technology
for oil and gas production
Pipe Flow: Some considerations related
to
single and multiphase flow
Calculation of flow in pipes
out
in
• Conservation of • Thermodynamics
• Energy
• Mass
• Momentum
Mass conservation
out
in
PR
q
PL
Friction
Friction = t w (U ...) * p D L
,
Veggskjærspenning
Multiphase Pipe Flow Depends on:
P=pressure, T=temperature
Oil samples - large
differences in
fluid properties
Crude oils
• Njord
• Visund
• Grane
• Statfjord C
Midgard
Condensates
• Sleipner
• Midgard
Multiphase flow
Three-phase flow (here):
Simultaneous flow of oil-gas-water in the same pipeline
Flow regimes:
Describes (intuitively) how the phases are
distributed in the pipe cross section and along the pipeline
Superficial velocity:
The velocity a phase will have
if it were the only fluid present
Flow regimes steeply inclined pipes
Liquid slu
Lab Field
Dimensionless numbers – dynamic
similarity
Formation of
• Weber number, relative importance of the droplets and
fluid's inertia compared to its surface tensions: bubbles.
Conditions in pipeline
Hydrodynamic forces proportional to rU2
1 m/s ρ = 1 kg/m3
P = 100 bar
1 m/s
Corresponds to 10 m/s
Conditions in pipeline
Gas – liquid interaction: governed by Dρ*DU2
Wind = 3 m/s
Light breeze
ρ = 600 kg/s
Inertial rU 2
We = =
Surface tension d
60 mm/h
s
Gravitational
Eo = =
Surface tension grd 2
3 – 6 m/s s
Drop/bubble sizes
Capillary waves
18: Winch
MEK 4450 Multiphase Flow - IFE Oct. 22, 2013
Worldwide test loops
Worldwide test loops
Instrumentation
• Gamma densitometers
• PIV (Particle image velocimetry)
• X-Ray tomography
• LDA/PDA (Laser Doppler anemometry/Phase Doppler anemometry)
• ECT (electrical capacitance tomography)
• FBRM (Focused beam reflectance measurement)
• PVM (Particle vision and measurement)
• Shear stress probes
Pressure gradients
• Differential pressure transducers;
many measurement principles,
accuracy, response times etc.
• Connected to an upstream and
downstream pressure tap (small holes
in the wall)
• The connecting pipe is called impulse
pipe.
• Pressure tap can be top/bottom/side
mounted
• Distance between pressure taps can
vary widely (1 m – 100 m) • dp/dz [Pa/m]= dp/dL, where
dp is the differential pressure
• Measures wall friction and the measured with the
hydrostatic pressure difference transducer and dL is the
between the taps distance between the
tappings
Holdup=Cross-sectional liquid fraction (H=1-
a)
• Gamma densitometer
• Attenuation of photon flux due
to absorption and scattering
• Single media: