South Australian

1 Certificate of Education

Psychology
2017
Question Booklet 1
• Section A: Short-answer Questions
• Part 1 of Section A (Questions 1 to 6) 40 marks
• Answer all questions in Part 1
• Write your answers in this question booklet
• You may write on page 7 if you need more space
• Allow approximately 40 minutes

Examination information
Materials
• Question Booklet 1 (Part 1 of Section A)
• Question Booklet 2 (Part 2 of Section A)
• Question Booklet 3 (Section B)
• SACE registration number label

Reading time
• 10 minutes
• You may make notes on scribbling paper

Writing time
• 2 hours
• Clear, well-expressed answers are required
• Use black or blue pen
• Approved calculators may be used

Total marks 120

© SACE Board of South Australia 2017

For office use only

Supervisor Re-marked
check
Attach your SACE registration number label here
 SECTION A: SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS (Questions 1 to 9)
(80 marks)

Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided. The allocation of marks is shown in
brackets at the end of each question or at the end of each part of each question.

Part 1 (Questions 1 to 6)
(40 marks)

1. A class experiment on conditioning was conducted.

Stage 1: A pencil was tapped at irregular intervals. The students were unaffected by the tapping.
Stage 2: In trials 1 to 10, a tapping sound was made at irregular intervals, followed immediately
by a puff of air through a straw aimed at students’ eyes. The puff of air made the
students blink.
In trials 11 to 13, only the tapping sound was made. The students continued to blink
after each tapping sound.
Stage 3: The tapping continued at irregular intervals, without the air puffs, until the blinking
response stopped.

(a) Identify the type of learning acquired during trials 1 to 10.

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(b) For this experiment, identify:

(i) the unconditioned stimulus. _________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) the unconditioned response. ________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(iii) the conditioned stimulus. ____________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(iv) the conditioned response. ___________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(c) Name the process that occurred at Stage 3.

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(d) Describe the spontaneous recovery that students could experience after this experiment.

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page 2 of 7
 (e) Explain the concept of contiguity with reference to this experiment.

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2. Luke has developed a phobia because he had a bad reaction to a bee sting several years ago.
His phobia now extends to many flying insects, including wasps and dragonflies. He is now so
terrified of flying insects that he no longer goes outside in springtime.

(a) Explain the concept of stimulus generalisation with reference to Luke’s phobia.

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(b) Discuss how systematic desensitisation may be used to help Luke manage his phobia.

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(c) As a result of observational learning, Luke’s younger sister has developed a fear of flying
insects. Describe one factor that could have contributed to this fear.

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page 3 of 7 PLEASE TURN OVER

3. Explain two effects of stress on health.

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4. The graph below shows how mean daily sleep changes with age.

24
Awake

20 REM
Mean daily sleep (hours)

Non-REM
16

12

8
Total hours sleep
4

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Age (years)
Source: Based on Science 152, ©1966 American Association for the Advancement of Science

Use the data in the graph to answer the following questions.

(a) Describe how two aspects of sleep change from birth to 15 years of age.

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page 4 of 7
(b) Provide one possible explanation for the difference in people’s sleep needs between 5 years
and 50 years of age.

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(c) The graphs below show the electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), and
electromyogram (EMG) changes during two stages of sleep: A and B.

A B

EEG

EOG

EMG

Identify which stage, A or B, represents REM sleep.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

page 5 of 7 PLEASE TURN OVER

5. Human brainwaves are generally divided into four groups. Their frequencies and the typical states
of consciousness in which they occur are shown in the table below.

Brainwaves Frequencies (Hz) Typical states of consciousness

Alpha 8–12 Deep relaxation, blank mind, meditation
Beta 13–30 Normal wakefulness, problem-solving
Delta <4 Deep sleep

Theta 4–7 Light sleep

(a) Using the data in the table, list the sequence of brainwaves that occurs as a person moves
from being awake to being in a deep sleep.

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____________________________________________________________________________________________ (2 marks)

(b) State what happens to brainwave frequency as a person moves from being awake to being
in a deep sleep.

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6. Sleep research suggests that teenagers need more than 9 hours of sleep every night.

(a) State two negative effects of sleep deprivation on a teenager’s school performance.

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(b) Explain how each of the following two strategies could improve a teenager’s sleep.

(i) Keep your room darkened before and during sleep.

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(ii) Get up at the same time, no matter what time you go to bed.

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page 6 of 7
You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers to Part 1 of Section A.
Make sure to label each answer carefully (e.g. 2(b) continued).

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page 7 of 7 — end of question booklet

 South Australian
Certificate of Education

Psychology
2017
Question Booklet 2
• Part 2 of Section A (Questions 7 to 9) 40 marks
• Answer all questions in Part 2
• Write your answers in this question booklet

2 •
•
You may write on page 6 if you need more space
Allow approximately 40 minutes

© SACE Board of South Australia 2017

For office use only

Copy the information from your SACE label here
Supervisor Re-marked
CHECK check
SEQ FIGURES LETTER BIN
 SECTION A: SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

Part 2 (Questions 7 to 9)
(40 marks)

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

7. Thirty participants with depressive symptoms were recruited from one medical centre to take
part in an investigation. The aim was to determine whether acts of kindness reduce symptoms of
depression.
Participants were randomly allocated to either Group A or Group B.
Participants in Group A were placed, one at a time, in a room where a child was crying.
Participants were instructed to comfort the child. The child then stopped crying.
Participants in Group B observed, one at a time, a crying child in an adjoining room. They
observed someone else comforting the child. The child then stopped crying.
This 8-minute exercise was repeated three times, at weekly intervals. One month later,
participants were asked about their symptoms.
Of the 15 depressed people in Group A, nine reported experiencing fewer depressive symptoms.
All Group B participants reported that there were no changes in their symptoms.

(a) State two features of this investigation that make it an experiment.

(i) Feature 1: ______________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) Feature 2: ______________________________________________________________________________________

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(b) Identify the dependent variable in this experiment.

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(c) Explain two limitations of the sample in this experiment.

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page 2 of 6
 (d) Describe one method that could have been used to obtain qualitative data in this
investigation.

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____________________________________________________________________________________________ (2 marks)

(e) Describe how two uncontrolled factors could reduce the validity of a conclusion for this
investigation.

(i) Factor 1: ________________________________________________________________________________________

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(ii) Factor 2: ________________________________________________________________________________________

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(f ) Explain why informed consent would have been necessary in this investigation.

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8. Concepts of mental health and mental illness have changed over time.
The timeline below shows how some common interventions for mental health problems have
changed over time in European countries.

Century
16th 18th 20th 21st

Biological,
Witch-hunts Isolation Medication psychological, and
from society social approaches

Describe one way in which the approach to treating mental health problems has changed over time.

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page 3 of 6 PLEASE TURN OVER

9. Emergency personnel face many challenges that are both physically and psychologically
demanding. Ongoing stressors may adversely affect their health.

(a) Describe two factors at a person level of explanation that could account for differences in
resilience among emergency personnel.

(i) Factor 1: ________________________________________________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________________________________________ (2 marks)

(ii) Factor 2: ________________________________________________________________________________________

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(b) Describe two factors at a sociocultural level of explanation that could account for differences
in resilience among emergency personnel.

(i) Factor 1: ________________________________________________________________________________________

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(ii) Factor 2: ________________________________________________________________________________________

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(c) State two symptoms at a biological level of explanation that could indicate an emergency
worker was suffering from an anxiety disorder.

(i) Symptom 1: __________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) Symptom 2: __________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(d) State two effective coping strategies at the biological level of explanation that emergency
personnel could use if they develop an anxiety disorder.

(i) Strategy 1:____________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) Strategy 2:____________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

page 4 of 6
(e) Some emergency personnel could develop an anxiety disorder with symptoms that are
triggered by the sound of ringing phones.

(i) Use the basic processes level of explanation to explain how this anxiety disorder could
occur.

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(ii) Explain how cognitive-behavioural therapy could be used as an effective psychological

intervention to overcome this anxiety disorder.

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(f ) A psychologist is interested in researching strategies that prevent the onset of mental health
disorders in emergency personnel.
A decision was made to use two types of investigations: a quantitative observational design
and a qualitative design.

(i) State one disadvantage of each investigation design.

(1) Quantitative observational: _______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(2) Qualitative: ________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) Explain why an experimental design was not appropriate for this research.

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(iii) Suggest one measuring tool for collecting quantitative data in this investigation.

________________________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

page 5 of 6 PLEASE TURN OVER

You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers to Part 2 of Section A.
Make sure to label each answer carefully (e.g. 9(a) continued).

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page 6 of 6 — end of question booklet

 South Australian
Certificate of Education

Psychology
2017
Question Booklet 3
• Section B: Extended-response Questions (Questions 10 and 11) 40 marks
• Answer both questions in Section B
• Write your answers in this question booklet
• Allow approximately 40 minutes

© SACE Board of South Australia 2017

Copy the information from your SACE label here

CHECK
SEQ FIGURES LETTER BIN
page 2 of 11
 SECTION B: EXTENDED-RESPONSE QUESTIONS (Questions 10 and 11)
(40 marks)

Answer both questions in this section.

Write your answers in this question booklet:
• Question 10, on pages 4 to 7, is worth 20 marks.
• Question 11, on pages 8 to 11, is worth 20 marks.

You should spend about 40 minutes on this section,

5 to 10 minutes planning and 30 to 35 minutes writing.
Credit will be given for clear, well-expressed answers that
are well organised and relevant to the questions.

page 3 of 11 PLEASE TURN OVER

10. The government is organising an advertising campaign to increase the number of children who
are vaccinated.
• Describe two routes of persuasion that could be used by the government.
• Explain one advantage of using each route.
• Describe two other factors that could influence the effectiveness of this campaign.
• Discuss two ethical considerations that should be taken into account in the design of this
campaign.
(20 marks)

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11. Bree is thinking about submitting an application for the role of school captain next year. Her
parents are keen to support her, as they think she has leadership potential and is friendly and
organised. Bree feels strongly about contributing to her school and would like to take on such
a leadership position, but is worried that she will not be successful. Bree wants to please her
parents, but is overcritical of herself.
Bree is a diligent and hardworking student who is well liked at school. Although she has very good
ideas about improving the school environment, she has little experience in public speaking or
interview situations and considers herself to be very shy.
The application requires Bree to present a speech to her peers and attend an interview with her
teachers. Bree’s fear that she will not be successful is making her increasingly anxious.
• Describe Bree’s personality using one humanistic conception of personality.
• Describe Bree’s personality using one psychodynamic or one trait conception of personality.
• Describe one personality assessment that could be used to help Bree better understand her
personality strengths.
• Discuss how assertiveness training could help Bree in the application process.
(20 marks)

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page 11 of 11 — end of question booklet