove MET from water supplies,
by various solid‐phase filtering techniques or its destruction by such methods as UV/H2O2
activation and harsh acid hydrolysis on polymer supports. Both approaches have had limited
success. The detection of MET in water supplies has mainly focussed on the use of mass
spectrometry techniques, and although there have been the development of small portable
mass spectrometers a quick, versatile, real‐time and easy to use detection method that
could be used at source would have a major commercial benefit. Since MET does not
contain any chromophore it might appear that an optical‐based detection method is
inappropriate. Therefore, the outlined talk will focus on very preliminary results that form
the basis for the production of an optical sensor device for metaldehyde detection at a
water source.
Metaldehyde monitoring data from the Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme:
Agricultural uses and illegal uses of metaldehyde implicated in animal poisonings – Libby
Barnett (Fera Science Ltd)
The Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme (WIIS) is a reactive monitoring scheme that
investigates the suspected pesticide poisoning of wild animals, companion animals (pets) and
beneficial insects. It is part of the pesticide regulatory process and summary results are
available on the internet. The suspected pesticides involved in these incidents include plant
protection products, such as metaldehyde, but also biocides that are used to control
vertebrate pests. Similar schemes operate in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
and it is part funded by a levy on pesticide sales in the UK and co‐ordinated by the Chemicals
Regulation Directorate of the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). The majority of pesticide
poisonings involve the intentional, illegal use of pesticides rather than those from usual
agricultural practices and where there is an infringement of legislation on pesticides or the
5
environment, appropriate enforcement action may be taken by the Police, HSE or the local
authority.
The Wildlife Incident Unit (WIU) at Fera Science Ltd (Fera) has always provided the analytical
expertise necessary to determine pesticide residues in very diverse matrices, interpret and
report the results from investigations by the WIIS in England and Wales. These
investigations now span more than fifty years and this presentation will outline the
operation of WIIS in England and Wales, overview the poisoning of animals from
metaldehyde and how these poisonings may occur. The reasons that contribute to the likely
historic and current under‐reporting of these poisoning incidents with metaldehyde will also
be discussed. For example, improvements in analytical approaches for metaldehyde
detection in animal matrices, the toxicity of metaldehyde and the finding and reporting of
suspected poisoning incidents.
6