N A’ VI - E NGLISH D ICTIONARY v. 11.

346
Compiled by Taronyu (Richard Littauer)
www.LearnNavi.org

Last updated: September 25th , 2010

This is the definitive dictionary for Na’vi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer for
the film Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Frommer. Thanks
are certainly to be given to the following people for their monumental efforts: Dr. Frommer,
Tuiq, and everyone on the IRC, Skype, TeamSpeak, and the Learn Na’vi site who uses this
document.
Some notes: The traditional Na’vi transcription in use by Frommer has been maintained
throughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loan
words from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the official
corpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly use-
ful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situated
after it.
Bold indicates Na’vi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates gramma-
tical categorisation: parentheses indicate «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»on
are the positions: I have included periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots
to show infix positions (for beginners), as in [t·a.R·on]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii).
Transitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive, or
their transitivity is unable to be deduced. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changes will
be assumed. Note also that allomorphs, where specified, are subject only to personal prefe-
rence, and not syntactic or morphological rules. There are several useful appendices that hold
further information.

Abbreviations:

– = morpheme boundary inter. = interrogative

+ = leniting morpheme boundary n. = noun
« » = infix morpheme num. = number
adj. = adjective part. = particle
adp. = adposition pn. = pronoun
adv. = adverb prop. n. = proper noun
conj. = conjunction v. = verb
c.w. = compound word svin. = stative intransitive verb
dem. = demonstrative vtr. = transitive verb
intj. = interjection vin. = intransitive verb

An English - Na’vi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorised by Parts of Speech are pro-
vided, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in Estonian,
German, Hungarian, Português and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translations in
other languages available.

1
Sources
I have sourced every word as best as I could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after the IPA
transcription, and tells where I, or the source from which I received a word, initially got their
word from Frommer. In early March, Frommer sent us a list of words which he had: these are
the definitive source now, and not the ASG. Some words are not present in that list, but have
been confirmed by Frommer if they are here. Words that are modified by unproductive affixes
are included here if Frommer has used them: words that have a modified semantic meaning
due to a productive affix have also been included likewise. In order of canonicity, from most
to least:

• PF = Paul Frommer
• M = The Movie
• JC = James Cameron
• G = the Avatar Games
• ASG = The Survival Guide

The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words which
are illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs are distinctly From-
merian, and are thus included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many
words, which Frommer then legalised. Frommer legalised some pronounciation errors made
during filming: these, like oìsss, are now canon regardless. Finally, Frommer has deigned so-
me constructions made by learners as good words, and so, occasionally there are extra sources.
These sources are as follows: CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL for
Richard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zoë Saldana, and CM and Skxawng. LN is
for LearnNavi, where the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.

Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables always
use a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is no
> >
rule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [tsun] or [tsUn],
but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej],
[aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI], [aI], [EU], and [aU].
Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Frommer, the divisions have ˆ ˆbeenˆ split in ac-ˆ
cordance with the Maximum Onset Principle.

I have edited this dictionary too many times not to assume that it will have errors. Rutxe, if
you note any, let me know here, and I will change them. As for version number, I’ll change the
first digit when there is a big change. I’ll update .0x0 when I make a significant, but not large
change. Finally, I’ll edit the .00x number when I’ve made tiny edits. Refer to the Change Log
for explanation.
Many, many thanks are to be given to Tuiq, who took the time and had the skill to put this
dictionary into an online database, to help other translators and make the process of changing
this dictionary much easier.

2
P
’a’aw: ["Pa.Paw] P F adj. a few, several (Used
with countable nouns in the singular form)
’ampi: ["P·am.p·i] P F v. touch
’ango: ["Pa.No] P F adj. soft (of a sound)
’aw: [Paw] P F num. one
’awkx: [Pawk’] P F n. cliff
’awlie: [Paw."li.E] P F adv. once (in the past)
’awlo: ["Paw.lo] P F adv. once
’awm: [Pawm] P F n. camp
’awpo: ["Paw.po] P F pn. one individual
’awsiteng: [Paw.si."tEN] P F adv. together (c.w.
from ’aw one and teng same, equal)
’awstengyem: [Paw.stEN."j·Em] P F vtr. join two
things together (ii) (c.w. from ’awsiteng to-
gether and yem put)
’awve: ["Paw.vE] P F adj. first (ordinal) (derived
from ’aw one)
’änsyem: [Pæn."sjEm] P F adj. complete
’ärìp: ["P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. move
’e’al: ["PE.Pal] P F adj. worst
’efu: ["P·E.f·u] P F vtr. feel, sense, perceive
’eko: ["P·E.k·o] P F v. attack
’ekong: ["PE.koN] P F n. beat (rhythmic)
’em: [P·Em] P F vtr. cook
’engeng: ["PEN.EN] P F adj. level
’eoio: ["PE.o.i.o] P F adj. ceremonious
’evan: ["PE.van] P F n. boy (colloquial) (derived
from ’evengan boy)
’eve: ["PE.vE] P F n. girl (colloquial) (derived
from ’evenge girl)
’eveng: ["PE.vEN] P F n. child
’evengan: ["PE.vE.Nan] P F n. boy (derived from
’eveng child)
’evenge: ["PE.vE.NE] P F n. girl (derived from
’eveng child)
a: [a] P F pn. which, that
–a–: [a] P F affix adjectival attributive marker
alaksi: [a."lak.si] P F adj. ready
alìm: [a."lIm] P F adv. far away, at a distance (de-
rived from lìm far, be far)
alo: [a."lo] P F n. time, turn, instance, one of a
number of repeated or recurring actions
alu: ["a.lu] P F conj. that is, in other words (de-
rived from a attributive marker and lu be)
3
’evi: ["PE.vi] P F n. kid (affectionate form of
’eveng child)
’ewan: ["PE.wan] P F adj. young
’ewll: ["PE.wl] P F n. plant
"
’eylan: ["PEj.lan] P F n. friend
’eyng: [P·EjN] P F v. answer, respond
’eyt: [PEjt^] P F n. the symbol 8 (not the value
eight)
’i’a: ["P·iP.·a] P F vin. end, conclude
’ia: ["P·i.·a] P F vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense)
’it: [Pit^] P F n. bit, a small amount
’itan: ["Pi.tan] JC,P F n. son
’ite: ["Pi.tE] JC,P F n. daughter
>
’itetsyìp: ["Pi.tE.tsjIp^] P F n. little daughter (term
of endearment) (derived from ’ite daughter)
’ì’awn: [P·I."P·awn] P F vin. remain, stay
’ìheyu: [PI."hE.ju] P F n. spiral
’ok: [Pok^] P F n. remembrance
’okrol: [Pok."Rol] P F n. history (ancient) (deri-
ved from ’ok remembrance and rol sing)
’okvur: [Pok."vuR] P F n. history (non-ancient)
(derived from ’ok remembrance and vur sto-
ry)
’om: [Pom] P F adj. violet, purple, magenta
’ompin: ["Pom.pin] P F n. violet, purple, magenta
(derived from ’om purple)
’ong: [P·oN] P F v. unfold, blossom
’opin: ["Po.pin] P F n. color, colour
’ora: ["Po.Ra] P F n. lake
’u: [Pu] P F n. thing (object, fact, abstraction)
’uo: ["Pu.o] P F pn. something
’upe: ["Pu.pE] P F inter. what (thing) (c.w. from
’u thing and pe inter. marker)
’upxare: [Pu."p’a.RE] P F n. message
(Used for adpositions)
alunta: [a."lun.ta] P F conj. because, from the rea-
son
apxa: [a."p’a] P F adj. large
asim: [a."sim] P F adv. nearby, at close range (de-
rived from sim near, be near)
atan: [a."tan] JC n. light
atanvi: [a."tan.vi] P F n. ray (derived from atan
light)
atokirina’: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP^] JC n. seeds of the
great tree
atxkxe: [at’."k’E] P F n. land
atxkxerel: [at’."k’E."REl] P F n. map (c.w. from
atxkxe land and rel picture)
au: ["a.u] JC n. drum (made of skin)
au: [a."u] LA intj. exclamation of consternation
aungia: [a."u.Ni.a] P F n. sign, omen
awnga: [aw."Na] P F pn. we (derived from ayo-
eng we)
ayfo: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] P F pn. they (derived
from po he, she)
äie: [æ."i.E] P F n. vision (spiritual)
äo–: ["æ.o] P F adp. below
ätxäle: [æ."t’æ.lE] P F n. request
eampin: ["E.am.pin] P F n. blue, green (derived
from ean blue, green)
ean: ["E.an] P F adj. blue, green
ekxan: [E."k’an] P F n. barricade, obstruction
eltu: ["El.tu] P F n. brain
eltu lefngap: ["El.tu lE."fNap^] P rr n. computer
(c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic)
eltur tìtxen si: ["El.tuR tI."t’En s·i] P F vin. be
interesting, intriguing (c.w. from eltu-r brain
(dative) and tìtxen awakeness)
fa–: [fa] P F adp. with, by means of
fahew: [fa."hEw] P F n. smell
fay+: [faj] P F prefix these (c.w. from fì this and
ay+ plural)
fäpa: ["fæ.pa] P F n. top
fewi: ["f·E.w·i] P F vtr. chase
fì–: [fI] P F prefix this
fì’u: [fI."Pu] P F pn. this (thing) (derived from ’u
thing)
fìfya: [fI."fja] P F adv. this way, like this (derived
from fya’o path)
fìkem: [fI."kEm] P F pn. this (action) (derived
from kem action, deed)
fìpo: ["fI.po] P F pn. this one (person or thing)
(derived from po he, she)
4
aylaru: [aj."la.Ru] P F pn. to the others (contrac-
tion of ay+lahe–ru)
aynga: [aj."Na] P F pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived
from nga you)
ayoe: [aj."o.E] P F pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived
from oe I)
ayoeng: [aj."wEN] P F pn. we, us (inclusive) (de-
rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-
es)
ayu: [a."ju] P F n. things (derived from ’u thing)
(never plural u)
ätxäle si: [æ."t’æ.lE s·i] P F vin. request (with
tsnì clause for object) (c.w. from ätxäle re-
quest and si make)
eltu si: ["El.tu s·i] P F vin. pay attention, quit goo-
fing off (c.w. from eltu brain and si do, make)
emza’u: [Em."z·a.P·u] P F v. pass (a test), over-
come (c.w. from za’u come)
eo–: ["E.o] P F adp. before, in front of (place)
etrìp: ["Et.RIp^] P F adj. favourable, favorable,
auspicious
eyawr: [Ej."awR] P F adj. correct, right
eyk: [·Ejk^] JC,P F v. lead
eyktan: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. leader (derived from
eyk lead)
fìtrr: [fI."tr] P F adv. today (derived from trr day)
" >
fìtseng(e): [fI."tsEN(E)] P F adv. here, this place
(derived from tseng place)
fìtxan: [fI."t’an] P F adv. so, to such an extent (de-
rived from txan great, much)
fìtxon: [fI."t’on] P F adv. tonight (derived from
txon night)
fkarut: ["fk·a.R·ut^] P F v. peel
fkay: [fkaj] P F adj. hateful
fkew: [fkEw] P F adj. mighty
fkip–: [fkip^] P F adp. up among
fko: [fko] P F pn. one, they (singular usage) (un-
specified agent)
fkxake: ["fk’·a.k·E] P F v. itch
fkxen: [fk’En] P F n. vegetable (food)
flä: [fl·æ] P F vin. succeed
flew: [flEw] P F n. throat
fmal: [fm·al] P F vtr. sustain
fmawn: [fmawn] P F n. news, something to report
fmetok: ["fm·E.t·ok^] P F v. test
fmi: [fm·i] P F vtr. try, attempt (with the subjun-
ctive)
fnawe’: [fna."wEP^] P F adj. cowardly
fnawe’tu: [fna."wEP.tu] P F n. coward (derived
from fnawe’ cowardly)
fne–: [fnE] P F prefix kind, type (derived from
fnel kind, type)
fnel: [fnEl] P F n. kind, type
fnepe: ["fnE.pE] P F inter. which kind allomorph
of pefnel
fngap: [fNap^] P F n. metal
fnu: [fn·u] P F v. quiet, be quiet
fo: [fo] P F pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted
plural leniting morpheme and po he/she)
fpak: [fp·ak^] P F v. hold off, suspend action
fpe’: [fp·EP^] P F vtr. send
fpeio: [fpE."i.o] P F n. challenge (ceremonial)
fpi+: [fpi] P F adp. for the sake of, for the benefit
of
fpìl: [fp·Il] P F vtr. think
fpìlfya: ["fpIl.fja] P F n. thought pattern, way of
thinking (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o path)
fpom: [fpom] P F n. well-being, peace, happiness
fpomtokx: [fpom."tok’] P F n. health (physical)
(c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body)
fpxäkìm: ["fp’·æ.k·Im] P F v. enter
fra’u: ["fRa.Pu] P F pn. everything (derived from
’u thing)
frakrr: ["fRa.kr] P F adv. always, all the time (de-
rived from" krr time)
fralo: [fRa."lo] P F n. every time, every instance,
each time (derived from alo time)
frapo: ["fRa.po] P F pn. everyone (derived from
po he/she)
frato: ["fRa.to] P F part. superlative marker than
all (behaves like an adp.)
fratrr: [fRa."tr] P F adv. daily, every day (derived
"
from trr day)
>
fratseng: ["fRa.tsEN] P F adv. everywhere (deri-
ved from tseng place)
fratxon: [fRa."t’on] P F adv. every night (derived
from txon night)
frawzo: [fRaw."zo] P F intj. all is well, everything
is fine or OK (derived from fra’u everything
and zo be well)
5
frìp: [fR·Ip^] P F vtr. bite
frrfen: ["f·r.f·En] P F vtr. visit
"
frrtu: ["fr.tu] P F n. guest, visitor
"
ftang: [ft·aN] P F v. stop
ftawnemkrr: [ftaw."nEm.kr] P F n. past (c.w.
from ft«awn»em pass by " (passive participle
form) and krr time)
ftär: [ftæR] P F adj. left (not right)
fte: [ftE] P F conj. so that, in order to (with
subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
fteke: ["ftE.kE] P F conj. so that not, lest (c.w.
from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-
ctive verb in dependant clause)
ftem: [ft·Em] P F vtr. pass by (something)
ftia: [ft·i.·"a] P F v. study
ftu–: [ftu] P F adp. from (direction)
ftue: ["ftu.E] P F adj. easy, simple
ftxavang: ["ft’a.vaN] P F adj. passionate
ftxey: [ft’·Ej] P F vtr. choose
ftxey: [ft’Ej] P F conj. whether, or
ftxì: [ft’I] P F n. tongue
ftxìlor: [ft’I."loR] P F adj. delicious, good tasting
(c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful)
ftxìvä’: [ft’I."væP^] P F adj. bad tasting (c.w. from
ftxì tongue and vä’ noisome)
ftxozä: [ft’o."zæ] P F n. celebration, happy occa-
sion
fu: [fu] P F conj. or
fuke: [fu."kE] P F conj. or not (c.w. from fu or
and ke not)
furia: ["fu.Ri.a] P F conj. that (subordinate clause
marker) (c.w. from fì’uri this (topical) and a
relative clause marker)
futa: ["fu.ta] P F conj. that (subordinate clause
marker) (c.w. from fì’u-t this (accusative) and
a relative clause marker)
fwa: [fwa] P F conj. that (subordinate clause mar-
ker) (c.w. from fì’u this (nominative) and a
relative clause marker)
fwel: [fwEl] P F adj. broken
fwew: [fw·Ew] P F vtr. look for, seek, search
fya’o: ["fja.Po] P F n. path, way, manner
fyape: ["fja.pE] P F inter. how allomorph of pe-
fya
fyawìntxu: [fja.w·In."t’·u] P F vin. guide (with
dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fya’o path
and wìntxu show)
fyeyn: [fjEjn] P F adj. ripe, mature, adult
fyeyntu: ["fjEjn.tu] P F n. adult person (derived
from fyeyn ripe, mature)
H
ha: [ha] P F adv. so, in that case
ha’ngir: [haP."NiR] P F n. afternoon
hahaw: ["h·a.h·aw] P F vin. sleep
ham: [ham] P F adj. previous
hamalo: [ha."ma.lo] P F adv. last time (c.w. from
ham previous and alo time)
hangham: ["h·aN.h·am] P F vin. laugh
hapxì: [ha."p’I] P F n. part
hapxìtu: [ha."p’I.tu] P F n. member (derived
from hapxì part)
hasey: [ha."sEj] P F adj. done, finished
hawl: [h·awl] P F v. prepare
hawng: [hawN] P F n. overabundance
hawngkrr: ["hawN.kr] P F adv. late (c.w. from
hawng overabundance " and krr time)
hawnu: ["h·aw.n·u] P F v. protect, shelter
hay: [haj] P F adj. next
hayalo: [ha."ja.lo] P F adv. next time (c.w. from
hay next and alo time)
hek: [h·Ek^] P F vin. be curious, odd, strange, un-
expected
hewne: ["hEw.nE] P F adj. soft (of an object)
i’en: ["iP.En] JC n. stringed instrument
io–: ["i.o] P F adp. above
ioang: [i."o.aN] P F n. animal, beast
ìlä+: ["I.læ] or [I."læ] P F adp. by, via, following
ka–: [ka] P F adp. across
kakrel: [kak."REl] P F adj. blind (derived from
rel image, picture)
kalin: [ka."lin] P F adj. sweet
kaltxì: [kal."t’I] P F intj. hello
kame: ["k·a.m·E] P F vtr. see, see into, understand,
know (spiritual sense)
kan: [k·an] P F v. aim
kangay: [ka."Naj] P F adj. valid (cognate with
ngay true)
kanu: ["ka.nu] P F adj. smart, intelligent (for a
person)
kar: [k·aR] P F v. teach
6
heyn: [h·Ejn] P F vin. sit
hiyìk: ["hi.jIk^] P F adj. funny, strange
hì’ang: ["hI.PaN] P F n. insect (c.w. from hì’i
small and ioang animal)
hì’i: ["hI.Pi] P F adj. small, little (in size)
hìkrr: ["hI.kr] P F n. second, very short time (c.w.
from hì’i" little, small and krr time)
hìm: [hIm] P F adj. small (in quantity)
hìmtxampe: [hIm."t’am.pE] P F inter. how much
allomorph of pìmtxan
hìmtxan: [hIm."t’an] P F n. amount (c.w. from
hìm small and txan much)
hol: [hol] P F adj. few
holpxay: [hol."p’aj] P F n. number (c.w. from
hol few and pxay many)
holpxaype: [hol."p’aj.pE] P F inter. how many
(c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)
hrrap: ["hr.ap^] P F n. danger
hu–: [hu] "P F adp. with (accompaniment)
hufwa: [hu."fwa] P F conj. although
hufwe: [hu."fwE] P F n. wind
hum: [h·um] P F v. leave, depart
irayo: [i."Raj.o] JC n., intj. thank you, thanks
irayo si: [i."Raj.o s·i] P F vin. thank, give thanks
(c.w. from irayo thanks and si make)
ìley: [I."lEj] LA intj. war cry
karyu: ["kaR.ju] P F n. teacher (derived from kar
teach)
kato: ["ka.to] P F n. rhythm
kavuk: [ka."vuk^] P F n. treachery
kavuk si: [ka."vuk^ s·i] P F vin. betray (c.w. from
kavuk treachery and si make)
kaw’it: [kaw."Pit^] P F adv. at all, not at all (see
ke...kaw’it not...at all) (c.w. from ke ’aw not
one and ’it bit)
kawkrr: ["kaw.kr] P F adv. never (c.w. from ke
" krr time)
’aw not one and
kawng: [kawN] P F adj. bad, evil
kawtu: ["kaw.tu] P F pn. no-one (c.w. from ke keteng: ["kE.tEN] P F adj. different (c.w. from ke
’aw not one and tute person) not and teng same, equal)
kaym: [kajm] P F n. evening (before twilight), late ketuwong: ["kE.tu.woN] P F n. alien
afternoon kew: [kEw] P F num. zero
kä: [k·æ] P F vin. go kewong: ["kE.woN] P F adj. alien
kä’ärìp: [kæ."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. push (c.w. from key: [kEj] P F n. face
kä go and ’ärìp move) keyawr: [kE."jawR] P F adj. incorrect, not right
kämakto: [kæ."m·ak.t·o] P F v. ride out (c.w. (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)
from kä go and makto ride) keye’ung: [kE."jE.PuN] P F n. insanity
käpxì: [kæ."p’I] P F n. rear (part or section) (c.w. ki: [ki] P F conj. but rather, but instead
from kä go and hapxì part) kifkey: [ki."fkEj] P F n. world (physical, solid)
>
käsatseng: [kæ."sa.tsEN] P F adv. out there (c.w. kilvan: [kil."van] P F n. river
from kä go and tseng place) kin: [k·in] P F v. need
ke: [kE] P F adv. not kinam: [ki."nam] P F n. leg
ke’aw: [kE."Paw] P F adj. divided, torn apart, kinamtil: [ki."nam.til] P F n. knee (c.w. from ki-
strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one) nam leg and til joint)
ke’u: ["kE.Pu] P F pn., adv. nothing, nothing at kinä: ["ki.næ] P F num. seven
all, not at all (c.w. from ke not and ’u thing) kip–: [kip^] P F adp. among
kea: ["kE.a] P F adj. no (before a noun)
kive: ["ki.vE] P F adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived
keftxo: [kE."ft’o] P F adj., intj. unhappy, upset,
from kinä seven)
’How sad!’
kì’ong: [kI."PoN] P F adj. slow
kefyak: [kE."fjak^] P F,P rr part. isn’t it?, right?
kìm: [k·Im] P F v. spin
(c.w. from kefya not the way and srak ques-
kìng: [kIN] P F n. thread
tion marker)
kìte’e: [kI.tE."PE] P F n. service
kehe: ["kE.hE] P F adv. no
kllfro’: [kl."fR·oP^] P F v. be responsible
kelfpomtokx: [kEl."fpom.tok’] P F adj. unhealt- "
kllkä: [kl."k·æ] P F v. descend (c.w. from kä go)
hy (c.w. from ke not and fpomtokx health) "
kllkulat: [kl."k·u.l·at^] P F v. dig up
kelku: ["kEl.ku] P F n. home, house "
kelku si: ["kEl.ku s·i] P F vin. live, dwell (c.w. kllkxem: [kl."k’·Em] P F v. stand
"
from kelku home and si make) kllpa: ["kl.pa] P F n. bottom
> "
keltsun: [kEl."tsun] P F adj. impossible (c.w. kllpxìltu: [kl."p’Il.tu] P F n. territory
"
from ke not and tsun be able) kllte: ["kl.tE] P F n. ground
" >
kem: [kEm] P F n. thing (action), deed klltseng: ["kl.tsEN] P F n. position (derived from
tseng place) "
kemlì’u: ["kEm.lI.Pu] P F n. verb (c.w. from kem
action and lì’u word) kllvawm: ["kl.vawm] P F adj. brown (c.w. from
kllte ground " and vawm dark)
kemlì’uvi: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. infix (derived
from kemlì’u verb) ko: [ko] P F part. solicit agreement
kempe: ["kEm.pE] P F inter. what (action) allo- koak: ["ko.ak^] P F adj. old, aged (for living
morph of pehem (c.w. from kem action, things)
deed) kop: [kop^] P F adv. too, also
kem si: [kEm s·i] P F vin. do (c.w. from kem ac- koren: [ko."REn] P F n. rule, guideline
tion, deed and si do) krr: [kr] P F n. time
"
keng: [kEN] P F adv. even, so much as krrnekx: [kr."n·Ek’] P F v. take/consume time (ii)
(c.w. from " krr time and nekx consume)
kenong: ["k·E.n·oN] or ["kE.n·oN] P F v. model, re-
present, exemplify (ii) (c.w. from ke not and krrpe: ["kr.pE] P F inter. when allomorph of pe-
hrr (c.w. " from krr time)
nong follow)
kerusey: ["kE.Ru.sEj] P F adj. dead (c.w. from ke ku’up: ["ku.Pup^] P F adj. heavy (physical weight)
not and r«us»ey alive (participial infix)) kurakx: [k·u."R·ak’] P F v. drive out

7
Kx
kxa: [k’a] P F n. mouth
kxam: [k’am] P F n. middle, midpoint
kxamlä–: ["k’am.læ] P F adp. through (via the
middle of) (derived from kxam middle)
kxamtrr: ["k’am.tr] P F n. mid-day, noon (c.w.
from kxam middle " and trr day)
kxamtrrmaw: ["k’am.tr.maw] P F n. the time
" early afternoon (c.w.
immediately after noon,
from kxamtrr noon and maw after)
>
kxamtseng: ["k’am.tsEN] P F n. center, place in
the middle (c.w. from kxam middle and tseng
place)
kxamtxomaw: ["k’am.t’o.maw] P F n. after mid-
night (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight and
maw after)
kxamtxon: ["k’am.t’on] P F n. midnight (c.w.
from kxam middle and txon night)
lahe: ["la.hE] P F adj. other, else
lam: [l·am] P F vin. seem, appear
lapo: ["la.po] P F pn. other one (person or thing)
(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she)
laro: ["la.Ro] P F adj. clean
latem: ["l·a.t·Em] P F vin. change (l«eyk»atem
vtr. change)
>
latsi: [l·a."ts·i] LA v. keep up with someone
law: [law] P F adj. clear, certain
law si: [law s·i] P F vin. make clear (c.w. from
law clear and si make)
layompin: [la."jom.pin] layon n. black
layon: [la."jon] P F adj. black
le–: [lE] P F adjective deriving affix
lefkrr: [lEf."kr] P F adj. current (derived from
"
fìkrr this time)
lefngap: [lE."fNap^] P F adj. metallic (derived
from fngap metal)
lefpom: [lE."fpom] P F adj. happy, peaceful, joy-
ous (not for people) (derived from fpom hap-
piness, peace)
lefpomtokx: [lE."fpom.tok’] P F adj. healthy (de-
rived from fpomtokx health)
lehawng: [lE."hawN] P F adj. excessive (derived
from hawng overabundance)
lehawngkrr: [lE."hawN.kr] P F adj. late (derived
from hawngkrr late) "
8
kxangangang: ["k’aN.aN.aN] P F intj. boom (ono-
matopoeic)
kxanì: ["k’a.nI] P F adj. forbidden
kxawm: [k’awm] P F adv. perhaps, maybe
kxayl: [k’ajl] P F adj. high
kxener: ["k’E.nER] P F n. smoke
>
kxetse: ["k’E.tsE] P F n. tail
kxeyey: ["k’E.jEj] P F n. error, mistake
kxitx: [k’it’] P F n. death
kxll: [k’l] P F n. charge, running attack
kxll si: "[k’l s·i] P F vin. charge (c.w. from kxll
charge and" si make)
kxu: [k’u] P F n. harm
kxuke: ["k’u.kE] P F adj. safe (c.w. from kxu
harm and ke not)
kxutu: ["k’u.tu] P F n. enemy (derived from kxu
harm)
lehrrap: [lE."hr.ap^] P F adj. dangerous (derived
from hrrap" danger)
lek: [l·Ek^] P F v. heed, obey
lekin: [lE."kin] P F adj. necessary (derived from
kin need)
lekoren: [lE.ko."REn] P F adj. lawlike (derived
from koren rule)
lekye’ung: [lEk."jE.PuN] P F adj. insane, crazy
(derived from keye’ung insanity)
lemweypey: [lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. patient (de-
rived from maweypey be patient)
len: [l·En] P F vin. happen, occur
leNa’vi: [lE."naP.vi] P F adj. having to do with the
Na’vi, the People (derived from Na’vi the Pe-
ople)
lenomum: [lE."no.mum] P F adj. curious (deri-
ved from newomum be curious)
lerìk: [lE."RIk^] P F adj. leafy (derived from rìk
leaf )
lertu: ["lER.tu] P F n. colleague
lesar: [lE."saR] P F adj. useful (derived from sar
use)
letam: [lE."tam] P F adj. sufficient (derived from
tam suffice)
letrr: [lE."tr] RL adj. daily (derived from trr day)
"
letrrtrr: [lE."tr.tr] P F adj. ordinary (derived
from trr day) " "
 >
letsranten: [lE."tsRan.tEn] P F adj. important
(derived from tsranten matter)
>
letsunslu: [lE."tsun.slu] P F adj. possible (deri-
ved from tsunslu may, be possible)
lew: [lEw] P F n. cover, lid
lew si: [lEw s·i] P F vin. cover (c.w. from lew
cover and si make)
leye’krr: [lE."jEP.kr] P F adj. early (derived from
ye’krr early) "
lì’fya: ["lIP.fja] P F n. language (c.w. from lì’u
word and fya’o way)
lì’fyaolo’: ["lIP.fja.o."loP^] P F n. language group,
language users (c.w. from lì’fya language and
olo’ clan)
lì’fyavi: ["lIP.fja.vi] P F n. expression, bit of lan-
guage (derived from lì’fya language)
lì’u: ["lI.Pu] P F n. word
lì’upam: ["lI.Pu.pam] P F n. accent, pronuncia-
tion (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound)
ma: [ma] P F part. O (vocative marker)
makto: ["m·ak.t·o] P F v. ride
maw–: [maw] P F adp. after (time)
mawey: [ma."wEj] CM adj. calm
maweypey: [ma."wEj.p·Ej] P F svin. be patient
(ii) (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait)
mawkrr: ["maw.kr] P F adv. after, afterwards
(c.w. from maw" after and krr time)
me’em: [mE."PEm] P F adj. harmonious
mefo: ["mE.fo] P F pn. they, those two (derived
from me+ dual marker and po he/she)
mekre: ["mEk.RE] P F n. supplies
melo: ["mE.lo] P F adv. twice (derived from me+
dual marker and alo time)
menari: [mE."na.Ri] P F n. eyes (two) (derived
from me+ dual and nari eye)
meoauniaea: [­mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] P F n. harmo-
ny, living at one with nature
meuia: [mE."u.i.a] P F n. honor (honour)
meyp: [mEjp^] P F adj. weak
mi: [mi] P F adv. yet, still, as before
mikyun: ["mik.jun] JC n. ear
mip: [mip^] P F adj. new
mì+: [mI] P F adp. in, on
mìfa: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa] P F n., adv. inside
mìkam–: [mI."kam] P F adp. between
mìn: [m·In] P F v. turn
9
lì’upe: [lI."Pu.pE] P F inter. what (word, utteran-
ce) allomorph of pelì’u
lìm: [l·Im] P F svin. far, be far
lìng: [l·IN] P F vin. float in the air, hover
lok: [l·ok^] P F v. approach
lok–: [l·ok^] P F adp. close to
lonu: [l·o."n·u] P F vtr. release, let go
lor: [loR] P F adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses
(non-human)
lrrtok: ["lr.tok^] P F n. smile
lrrtok si: " ["lr.tok^ s·i] P F vin. smile (c.w. from
lrrtok smile" and si make)
lu: [l·u] P F vin., svin. be, am, is, are (predica-
tive copula, existential verb) (signifies pos-
session with dative of possessor)
luke–: ["lu.kE] P F adp. without
lumpe: ["lum.pE] P F inter. why allomorph of
pelun
lun: [lun] P F n. reason
mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner (derived from
mìn turn)
mìso: [mI."so] P F adv. away (position) (derived
from mì in)
mllte: [m·l."t·E] P F v. agree
"
moe: ["mo.E] P F pn. we two, us two (exclusive)
(derived from me+ dual and oe I)
mokri: ["mok.Ri] P F n. voice
mowan: [mo."wan] P F adj. pleasing, enjoyable
(physically, sexually)
mrr: [mr] P F num. five
"
mrrve: ["mr.vE] P F adj. fifth (ordinal) (derived
from mrr " five)
muiä: [mu."i.æ] P F adj. proper, fair, right, justifi-
ed
mun’i: [m·un."P·i] P F v. cut
mune: ["mu.nE] P F num. two
munge: ["m·u.N·E] P F vtr. take, bring
mungwrr–: [muN."wr] P F adp. except
"
muntxa: [mun."t’a] P F adj. mated, married
muntxa si: [mun."t’a s·i] P F vin. mate (with so-
meone), marry (c.w. from muntxa mated and
si do, make)
muntxatan: [mun."t’a.tan] P F n. husband, male
spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
muntxate: [mun."t’a.tE] P F n. wife, female
spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
muntxatu: [mun."t’a.tu] P F n. spouse (derived
from muntxa mated)
muve: ["mu.vE] P F adj. second (ordinal) (deri-
ved from mune two)
na–: [na] P F adp. like, as
na’rìng: ["naP.RIN] P F n. forest
naer: [na."ER] P F n. drink, something able to be
drunk
nafì’u: [na.fI."Pu] P F adj. such (c.w. from na as
and fì’u this)
nang: [naN] P F part. surprise, exclamation, en-
couragement
nari: ["na.Ri] P F n. eye
nari si: ["na.Ri s·i] P F vin. watch out, be careful
(c.w. from nari eye and si make)
natkenong: [nat."kE.noN] P F conj. for example,
as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tìke-
nong example)
nawm: [nawm] P F adj. great, noble
nawmtu: ["nawm.tu] P F n. great person (deri-
ved from nawm great)
nayn: [najn] P F n. the symbol 9 (not the value
nine)
näk: [n·æk^] P F vtr. drink
ne–: [nE] P F adp. to, towards (direction)
ne’ìm: [nE."PIm] P F adv. back (direction)
nefä: [nE."fæ] P F adv. up (direction)
nekll: [nE."kl] P F adv. down (direction)
" nìftue: [nI."ftu.E] P F adv. easily (derived from
ne kllte: [nE "kl.tE] P F intj. get down (c.w. from
ne to and kllte" ground)
nekx: [n·Ek’] P F vtr. burn, consume
nemfa–: ["nEm.fa] P F adp. into, inside (c.w.
from ne towards and mìfa inside)
neto: [nE."to] P F adv. away (direction) (derived
from ne to)
netrìp: ["nEt.RIp^] P F adv. luckily, happily
new: [n·Ew] P F vtr. want (with subjunctive verb)
newomum: [n·Ew."o.mum] P F vin. be curious,
want to know (c.w. from new want and
omum know)
neympin: ["nEjm.pin] P F n. light color (derived
from neyn light, shade of white)
neyn: [nEjn] P F adj. light colors, shades of white
niä: [n·i.·"æ] P F vtr. grab
nikre: ["nik.RE] P F n. hair
nitram: [nit."Ram] P F adj. happy (of people)
10
nì–: [nI] P F adverbial deriving affix
nì’aw: [nI."Paw] P F adv. only (derived from ’aw
one)
nì’awtu: [nI."Paw.tu] P F adv. alone (as one per-
son) (c.w. from ’aw one and tute person)
nì’awve: [nI."Paw.vE] P F adv. first (derived
from ’awve first)
nì’eoio: [nI."PE.o.i.o] P F adv. ceremoniously (de-
rived from ’eoio ceremonious)
nì’eveng: [nI."PE.vEN] P F adv. like a child, imma-
turely (derived from ’eveng child)
nì’eyng: [nI."PEjN] P F adv. back, in response, in
answer (derived from ’eyng answer)
nì’i’a: [nI."PiP.a] P F adv. finally, at long last (de-
rived from ’i’a end)
nì’it: [nI."Pit^] P F adv. a bit, a small amount (ab-
stract) (derived from ’it bit, a small amount)
nì’ul: [nI."Pul] P F adv. more
nìawnomum: [nI.aw."no.mum] P F adv. as you
know, as is known (derived from «awn» pas-
sive participle infix and omum know)
nìayoeng: [naj."wEN] P F adv. like us, as we do
(derived from ayoeng us (inclusive))
ftue easy)
nìftxavang: [nI."ft’a.vaN] P F adv. passionately,
with all heart (derived from ftxavang passio-
nate)
nìfya’o: [nI."fja.Po] P F adv. in a manner (deri-
ved from fya’o way)
nìfyeyntu: [nI."fjEjn.tu] P F adv. like an adult,
maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult)
nìhawng: [nI."hawN] P F adv. too, excessively
(derived from hawng overabundance)
nìhek: [nI."hEk^] P F adv. strangely, oddly (deri-
ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not
manner, adverbial)
nìk’ong: [nIk."PoN] P F adv. slowly (derived
from kì’ong slow)
nìkanu: [nI."ka.nu] P F adv. intelligently, in a
smart way (derived from kanu smart)
nìkeftxo: [nI.kE."ft’o] P F adv. unfortunately,
sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy)
nìlaw: [nI."law] P F adv. clearly (derived from
law clear)
nìlkeftang: [nIl.kE."ftaN] P F adv. continuously,
incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from luke
without and ftang stop)
>
nìltsan: [nIl."tsan] P F adv. well (derived from
sìltsan good)
nìmun: [nI."mun] P F adv. again
nìmwey: [nIm."wEj] P F adv. calmly, peacefully
(derived from mawey calm)
nìmweypey: [nIm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. patiently
(derived from maweypey be patient)
nìn: [n·In] P F vtr. look at
nìNa’vi: [nI."naP.vi] P F adv. like the Na’vi,
Na’vi-ly (derived from Na’vi the People)
nìngay: [nI."Naj] P F adv. truly (derived from
ngay true)
nìprrte’: [nI."pr.tEP^] P F adv. pleasurably, wel-
come (assumed " zola’u), gladly, with pleasure
(derived from prrte’ pleasurable)
nìpxi: [nI."p’i] P F adv. especially, pointedly, un-
ambiguously (derived from pxi sharp)
nìpxim: [nI."p’im] P F adv. erectly, rightly (deri-
ved from pxim erect, upright)
nìrangal: [nI."Ra.Nal] P F adv. wish (contrary to
fact, with perfect or imperfective subjunctive)
(derived from rangal wish)
nìsti: [nI."sti] P F adv. angrily (derived from sti
be angry)
nìsung: [nI."suN] P F adv. besides, additionally,
furthermore (derived from sung add)
nìswey: [nI."swEj] P F adv. optimally, best (deri-
ved from swey best)
nìsyayvi: [nI."sjaj.vi] P F adv. by chance or coin-
cidence (derived from syayvi luck)
Ng
nga: [Na] P F pn. you
>
ngatsyìp: ["Na.tsjIp^] P F pn. little you, you little
(derived from nga you)
ngawng: [NawN] P F n. worm
ngay: [Naj] P F adj. true
ngaytxoa: [Naj."t’o.a] P F intj. sorry, my apologi-
es (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w.
from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness)
ngäng: [NæN] P F n. stomach
11
nìsyen: [nI."sjEn] P F adv. lastly (derived from
syen last)
nìtam: [nI."tam] P F adv. enough (after an adjecti-
ve) (derived from tam suffice)
nìteng: [nI."tEN] P F adv. too, also, as well, likewi-
se (derived from teng same, equal)
nìtengfya: [nI."tEN.fja] P F adv. as, same way
as (derived from tengfya as, same way as
(conj.))
nìtut: [nI."tut^] P F adv. continually (derived
from tut continuation marker)
nìtxan: [nI."t’an] P F adv. much (abstract), very
(derived from txan much)
nìwä: [nI."wæ] P F adv. on the contrary, conver-
sely
nìwin: [nI."win] P F adv. fast (derived from win
fast)
nìwotx: [nI."wot’] P F adv. all (of), in toto, com-
pletely (derived from wotx totality, whole)
nìzawnong: [nI."zaw.noN] P F adv. safely (deri-
ved from «awn» passive participle infix and
zong save)
nong: [n·oN] P F v. follow, proceed after
nulkrr: [nul."kr] P F adv. longer (time) (derived
"
from krr time)
nulnew: [nul."n·Ew] P F v. prefer (ii) (derived
from new want)
nume: ["n·u.m·E] P F v. learn
numeyu: ["nu.mE.ju] P F n. student (derived
from nume learn)
>
numtseng: ["num.tsEN] P F n. school (c.w. from
nume learn and tseng place)
>
numtsengvi: ["num.tsEN.vi] P F n. classroom, di-
vision of a school (derived from numtseng
school)
ngäzìk: ["Næ.zIk^] P F adj. difficult, hard
ngenga: [NE."Na] P F pn. you (honorific (honouri-
fic) form) (derived from nga you)
ngeyn: [NEjn] P F adj. tired
ngian: [Ni."an] P F,SW adv. however
ngim: [Nim] P F adj. long (physical length)
ngop: [N·op^] P F v. create
ngopyu: ["Nop.ju] P F n. creator (derived from
ngop create)
ngrr: [Nr] P F n. root
"
ngrrpongu: [Nr.po.Nu] P F n. grassroots moveme-
net (c.w. from" ngrr root and pongu party)
ngul: [Nul] P F adj. grey, drab
ngulpin: ["Nul.pin] P F n. grey (derived from
ngul grey, drab)
nguway: ["Nu.waj] P F n. howl, viperwolf cry (de-
rived from way song)

oe: ["o.E] P F pn. I, me ohe: ["o.hE] P F pn. I (deferential or ceremonial

oeng: ["wEN] P F pn. we two, us two (dual inclu-
sive), you and I (derived from oe I)
>
oetsyìp: ["wE.tsjIp^] P F pn. little me, little I (de-
rived from oe I)
oeyk: [o."Ejk^] P F n. cause
oeyktìng: [o."Ejk.t·IN] P F v. explain (why) (ii)
(c.w. from oeyk cause and tìng give)
ohakx: [o."hak’] P F adj. hungry
form)
oìsss: [o.I"s:] LA intj. angry snarl, ’watch it!’
olo’: [o."loP^] P F n. clan
olo’eyktan: [o.lo."PEjk.tan] JC n. clan leader
(c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader)
omum: [·"o.m·um] P F vtr. know (note infix)
ontu: ["on.tu] JC n. nose

pa’o: ["pa.Po] P F n. side pänutìng: ["pæ.nu.t·IN] P F vtr. promise (a thing

pak: [pak^] P F part. disparagement
pam: [pam] P F n. sound
pamrel: [pam."REl] P F n. writing (c.w. from
pam sound and rel image)
pamrelfya: [pam."REl.fja] P F n. spelling (deri-
ved from pamrel writing and fya’o way)
pamrel si: [pam."REl s·i] P F vin. write (c.w. from
pamrel writing and si make)
> ape
pamtseo: ["pam.tsE.o] P F n. music (c.w. from
pam sound and tseo art)
> morph of kempe (c.w. from kem action,
pamtseotu: ["pam.tsE.o.tu] P F n. musician (de-
rived from pamtseo music)
pate: ["p·a.t·E] ZS v. get to a place, arrive
pawm: [p·awm] P F v. ask
pay: [paj] P F n. water, liquid
payfya: ["paj.fja] P F n. stream (c.w. from pay
water and fya’o way)
payoang: [paj."o.aN] P F n. fish (c.w. from pay
water and ioang animal)
pähem: ["p·æ.h·Em] P F vin. arrive
pängkxo: [p·æN."k’·o] P F vin. chat, converse, ha-
ve a conversation
pängkxoyu: [pæN."k’o.ju] P F n. chatter, conver-
ser (derived from pängkxo chat)
pängkxoyu lekoren: [pæN."k’o.ju lE.ko."REn]
P F n. lawyer (c.w. from pängkxoyu chatter
and lekoren lawlike)
pänu: ["pæ.nu] P F n. promise
to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pänu promise and
tìng give)
>
pätsì: ["pæ.tsI] P F n. badge
pe+: [pE] P F affix inter. marker
pe’un: ["p·E.P·un] P F vtr. decide
pefnel: [pE."fnEl] P F inter. which kind allo-
morph of fnepe
pefya: [pE."fja] P F inter. how allomorph of fy-
pehem: [pE."hEm] P F inter. what (action) allo-
deed)
pehrr: [pE."hr] P F inter. when allomorph of krr-
"
pe (c.w. from krr time)
pelì’u: [pE."lI.Pu] P F inter. what (word, utteran-
ce) allomorph of lì’upe
pelun: [pE."lun] P F inter. why allomorph of
lumpe
peng: [p·EN] P F vtr. tell
peseng: [pE."sEN] P F inter. where allomorph of
tsengpe
pesu: [pE."su] P F inter. who allomorph of tupe
peu: [pE."u] P F inter. what (thing) allomorph of
’upe
pewn: [pEwn] P F n. neck
pey: [p·Ej] P F v. wait, wait for
piak: [pi."ak^] P F adj. open
piak si: [pi."ak^ s·i] P F vin. open (c.w. from piak
open and si make)

12
pil: [pil] P F n. facial stripe
pizayu: ["pi.za.ju] P F n. ancestor
pìmtxan: [pIm."t’an] P F inter. how much allo-
morph of hìmtxampe
pìwopx: [pI."wop’] P F n. cloud
plltxe: [p·l."t’·E] P F v. speak
po: [po] P F" pn. he, she
poan: [po."an] P F pn. he (derived from po he,
she)
poe: [po."E] P F pn. she (derived from po he, she)
polpxay: [pol."p’aj] P F inter. how many (c.w.
from holpxay number and pe how)
pom: [p·om] P F v. kiss
pongu: ["po.Nu] P F n. group of people, party (de-
rived from po he/she)
prrkxentrrkrr: [pr.k’En.tr.kr] Skxawng n. day ti-
"
me smoking pleasure, " "
vibrating tongue (Na’vi
Px
pxan: [p’an] P F adj. worthy
pxasìk: ["p’a.sIk^] P F intj. screw that!, no way!
(vulgar)
pxasul: ["p’a.sul] P F adj. fresh, appealing as food
pxaw–: [p’aw] P F adp. around
pxawpa: ["p’aw.pa] P F n. perimeter, circumfe-
rence, border (c.w. from pxaw around and
pa’o side)
pxay: [p’aj] P F adj. many (used with singular
or plural noun forms)
pxel–: [p’El] P F adp. like, as
pxelo: ["p’E.lo] P F adv. thrice, three times (deri-
ved from pxe+ trial marker and alo time)
pxey: [p’Ej] P F num. three
pxeyve: ["p’Ej.vE] P F adj. third (ordinal) (deri-
ved from pxey three)
pxi: [p’i] P F adj. sharp
pxim: [p’im] P F adj. erect, upright
pximaw–: [p’i."maw] P F adp. right after (c.w.
from maw after (time) and pxi sharp)
ral: [Ral] P F n. meaning
ralpeng: [Ral."p·EN] P F v. interpret (ii) (c.w. from rangal: ["R·a.N·al] P F v. wish
ral meaning and peng tell)
ram: [Ram] P F n. mountain
>
ramtsyìp: ["Ram.tsjIp^] P F n. hill (derived from rä’ä: [Ræ."Pæ] P F part. do not (for negative impe-
ram mountain)
13
idiom) (c.w. from prrte’ pleasurable, kxener
smoke, trr day and krr time)
prrnen: ["pr.nEn] P F n. infant, baby
"
prrnesyul: ["pr.nE.sjul] P F n. bud (c.w. from
prrnen baby" and syulang flower)
prrte’: ["pr.tEP^] P F adj. pleasurable (of an activi-
ty) "
prrwll: ["pr.wl] P rr n. moss (c.w. from prrnen
baby and" ’ewll
" plant)
pukap: ["pu.kap^] P F num. six
pum: [pum] P F pn. possession, thing possessed
(dummy pronoun for modified nouns or
pronouns)
puve: ["pu.vE] P F adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived
from pukap six)
pxiset: [p’i."sEt^] P F adv. right now (c.w. from
set now and pxi sharp)
pxisre+: [p’i."sRE] P F adp. right before (c.w. from
sre before (time) and pxi sharp)
pxiswawam: [p’i.swaw."am] P F adv. just a mo-
ment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and –am
past)
pxiswaway: [p’i.swaw."aj] P F adv. in just a se-
cond from now (c.w. from swaw moment and
ay future marker)
pxiye’rìn: [p’i."jEP.RIn] P F adv. immediately (not
as soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from ye’rìn soon
and pxi sharp)
pxìm: [p’Im] P F adv. often
pxor: [p’·oR] P F vin. explode
pxun: [p’un] P F n. arm
pxuntil: ["p’un.til] P F n. elbow (c.w. from pxun
arm and til joint)
ramunong: [Ra."mu.noN] P F n. well
rawke: ["Raw.kE] P F intj. alarm cry, call to defen-
se
ratives, commands only)
re’o: ["RE.Po] P F n. head
rel: [REl] P F n. image, picture
>
reltseo: ["REl.tsE.o] P F n. visual art (c.w. from
rel image and tseo art)
>
reltseotu: ["REl.tsE.o.tu] P F n. artist (derived
from reltseo art)
reng: [REN] P F adj. shallow (physically)
renu: ["RE.nu] P F n. pattern
rewon: ["RE.won] P F n. morning
rey: [R·Ej] P F vin. live
rey’eng: [REj."PEN] P F n. the Balance of Life (de-
rived from rey live)
reypay: ["REj.paj] P F n. blood (c.w. from rey live
and pay water)
rikx: [R·ik’] P F vin. move, shift position
rim: [Rim] P F adj. yellow
rimpin: ["Rim.pin] P F n. yellow (derived from
rim yellow)
sa’nok: ["saP.nok^] P F n. mother (from
sa’atenuk C )
sa’nu: ["saP.nu] P F n. mum, mommy (affectiona-
te form of sa’nok mother)
>
sa’nutsyìp: ["saP.nu.tsjIp^] P F n. little mommy
(used for young girls) (derived from sa’nu
mommy)
sa’sem: ["saP.sEm] P F n. parent (derived from
sa’nok mother and sempul father)
saa: ["sa:] LA intj. threatening cry
salew: [s·a."l·Ew] P F v. proceed, go
san: [san] P F adv. saying, quote
sar: [s·aR] P F vtr. use
sat: [sat^] P F pn. that (lenited form of tsat, irre-
gularly lenited after ftu from)
sau: [sa."u] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion,
urgh
sä–: [sæ] P F prefix instrumental noun (c.w. from
sänume teaching and säspxin disease)
säfpìl: [sæ."fpIl] P F n. idea
sänume: [sæ."nu.mE] P F n. teaching, instruction
(derived from nume learn)
sänumvi: [sæ."num.vi] P F n. lesson (derived
from sänume teaching)
säspxin: [sæ."sp’in] P F n. disease, sickness, ill-
ness (derived from spxin sick)
> skepek: ["skE.pEk^] M adj. formal
säspxintsyìp: [sæ."sp’in.tsjIp^] P F n. minor ail-
ment (derived from säspxin illness)
14
rina’: [Ri."naP^] P F n. seed (derived from atoki-
rina’ seeds of the great tree)
rìk: [RIk^] P F n. leaf
rìkean: ["RI.kE.an] P F adj. leaf green (c.w. from
rìk leaf and ean green)
ro+: [Ro] P F adp. at (locative)
rofa–: ["Ro.fa] P F adp. beside, alongside
rol: [R·ol] P F v. sing
rolun: [Ro."lun] P F intj. Eureka! I’ve found it!
ronsem: ["Ron.sEm] P F n. mind
rum: [Rum] P F n. ball
run: [R·un] P F vtr. find, discover
rusey: [Ru."sEj] P F adj., n. alive, living, living
thing (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-
ticiple infix)
rutxe: [Ru."t’E] P F intj. please
sekrr: ["sE.kr] P F adv. present (c.w. from set now
"
and krr time)
sempu: ["sEm.pu] P F n. daddy (affectionate
form of sempul father)
sempul: ["sEm.pul] P F n. father
set: [sEt^] P F adv. now
sevin: [sE."vin] P F adj. pretty (of people)
seykxel: [sEj."k’El] P F adj. strong (emotionally,
spiritually, not physical), confident
seyri: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. lip
si: [s·i] P F auxiliary verb, postpositional non-
bound verb do, make deriving affix
sim: [s·im] P F svin. near, be near
sì: [sI] P F conj. and (connects two things, can
be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and)
sìk: [sIk^] P F adv. unquote
sìlpey: [sIl."p·Ej] P F vin. hope (with tsnì for thing
hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w.
from sìltsan good and pey wait)
sìlronsem: [sIl."Ron.sEm] P F adj. clever, smart
(thing) (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsem
mind)
>
sìltsan: [sIl."tsan] P F adj. good
sìn–: [sIn] P F adp. on, onto
ska’a: [sk·a."P·a] P F vtr. destroy
skien: ["ski.En] P F adj. right (not left)
skxakep: ["sk’a.kEp^] P F adj., adv. probable, pro-
bably
skxawng: [sk’awN] P F n. moron, idiot
skxom: [sk’om] P F n. chance, opportunity
slä: [slæ] P F conj. but
sleyku: [slEj."k·u] P F vtr. produce (derived from
slu become and «eyk» causative infix)
slu: [sl·u] P F v. become
smar: [smaR] P F n. prey, hunted thing
sngap: [sN·ap^] P F vtr. sting
sngä’i: ["sN·æ.P·i] P F vin. begin, start (with
subjunctive)
sngä’ikrr: ["sNæ.Pi.kr] P F n. beginning, starting
"
time (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr time)
sngä’iyu: ["sNæ.Pi.ju] P F n. beginner (derived
from sngä’i begin)
sngel: [sNEl] P F n. garbage, trash, rubbish
>
sngeltseng: ["sNEl.tsEN] P F n. rubbish place, gar-
bage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage and
tseng place)
snumìna: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. dim (of a person)
soaia: [so."a.i.a] P F n. family
sok: [sok^] P F adj. recent
som: [som] P F adj. hot
sop: [s·op^] P F vin. travel
spaw: [sp·aw] P F v. believe
spä: [sp·æ] P F v. jump
spe’e: [sp·E."P·E] P F vtr. capture
spe’etu: [spE."PE.tu] P F n. captive (derived
from spe’e capture)
speng: [sp·EN] P F v. restore
spule: ["sp·u.l·E] P F vtr. propel
spuwin: ["spu.win] P F adj. old (not for people),
former
spxam: [sp’am] P F n. mushroom, fungus
spxin: [sp’in] P F adj. sick
srak(e): ["sRak(E)] P F part. inter. marker for yes
or no questions
sran: [sRan] P F adv., intj. yes (colloquial)
srane: ["sRa.nE] P F adv., intj. yes
sraw: [sRaw] P F adj. painful
sre+: [sRE] P F adp. before (time)
sre’: [sREP^] P F n. tooth
srekamtrr: [sRE."kam.tr] P F n. the time before
noon (c.w. from sre "before and kxamtrr mid-
day)
srekamtxon: [sRE."kam.t’on] P F n. before mid-
night (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxon
midnight)
15
srekrr: [sRE."kr] P F adv. before, already, ahead of
"
time (c.w. from sre before and krr time)
srese’a: [sRE.s·E."P·a] P F v. prophetize, prophesi-
ze, prophesy (c.w. from sre+ before and tse’a
see)
sresrr’ong: [sRE.sr."PoN] P F n. before dawn (c.w.
from sre before" and trr’ong dawn)
sreton’ong: [sRE.ton."PoN] P F n. dusk, evening
before sunset (c.w. from sre before and tx-
on’ong night-fall)
srew: [sR·Ew] P F vin. dance
srung: [sRuN] P F n. help, assistance
srung si: [sRuN s·i] P F vin. help (c.w. from
srung help and si make, do)
starsìm: ["st·aR.s·Im] P F vtr. gather, collect
stawm: [st·awm] P F vtr. hear
stä’nì: ["st·æP.n·I] P F vtr. catch
steftxaw: [st·E."ft’·aw] P F vtr. examine, check
steyki: [stEj."k·i] P F vtr. anger, make someone an-
gry (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»
causative infix)
sti: [st·i] P F vin. anger (intransitive), be angry
sto: [st·o] P F v. refuse (to do something)
stum: [stum] P F adv. almost
stxeli: ["st’E.li] P F n. gift
stxong: [st’oN] P F adj. strange, unfamiliar, unk-
nown
sung: [s·uN] P F vtr. add
sunu: ["s·u.n·u] P F vin. be pleasing or likeable,
bring enjoyment
sutx: [s·ut’] P F vtr. track, follow, lock up
swaw: [swaw] P F n. moment
swey: [swEj] P F adj. best
swirä: [swi."Ræ] P F n. creature
swizaw: [swi."zaw] P F n. arrow
swok: [swok^] P F adj. sacred
swotu: ["swo.tu] P F n. sacred place
syaw: [sj·aw] P F vin. call, name
syay: [sjaj] P F n. fate
syayvi: ["sjaj.vi] P F n. luck, chance (derived
from syay fate)
syä’ä: ["sjæ.Pæ] P F adj. bitter
syen: [sjEn] P F adj. last, final
syep: [sj·Ep^] P F vtr. trap
syo: [sjo] P F adj. light (physical weight),
lightweight
syulang: ["sju.laN] P F n. flower
syuve: ["sju.vE] P F n. food (collective noun, can-
not be pluralised)
T
ta–: [ta] P F adp. from (various uses)
ta’em: [ta."PEm] P F adv. from above
ta’leng: ["taP.lEN] P F n. skin
ta’lengean: ["taP.lE.NE.an] P F adj. skin blue
(c.w. from ta’leng skin and ean blue)
tafkip–: [ta."fkip^] P F adp. from up among (c.w.
from ta from and fkip– up among)
tafral: [ta."fRal] P F adv. therefore, because of that
takip–: [ta."kip^] P F adp. from among (c.w. from
ta from and kip– among)
takuk: ["t·a.k·uk^] P F vtr. strike
talun(a): [ta."lun(a)] P F conj. because, from the
reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)
tam: [t·am] P F vin., intj. that will suffice, that
will do, OK
tam tam: [tam tam] M intj. calm, be content, the-
re there
tangek: ["ta.NEk^] P F n. trunk (of a tree)
tanhì: [tan."hI] P F n. star, bioluminescent freckle
taron: ["t·a.R·on] JC,P F vtr. hunt
taronyu: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,P F n. hunter (c.w. from
taron hunt and –yu agent suffix)
>
taronyutsyìp: ["ta.Ron.ju.tsjIp^] P F n. little hun-
ter (derived from taronyu hunter)
tatep: ["t·a.t·Ep^] P F vtr. lose track, lose aware-
ness of something
tatlam: [tat."lam] P F adv. apparently (derived
from lam seem)
taw: [taw] P F n. sky
taweyk(a): [ta."wEjk(a)] P F conj. because, based
on the cause
tawng: [t·awN] P F vin. duck, dive
täftxu: [t·æ."ft’·u] P F vtr. weave
täftxuyu: [tæ."ft’u.ju] P F n. weaver (derived
from täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix)
tätxaw: [t·æ."t’·aw] P F vin. return
te: [tE] JC part. used in full names
tel: [t·El] P F vtr. receive
telem: [tE."lEm] P F n. cord
tem: [t·Em] P F vin. shoot
teng: [tEN] P F adj. same, equal
tengfya: ["tEN.fja] P F conj. as, same way as (c.w.
from teng same, equal and fya’o path)
tengkrr: [tEN."kr] P F conj. while, same time as
(c.w. from teng " same, equal and krr time)
teri–: [tE."Ri] P F adp. about, concerning
terkup: ["t·ER.k·up^] P F vin. die
16
teswotìng: [tE."swo.t·IN] P F v. grant (ii) (c.w.
from tìng give)
tete: ["tE.tE] P F adj. dull (as a blade)
tewti: ["tEw.ti] P F intj. wow, expression of surpri-
se and pleasure
teya: [tE."ja] P F adj. full
teya si: [tE."ja s·i] P F vin. fill (with dative of thing
filled) (c.w. from teya full and si do, make)
teyr: [tEjR] P F adj. white
teyrpin: ["tEjR.pin] P F n. white (derived from
teyr white)
til: [til] P F n. joint, hinge
tirea: [ti."RE.a] P F n. spirit
tireafya’o: [ti."RE.a.­fja.Po] P F n. spirit path (c.w.
from tirea spirit and fya’o path)
tireaioang: [ti."RE.a.i.­o.aN] P F n. spirit animal
(c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal)
tireapängkxo: [ti."RE.a.p·æN.­k’·o] P F v. commu-
ne (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo chat)
tì’awm: [tI."Pawm] P F n. camping (derived
from ’awm camp)
tì’awm si: [tI."Pawm s·i] P F vin. camp (c.w.
from ’awm camp and si make)
tì’awpo: [tI."Paw.po] P F n. individuality (nega-
tive connotation), selfishness (derived from
’awpo one individual)
tì’efu: [tI."PE.fu] P F n. feeling (derived from
’efu feel)
tì’eylan: [tI."PEj.lan] P F n. friendship (derived
from ’eylan friend)
tì’eyng: [tI."PEjN] P F n. answer, response (deri-
ved from ’eyng answer)
tì’i’avay: [tI."PiP.a.vaj] P F adv. until the end
(c.w. from ’i’a end and vay until)
tìfmetok: [tI."fmE.tok^] P F n. test (derived from
fmetok test)
tìfnu: [tI."fnu] P F n. quiet, silence (derived from
fnu quiet)
tìftang: [tI."ftaN] P F n. stopping, the glottal stop
(derived from ftang stop)
tìftia: [tI."fti.a] P F n. study (derived from ftia
study)
tìftia kifkeyä: [tI."fti.a ki."fkE.jæ] P F n. science,
the study of the physical world (c.w. from tìf-
tia study and kifkey world)
tìftxavang: [tI."ft’a.vaN] P F n. passion (derived
from ftxavang passionate)
tìftxey: [tI."ft’Ej] P F n. choice (derived from ftx-
ey choose)
tìfyawìntxu: [tI.fja.wIn."t’u] P F n. guidance
(derived from fyawìntxu guide)
tìfyeyn: [tI."fjEjn] P F n. ripeness, maturity, full
fruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)
tìhawl: [tI."hawl] P F n. preparations, plan (deri-
ved from hawl prepare)
tìhawnu: [tI."haw.nu] P F n. protection (derived
from hawnu protect, shelter)
tìkan: [tI."kan] P F n. aim, goal, purpose, target
(derived from kan aim)
tìkangkem: [tI."kaN.kEm] P F n. work (derived
from kem action, deed)
tìkangkem si: [tI."kaN.kEm s·i] P F vin. work
(c.w. from tìkangkem work and si do, make)
tìkangkemvi: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] P F n. project, pie-
ce of work (derived from tìkangkem work)
tìkanu: [tI."ka.nu] P F n. intelligence (derived
from kanu smart)
tìkawng: [tI."kawN] P F n. evil (derived from
kawng bad)
tìkenong: [tI."kE.noN] P F n. example (derived
from kenong model)
tìketeng: [tI."kE.tEN] P F n. difference (c.w. from
ke not and teng same)
tìkin: [tI."kin] P F n. need (derived from kin
need)
tìkusar: [tI.ku."saR] P F n. teaching (the act) (de-
rived from kar teach)
tìkxey: [tI."k’Ej] P F n. incorrectness, mistakeness
(derived from kxeyey mistake)
tìkxey si: [tI."k’Ej s·i] P F vin. mess up, foul, do
wrong (c.w. from tìkxey incorrectness and si
make)
tìlam: [tI."lam] P F n. appearance (derived from
lam seem)
tìlor: [tI."loR] P F n. beauty (derived from lor
beautiful)
tìm: [tIm] P F adj. low
tìme’em: [tI."mE.PEm] P F n. harmony (general
sense) (derived from me’em harmonious)
tìmuntxa: [tI.mun."t’a] P F n. mating, marriage
(derived from muntxa mated)
tìmweypey: [tIm."wEj.pEj] P F n. patience (deri-
ved from maweypey be patient)
tìng: [t·IN] P F v. give
tìngay: [tI."Naj] P F n. truth (derived from ngay
true)
17
tìngäzìk: [tI."Næ.zIk^] P F n. difficulty, problem
(derived from ngäzìk difficult)
tìng mikyun: [t·Im "mik.jun] P F vin. listen (de-
rived from tìng give and mikyun ear)
tìng nari: [t·In "na.Ri] P F vin. look (derived
from tìng give and nari eye)
tìngop: [tI."Nop^] P F n. creation (derived from
ngop create)
>
tìng tseng: [t·IN tsEN] P F vin. back down, give
ground (derived from tìng give and tseng
ground)
tìnomum: [tI."no.mum] P F n. curiosity (derived
from newomum be curious)
tìoeyktìng: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] P F n. explanation (de-
rived from «eyk» cause (root)) (Casual
speech [tI."o.Ejk.tIN)
tìohakx: [tI.o."hak’] P F n. hunger (derived from
ohakx hungry)
tìpawm: [tI."pawm] P F n. question (derived
from pawm ask)
tìpähem: [tI."pæ.hEm] P F n. arrival (derived
from pähem arrive)
tìpängkxo: [tI.pæN."k’o] P F n. conversation, di-
scussion (derived from pängkxo chat)
>
tìpängkxotsyìp: [tI.pæN."k’o.tsjIp^] P F n. little
conversation (derived from tìpängkxo con-
versation)
tìpe’un: [tI."pE.Pun] P F n. decision (derived
from pe’un decide)
tìprrte’: [tI."pr.tEP^] P F n. pleasure (derived
from prrte’" pleasurable)
tìran: [t·I."R·an] P F vin. walk
tìrey: [tI."REj] P F n. life (derived from rey live)
tìrol: [tI."Rol] P F n. song (derived from rol sing)
tìska’a: [tI.ska."Pa] P F n. destruction (derived
from ska’a destroy)
tìsop: [tI."sop^] P F n. journey (derived from sop
travel)
tìspe’e: [tI.spE."PE] P F n. capture (derived from
spe’e capture)
tìspxin: [tI."sp’in] P F n. the state of being ill, sick-
ness (derived from spxin sick)
tìsraw: [tI."sRaw] P F n. pain (derived from sraw
painful)
tìsraw seyki: [tI."sRaw sEj."k·i] P F vtr. hurt (so-
meone or something) (c.w. from tìsraw pain
and s«eyk»i make (causative))
tìsraw si: [tI."sRaw s·i] P F vin. hurt, be painful
(c.w. from tìsraw pain and si make)
tìsrese’a: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] P F n. prophecy (derived
from srese’a prophetize)
tìsti: [tI."sti] P F n. anger (derived from sti be
angry)
tìsung: [tI."suN] Lance n. addition, post script
(P.S.) (derived from sung add)
tìtakuk: [tI."ta.kuk^] G n. strike (derived from
takuk strike)
>
tìtslam: [tI."tslam] P F n. understanding, intelli-
gence (derived from tslam understand)
> " and hay next)
tìtstunwi: [tI."tstun.wi] P F n. kindness (derived
from tstunwi kind)
tìtusaron: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived
from taron hunt)
tìtxanew: [tI."t’a.nEw] P F n. greed (derived
from txanew greedy)
tìtxen: [tI."t’En] P F n. awakeness, the state of wa-
king (derived from txen awake)
tìtxula: [tI."t’u.la] P F n. construction, construc-
ted thing (derived from txula build)
tìtxur: [tI."t’uR] P F n. strength, power (derived
from txur strong)
tìvawm: [tI."vawm] P F n. darkness (derived
from vawm dark)
tìve’kì: [tI.vEP."kI] P F n. hatred (derived from
ve’kì hate)
tìyawn: [tI."jawn] P F n. love (derived from
yawne beloved)
tìyawr: [tI."jawR] P F n. correctness (derived
from eyawr correct)
tìyusom: [tI.ju."som] P F n. eating (the act) (de-
rived from yom eat)
to: [to] P F part. comparative marker than (be-
haves like an adp.)
tok: [t·ok^] P F vtr. be at, occupy a space
tokx: [tok’] P F n. body
tolel: [to."lEl] P F intj. Eureka! I found it! I un-
derstand! (synonym: tslolam)
toltem: [t·ol."t·Em] P F vtr. shoot
tompa: ["tom.pa] P F n. rain
tor: [toR] P F adj. last, ultimate, terminal (derived
from toruk last shadow)
toruk makto: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to] JC n. toruk ri-
der (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto
ride)
trr: [tr] P F n. day
"
18
trr’awve: [tr."Paw.vE] P F n. Sunday (c.w. from
trr day and " ’awve first)
trr’ong: [tr."PoN] P F n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from
"
trr day and ’ong unfold)
trr’ongmaw: [tr."PoN.maw] P F n. dawn after
"
sunrise (c.w. from trr’ong dawn and maw af-
ter)
trram: [tr."am] P F adv. yesterday (derived from
trr day" and ham previous)
trray: [tr."aj] P F adv. tomorrow (derived from
trr day
trrkive: [tr."ki.vE] P F n. Saturday (c.w. from trr
day and" kive seventh)
trrmrrve: [tr."mr.vE] P F n. Thursday (c.w. from
trr day and" mrrve
" fifth)
trrmuve: [tr."mu.vE] P F n. Monday (c.w. from
trr day and" muve second)
trrpeve: [tr."pE.vE] P F inter. which day (derived
from trr" day and –pe interrogative marker
and –ve ordinal number marker)
trrpuve: [tr."pu.vE] P F n. Friday (c.w. from trr
day and "puve sixth)
trrpxeyve: [tr."p’Ej.vE] P F n. Tuesday (c.w. from
trr day and" pxeyve third)
>
trrtsìve: [tr."tsI.vE] P F n. Wednesday (c.w. from
" tsìve fourth)
trr day and
trrtxon: [tr.t’on] P F n. the day and night cycle of
Pandora" (c.w. from trr day and txon night)
tukru: [tuk."Ru] P F n. spear
tul: [t·ul] P F vin. run
tumpin: ["tum.pin] P F n. red, orange (derived
from tun red, orange)
tun: [tun] P F adj. red, orange
tung: [t·uN] P F v. allow
tungzup: [tuN."z·up^] P F vtr. drop (ii) (c.w. from
tung allow and zup fall)
tup: [tup^] P F conj. instead of, rather than
tupe: ["tu.pE] P F inter. who allomorph of pesu
tut: [tut^] P F part. continuation marker
tutan: [tu."tan] P F n. male (person) (derived
from tute person)
tute: ["tu.tE] P F n. person
tute: [tu."tE] P F n. female (person) (derived from
tute person)
tuteo: ["tu.tE.o] P F pn. somebody, someone (de-
rived from tute person)
tuvon: ["t·u.v·on] P F v. lean
Ts
>
tsa–: [tsa] P F prefix that relative clause marker)
> >
tsa’u: ["tsa.Pu] P F dem. that (thing) (c.w. from tsawke: ["tsaw.kE] P F n. sun
tsa that and ’u thing) >
tsawl: [tsawl] P F adj. big (in size), tall
> >
tsafya: [tsa."fja] P F pn. that way, like that (c.w. tsawlhì’: [tsawl."hIP^] P F n. size (c.w. from
from tsa- that and fya’o way) tsawl big (in size) and hì’i small (in size))
> >
tsa-hey: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. expression of warning tsawl slu: [tsawl sl·u] P F vin. grow (c.w. from
or frustration, ’crap!’, ’ah, hell!’ tsawl big and slu become)
> >
tsaheyl si: [tsa."hEjl s·i] P F vin. bond with, tsä’: [ts·æP^] P F v. squirt
establish a neural connection (c.w. from tsa- >
tse: [tsE] P F part. well (conversation starter)
heylu bond and si make) >
> tse’a: [ts·E."P·a] P F vtr. see (physical sense)
tsaheylu: [tsa."hEj.lu] JC,P F n. bond (neural con- >
tseng(e): ["tsEN(E)] P F n. place
nection) >
> > tsengo: ["tsE.No] P F pn. somewhere (derived
tsakem: ["tsa.kEm] or [tsa."kEm] P F dem. that from tseng place)
(action) (derived from tsa- that and kem ac- >
tsengpe: ["tsEN.pE] P F inter. where allomorph
tion) of peseng
> >
tsakrr: [tsa."kr] P F dem. then, at that time (deri- tseo: ["tsE.o] P F n. art
ved from tsa- " that and krr time) >
> tsewtx: [tsEwt’] P F adj. dirty
tsakrrvay: [tsa."kr.vaj] P F adv. until then, in the >
tsim: [tsim] P F n. source
meantime (c.w." from tsakrr then and vay up >
tsìng: [tsIN] P F num. four
to) >
> tsìve: ["tsI.vE] P F adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived
tsal: [tsal] P F pn. that, it (transitive subject)
> from tsìng four)
tsalsungay: [tsal.su."Naj] P F adv. nevertheless, >
tskalep: ["tska.lEp^] P F n. crossbow
even so >
> tsko: [tsko] P F n. bow (weapon)
tsam: [tsam] P F n. war >
> tsko swizaw: [tsko swi."zaw] P F n. bow and ar-
tsampongu: ["tsam.po.Nu] P F n. war party (c.w.
row (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)
from tsam war and pongu party) >
> tskxe: [tsk’E] P F n. rock, stone
tsamsiyu: ["tsam.si.ju] P F n. warrior (derived >
from tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix) tskxekeng: ["tsk’E.kEN] P F n. training, exercise
> >
tsap’alute: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE] P F n. apology tslam: [tsl·am] P F vtr. understand
> >
tsap’alute si: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE s·i] P F vin. apolo- tsleng: [tslEN] P F adj. false
>
gise (apologize) (c.w. from tsap’alute apology tslolam: [tslo."lam] P F intj. get it, I understand
and si make) (derived from tslam understand and «ol»
> perfect aspect infix)
tsaria: ["tsa.Ri.a] P F conj. that (subordinate clau- >
se marker) (c.w. from tsa’u-ri that (topical) tsmuk: [tsmuk^] P F n. sibling
>
and a relative clause marker) tsmukan: ["tsmu.kan] P F n. brother (derived
> from tsmuk sibling)
tsat: [tsat^] P F pn. that, it (as object) >
> tsmuke: ["tsmu.kE] P F n. sister (derived from
tsata: ["tsa.ta] P F conj. that (subordinate clau-
se marker) (c.w. from tsa’u-t that (accusative) tsmuk sibling)
>
and a relative clause marker) tsmuktu: ["tsmuk.tu] P F n. sibling (derived
> > > > from tsmuk sibling)
tsatseng: [tsa."tsEN] or ["tsa.tsEN] P F dem. there, >
that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng place) tsngal: [tsNal] P F n. cup
> >
tsatu: ["tsa.tu] P F dem. that person (c.w. from tsngan: [tsNan] P F n. meat
>
tsa that and tute person) tsngawvìk: ["tsN·aw.v·Ik^] P F vin. cry, weep
> >
tsaw: [tsaw] P F dem., pn. that, it (as intransitive tsnì: [tsnI] P F conj. that (function word) (with
subject) subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
> >
tsawa: ["tsa.wa] P F conj. that (subordinate mar- tsopì: ["tso.pI] P F n. lung
>
ker) (c.w. from tsa’u that (nominative) and a tspang: [tsp·aN] P F vtr. kill

19
 > >
tsranten: ["tsR·an.t·En] P F vin. matter, be of im- tsulfätu: [tsul."fæ.tu] P F n. master of an art,
port craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulfä
>
tsray: [tsRaj] P F n. village mastery)
> >
tsre’i: ["tsR·E.P·i] P F vtr. throw tsun: [ts·un] P F vin. can, be able (with subjuncti-
>
tstal: [tstal] P F n. knife ve)
> >
tstew: [tstEw] P F adj. brave tsunslu: ["ts·un.sl·u] P F vin. may, be possible
>
tstu: [tstu] P F adj. closed, shut (c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)
> >
tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, thoughtful, tsurokx: [ts·u."R·ok’] P F v. rest
>
considerate tswa’: [tsw·aP^] P F v. forget
> >
tstu si: [tstu s·i] P F vin. close (c.w. from tstu tswayon: ["tsw·aj.·on] P F vin. fly
>
closed and si make) tswin: [tswin] P F n. queue, braid
> > >
tstxo: [tst’o] P F n. name tswintsyìp: ["tswin.tsjIp^] P F n. little queue (de-
>
tstxolì’u: ["tst’o.lI.Pu] P F n. noun (c.w. from rived from tswin queue)
>
tstxo name and lì’u word) tsyal: [tsjal] P F n. wing
> >
tsuksìm: ["tsuk.sIm] P F n. chin tsyo: [tsjo] P F n. flour
> >
tsulfä: [tsul."fæ] P F n. mastery tsyokx: [tsjok’] P F n. hand
> >
tsulfä si: [tsul."fæ s·i] P F vin. master (c.w. from tsyosyu: ["tsjo.sju] P F n. food made from flour
tsulfä mastery and si do, make) (c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)

Tx

txa’: [t’aP^] P F adj. hard txewk: [t’Ewk^] P F n. club (weapon)

txal: [t’al] P F n. back (of the body) txey: [t’·Ej] P F v. halt
txampay: [t’am."paj] P F n. sea, ocean (c.w. from txìm: [t’Im] P F n. butt, rear end, ass
txan great and pay water) txìng: [t’·IN] P F v. leave, abandon
txampxì: [t’am."p’I] P F n. majority, most, large txo: [t’o] P F conj. if
part (derived from txan much) txoa: ["t’o.a] P F n. forgiveness
txan: [t’an] P F adj. great, much, many (in quan- txokefyaw: ["t’o.kE.fjaw] P F conj. if not, or else,
tity) otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw if not
txanew: ["t’a.nEw] P F adj. greedy (c.w. from tx- one path)
an much and new want)
> txon: [t’on] P F n. night
txantsan: ["t’an.tsan] P F adj. excellent
> txon’ong: [t’on."PoN] P F,P rr n. night-fall, sun-
txantslusam: ["t’an.tslu.sam] P F adj. wise (c.w.
set, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and
from txan much and tsl«us»am understand)
> ’ong unfold)
txantstew: ["t’an.tstEw] P F n. hero (c.w. from
txon’ongmaw: [t’on."PoN.maw] P F n. twilight,
txan very and tstew brave)
the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from tx-
txantur: ["t’an.tuR] P F adj. powerful (c.w. from
on’ong sunset and maw after)
txan much and txur strong)
txonam: [t’o."nam] P F adv. last night (derived
txayo: ["t’a.jo] P F n. field, open terrain
from txon night and ham previous)
txärem: ["t’æ.REm] P F n. bone
txe’lan: [t’EP."lan] P F n. heart txonay: [t’o."naj] P F adv. tomorrow night (deri-
txei: [t’E.i] G n. plain ved from txon night and hay next)
txele: ["t’E.lE] P F n. matter (subject) txopu: ["t’o.pu] P F n. fear
txen: [t’En] P F adj. awake txopu si: ["t’o.pu s·i] P F vin. be afraid (c.w. from
txep: [t’Ep^] P F n. fire txopu fear and si do, make)
> txukx: [t’uk’] P F adj. deep (physically)
txeptsyìp: ["t’Ep.tsjIp^] P F n. dear or cute little
fire (derived from txep fire) txula: ["t’·u.l·a] P F v. build, construct
txepvi: ["t’Ep.vi] P F n. spark (derived from txep txum: [t’um] P F n. poison
fire) txur: [t’uR] P F adj. strong (physically)

20
U
u’imi: [u.Pi.mi] ASG n. streamer, pendant
uk: [uk^] n. shadow (derived from toruk last
shadow and PF )
ukxo: [u."k’o] P F adj. dry
ulte: ["ul.tE] P F conj. and (clausal conjunction)
ultxa: [ul."t’a] P F n. meeting
ultxarun: [ul."t’a.R·un] P F v. encounter, meet by
chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting and run
find)
ultxa si: [ul."t’a s·i] P F vin. meet with someone
intentionally (use with)
unil: ["u.nil] JC n. dream
vawm: [vawm] P F adj. dark
vawmpin: ["vawm.pin] P F n. dark color (deri-
ved from vawm dark)
vay–: [vaj] P F adp. up to
vaykrr: [vaj."kr] P F conj. until (c.w. from vay–
up to and krr" time)
vä’: [væP^] P F adj. unpleasant to the senses, no-
isome
ve’kì: [v·EP."k·I] P F vtr. hate
venu: ["vE.nu] P F n. foot
venzek: ["vEn.zEk^] P F n. toe (c.w. from venu
foot and zekwä finger)
way: [waj] P F n. song
waytelem: ["waj.tE.lEm] P F n. song chord (c.w.
from way song and telem cord)
wä+: [wæ] P F adp. against (as in: fight against)
wem: [w·Em] P F vin. fight
wempongu: ["wEm.po.Nu] P F n. squad, milita-
ry clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight and
pongu group)
wew: [wEw] P F adj. cold
weyn: [w·Ejn] P F v. draw, illustrate
win: [win] P F adj. fast
21
uniltìrantokx: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok’] JC,P F n. ava-
tar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltìranyu
dreamwalker and tokx body)
uniltìranyu: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju] P F n. dreamwalker
(c.w. from unil dream and tìranyu walker)
uo–: ["u.o] P F adp. behind
utral: ["ut.Ral] P F n. tree
>
utraltsyìp: ["ut.Ral.tsjIp^] P F n. bush (derived
from utral tree)
uvan: [u."van] P F n. game
uvan si: [u."van s·i] P F vin. play (a game) (c.w.
from uvan game and si make, do)
vey: [vEj] P F n. food made from animal origin,
flesh
virä: [v·i."R·æ] P F v. spread, proliferate
vitra: [vit."Ra] P F n. soul
vol: [vol] P F num. eight
volve: ["vol.vE] P F adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived
from vol eight)
vrrtep: ["vr.tEp^] P F n. demon
vul: [vul] P" F n. branch (of a tree)
vur: [vuR] P F n. story
vurvi: ["vuR.vi] P F n. summary, synopsis (deri-
ved from vur story)
win säpi: [win sæ."p·i] P F vin. hurry (c.w. from
win fast and s«äp»i do (reflexive))
win si: [win s·i] P F vin. rush something, make
something fast (c.w. from win fast and si do)
wiya: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. expression of warning or
frustration, ’damn!’
wìntxu: [w·In."t’·u] P F v. show
wok: [wok^] P F adj. loud
wotx: [wot’] P F n. totality, whole
wrrpa: ["wr.pa] P F n., adv. outside
>
" tso]
wutso: ["wu. P F n. dinner, served meal
Y
ya: [ja] P F n. air
yapay: ["ja.paj] P F n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from
ya air and pay water)
yawne: ["jaw.nE] P F adj. beloved
yawnetu: ["jaw.nE.tu] P F n. loved one (derived
from yawne beloved)
yawntu: ["jawn.tu] P F n. loved one (derived
from yawne beloved)
yaymak: ["jaj.mak^] P F adj. foolish, ignorant
yayo: ["ja.jo] P F n. bird (c.w. from ya air and
ioang animal)
yän: [j·æn] P F vtr. fasten, tie down
ye’krr: ["jEP.kr] P F adv. early (derived from
ye’rìn soon "and krr time)
za’ärìp: [za."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. pull (derived
from ’ärìp move)
za’u: ["z·a.P·u] P F vin. come
zam: [zam] P F num. sixty four
zamunge: [za."m·u.N·E] P F vtr. bring (derived
from munge bring)
zapxì: [za."p’I] P F n. front (part or section) (deri-
ved from hapxì part)
zawng: [z·awN] P F vin. scream
zekwä: ["zEk.wæ] P F n. finger
zene: ["z·E.n·E] P F vin. must (with subjunctive)
zenke: ["z·EN.k·E] P F vin. must not (with subjun-
ctive) (ii) (c.w. from zene must and ke not)
zerok: ["z·E.R·ok^] P F v. remember
zeyko: [zEj."k·o] P F vtr. heal, fix (derived from
zo be well and «eyk» causative infix)
22
ye’rìn: ["jEP.RIn] P F adv. soon
yem: [j·Em] P F vtr. put, place
yemfpay: [jEm."fpaj] P F n. dipping, immersion
(into liquid) (c.w. from yem put and pay wa-
ter)
yemfpay si: [jEm."fpaj s·i] P F vin. dip into liquid
(c.w. from yemfpay dipping and si make, do)
yey: [jEj] P F adj. straight
yìm: [j·Im] P F vtr. bind
yol: [jol] P F adj. short (of time)
yom: [j·om] P F vtr. eat
yomtìng: ["jom.t·IN] P F vin. feed (with dative ob-
ject) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tìng give)
yur: [j·uR] P F v. wash
zìsìkrr: ["zI.sI.kr] P F n. season (derived from
zìsìt year and" krr time)
zìsìt: ["zI.sIt^] P F n. year
zo: [z·o] P F vin. be well, be intact, be as it should
be, work correctly or as nature intended
zong: [z·oN] P F v. save, defend
>
zongtseng: ["zoN.tsEN] P F n. safe place, refuge
(c.w. from zong save and tseng place)
zoplo: [zop."lo] P F n. offence, insult
zoslu: ["zo.sl·u] P F vin. heal, become well, get fix-
ed (c.w. from zo be well and slu become)
zup: [z·up^] P F vin. fall
zusawkrr: [zu."saw.kr] P F n. future (c.w. from
" krr time)
z«us»a’u coming and
A The Number System
The following are charts of Na’vi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in their
singular form, like ’awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underlining
indicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial number
reference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.

Na’vi Numbers: 0 – 39
0 1 2 3 4
0 kew vol mevol pxevol tsìvol
1 ’aw volaw mevolaw pxevolaw tsìvolaw
2 mune vomun mevomun pxevomun tsìvomun
3 pxey vopey mevopey pxevopey tsìvopey
4 tsìng vosìng mevosìng pxevosìng tsìvosìng
5 mrr vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr tsìvomrr
6 pukap vofu mevofu pxevofu tsìvofu
7 kinä vohin mevohin pxevohin tsìvohin

Na’vi Numbers: 40 – 63 Ordinal Numbers

5 6 7 Number + -ve
0 mrrvol puvol kivol 0 – 8 volve
1 mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw 1 ’awve 9 volawve
2 mrrvomun puvomun kivomun 2 muve 10 vomuve
3 mrrvopey puvopey kivopey 3 pxeyve 11 vopeyve
4 mrrvosìng puvosìng kivosìng 4 tsìve 12 vosìve
5 mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr 5 mrrve 13 vomrrve
6 mrrvofu puvofu kivofu 6 puve 14 vofuve
7 mrrvohin puvohin kivohin 7 kive 15 vohive

More Na’vi Numbers:

x1 combining x8 x64 x512 x4096
1 ’aw -aw vol zam vozam zazam
2 mune -mun mevol mezam mevozam mezazam
3 pxey -pey pxevol pxezam pxevozam pxezazam
4 tsìng -sìng tsìvol tsìzam tsìvozam tsìzazam
5 mrr -mrr mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam mrrzazam
6 pukap -fu puvol puzam puvozam puzazam
7 kinä -hin kivol kizam kivozam kizazam

Example Number
zamtsìvosìng zam + tsìvo + sìng 64 + 4∗8 + 4 100

Non-Na’vi Numbers
8 ’eyt 9 nayn

23
B Time
Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.
Stress is again shown with underlining.

Trrtxon
trr’ong dawn
trr’ongmaw after dawn
rewon morning
srekamtrr before noon
kxamtrr noon
Days of the Terrestrial Week
kxamtrrmaw after noon
Sunday trr’awve
ha’ngir early afternoon
Monday trrmuve
kaym late afternoon
Tuesday trrpxeyve
sreton’ong before nightfall
Wednesday trrtsìve
txon’ong nightfall
Thursday trrmrrve
txon’ongmaw after nightfall
Friday trrpuve
txon night
Saturday trrkive
srekamtxon before midnight
kxamtxon midnight
kxamtxomaw after midnight
txon night
sresrr’ong before dawn
trr’ong dawn

C Na’vi Loan Words

’Ìnglìsì: ["PIN.lI.sI] P F n. English language (loa- puk: [puk^] P F n. book (loaned from Eng. book)
ned from Eng. English) >
puktsyìp: ["puk.tsjIp^] P F n. pamphlet, booklet
’Rrta: ["Pr.ta] P F,P rr prop.n. Earth (loaned (derived from puk book)
" Earth)
from Eng. pxir: [p’iR] P F n. beer (loaned from Deutsch bi-
feyzrr: ["fEj.zr] LN n. phaser, ray-gun (loaned er)
from Eng. "phaser) tawsìp: ["taw.sIp^] P F n. sky-ship (loaned from
>
hametsì: [ha.mE.tsI] P F n. leavened bread (loa- Eng. ship)
ned from Hebrew chametz)
toktor: ["tok.toR] P F n. doctor (loaned from
jakesully: [ZEjk’su:li] M n. moron, toruk mak-
" Eng. Jake Sully) (not nor- Eng. doctor)
toyu (loaned from >
mally allowable under Na’vi phonotactic tsyänel: [tsjæ.nEl] P F n. TV channel (loaned
rules) from Eng. channel)
>
kunsìp: ["kun.sIp^] P F n. gunship (loaned from tsyìräfì: [tsjI.Ræ.fI] P F n. giraffe (loaned from
Eng. gunship) Eng. giraffe)
> wou: ["w·o.·u] P F svin. be amazing, fascinating
matsa: [ma.tsa] P F n. matsa, crackers (loaned
from Hebrew matsa) (slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa)
pìlok: [pI."lok^] P F n. blog (loaned from Eng. Yu.E.Sey: [ju.E.sEj] P F prop.n. USA (loaned
blog) from Eng. USA)

24
D Na’vi Proper Nouns
Akwey: [ak."wEj] JC prop.n. male Na’vi
Amanti: [a.man.ti] G prop.n. female of the Tipa-
ni
Amhul: [am."hul] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Änsìt: ["æn.sIt^] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Anurai: [a.nu.Ra.i] G prop.n. clan name
Ateyitan: [a.tEj.i.tan] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo
(derived from Ateyo male name and ’itan
son)
Ateyo: [a."tE.jo] JC prop.n. male Na’vi
ayRam aLusìng: [aj."Ram a.lu."sIN] P F prop.n.
the Floating Mountains (c.w. from ram
mountain and lìng hover)
ayVitrayä Ramunong: [aj.vit."Ra.jæ Ra."mu.noN]
JC prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra soul
and ramunong well)
Entu: ["En.tu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Eytukan: ["Ej.tu.kan] JC prop.n. male leader of
the Omatikaya
Eywa: ["Ej.wa] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (de-
rived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) RL
Eywa’eveng: [­Ej.wa."PE.vEN] JC,P F prop.n.
Pandora (c.w. from Eywa Gaia and ’eveng
child)
Fmilam: [fmi.lam] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
Hukato: [hu.ka.to] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
Ikalu: [i.ka.lu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
Iknimaya: ["ik.ni."ma.ja] JC prop.n. Stairway to
Heaven, the rite of passage for young Na’vi
Ìstaw: [I."staw] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Kamun: ["ka.mun] P F prop.n. male Na’vi (affec-
tionate form Kamtsyìp)
Kaoliä Tei: [ka.o.li.æ tE.i] G prop.n. the plains
of Goliath
Kelutral: ["kE.lut.Ral] P F prop.n. Hometree (c.w.
from kelku home and utral tree)
Kusati: [ku.sa.ti] G prop.n. female warrior of the
Tipani
Li’ona: [li.Po.na] G,P F prop.n. a clan
Loak: ["lo.ak^] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Lompo: [lom.po] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami
Lungoray: [lu.No.Raj] G prop.n. shaman of the
Tipani
Malimi: [ma.li.mi] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-
mi
Marali: [ma.Ra.li] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
25
Maweytakuk: [ma.wEj.ta.kuk^] G prop.n. male
Na’vi
Mekanei: [mE.ka.nE.i] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
pani
Mo’at: ["mo.Pat^] JC prop.n. tsahìk of the Oma-
tikaya (also pronounced Moat)
Mo’at’ite: [mo.Pat.Pi.tE] JC prop.n. daughter of
Mo’at (derived from Mo’at a woman and ’ite
daughter)
Mukata: [mu.ka.ta] G prop.n. male of the Taw-
kami
Na’vi: ["naP.vi] P F prop.n. the People, indige-
nous Pandoran sentient race
Nera’nak: [nE.RaP.nak^] G prop.n. female of the
Tawkami
Newey: [nE."wEj] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Neytiri: [nEj.ti.Ri] JC prop.n. female Na’vi of the
Omatikaya
Ninat: [ni.nat^] JC prop.n. female singer of the
Omatikaya
Nok: [nok^] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami
Oloniwin: [o.lo.ni.win] G prop.n. male elder of
the Tipani
Omati: [o.ma.ti] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami
Omatikaya: [o.ma.ti."ka.ja] JC prop.n. Blue
Flute Clan
Onantu: [o.nan.tu] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-
mi
Otamu: [o.ta.mu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
Otranyu: [ot."Ran.ju] JC prop.n. name
Peyral: [pEj."Ral] P F prop.n. female of the Oma-
tikaya
Rai’uk: [Ra.i.Puk^] G prop.n. male of the Anurai
Raltaw: [Ral.taw] G prop.n. male hunter of the
Tipani
Ralu: ["Ra.lu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Rini: ["Ri.ni] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Rongloa: ["RoN.lo.a] JC prop.n. a clan
Sänume: [sæ.nu.mE] G prop.n. tsahìk of the Ti-
pani (derived from sänume teaching)
Seyvaro: [sEj.va.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Taw-
kami
Seze: ["sE.zE] ZS prop.n. Neytiri’s banshee
Silwanin: [sil.wa.nin] JC prop.n. Neytiri’s sister
Sorewn: [so."REwn] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Swawta: [swaw.ta] G prop.n. male of the Tipani

Swotulu: ["swo.tu.lu] P F prop.n. sacred river
(derived from swotu sacred place)
Ta’antasi: [ta.Pan.ta.si] G prop.n. Tantalus,
rocky place on Pandora
Tasun: [ta.sun] G prop.n. male hunter of the
Lì’ona
Tawkami: [taw.ka.mi] G prop.n. a clan (c.w.
from taw sky and kame see)
Tawtute: ["taw.tu.tE] P F prop.n. Sky-person,
human (c.w. from taw sky and tute person)
Tilikaru: [ti.li.ka.Ru] G prop.n. a Tipani village
Tipani: [ti.pa.ni] G prop.n. a clan
> Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt)
Tsa’law: [tsaP.law] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-
mi
> Utral Aymokriyä: ["ut.Ral aj."mok.Ri.jæ] JC,P F
Tsahìk: ["tsa.hIk^] JC prop.n. matriarch, high
priestess, interpreter
>
Tsaro: [tsa.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
>
Tsenu: ["tsE.nu] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
>
Tskaha: ["tska.ha] JC prop.n. a tribe or clan
>
Tsmuke: [tsmu.kE] G prop.n. a Tipani village
E Flora and Fauna
Flora
’ä’o: ["Pæ.Po] P F n. pitcher plant
’ampirikx: ["Pam.pi.Rik’] P F n. leaf pitcher plant
(c.w. from ’ampi touch and rikx move)
’ele’wll: ["PE.lEP.wl] P F n. thorny paw, cactus
(derived from ’ewll " plant)
anìheyu: [a.nI."hE.ju] P F n. fibonacci, blue spiral
plant (c.w. from ean blue and ’ìheyu spiral)
apxangrr: [a."p’a.Nr] P F n. delta tree (c.w. from
apxa large and ngrr " root)
awaiei: [a.wa.i."E.i] P F n. banshee of paradise
eanean: ["E.an."E.an] P F n. cheadle, herbaceous
plant (c.w. from ean blue)
eyaye: [E."ja.jE] P F n. warbonnet
fkxakewll: ["fk’a.kE.wl] P F n. itch plant (c.w.
" ’ewll plant)
from fkxake itch and
flefle: ["flE.flE] P F n. Sol’s delight, magnetotrophic
plant
fngapsutxwll: ["fNap.sut’.wl] P F n. metal-
following plant (c.w. from" fngap metal and
sutx follow)
fwäkìwll: ["fwæ.kI.wl] P F n. mantis orchid (c.w.
from fwäkì mantis" and ’ewll plant)
hìrumwll: [hI."Rum.wl] P F n. puffer plant
"
26
>
Tsu’tey: [tsuP."tEj] JC prop.n. male of the Oma-
tikaya
>
Tsumongwi: [tsu.moN.wi] JC prop.n. original
name for the Omatikaya
Tuke: ["tu.kE] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Txewì: ["t’E.wI] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Txilte: ["t’il.tE] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
>
Ukamtsu: [u.kam.tsu] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
pani
Umkansa: [um.kan.sa] G prop.n. a Tipani vil-
lage
Uniltaron: [­u.nil."ta.Ron] P F prop.n. Dream
Unipey: [u.ni.pEj] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral tree
and mokri voice)(from utraya mokri J C)
Va’erä Ramunong: [va.PE.Ræ Ra.mu.noN] G
prop.n. Vaderas Hollow
Va’ru: ["vaP.Ru] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Vayaha: [va.ja.ha] G prop.n. a Tipani village
kllpxiwll: [kl."p’i.wl] P F n. lionberry (c.w. from
kllte ground" and" pxiwll sharp plant)
kxaylte: ["k’ajl.tE] P F n. cillaphant (derived
from kxayl high)
loreyu: [lo."RE.ju] P F n. helicoradian, beautiful
spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and ’ìheyu spi-
ral)
mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner, twisted lily (deri-
ved from mìn turn)
mulpxar: [mul."p’aR] P F n. roosterhead plant
pa’liwll: ["paP.li.wl] P F n. direhorse pitcher plant
(c.w. from pa’li" direhorse and ’ewll plant)
>
pamtseowll: ["pam.tsE.o.wl] P F n. cat ear, mu-
sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo" music and ’ewll
plant)
paywll: ["paj.wl] P F n. water plant, dapophet
(c.w. from pay " water and ’ewll plant)
penghrrap: [pEN."hr.ap^] P F n. binary sunshine,
fringed lamp (c.w." from peng tell and hrrap
danger)
pxayzekwä: [p’aj."zEk.wæ] P F n. spiny whips
(c.w. from pxay many and zekwä finger)

pxiut: ["p’i.ut^] P F n. razor palm, sharp tree (c.w.
from pxi sharp and utral tree)
pxiwll: ["p’i.wl] P F n. hermit bud plant (c.w.
from pxi sharp" and ’ewll plant)
pxorna’: ["p’oR.naP^] P F n. episoth, exploding
seed (c.w. from pxor explode and rina’ seed)
pxorna’lor: ["p’oR.naP."loR] P F n. sari, beautiful
exploding seed plant (c.w. from pxorna’ ex-
ploding seed and lor beautiful)
rawp: [Rawp^] P F n. bladder polyp
rumut: ["Rum.ut^] P F n. ball tree (c.w. from rum
ball and utral tree)
seze: ["sE.zE] P F,ZS n. blue flower
smaoe: [sma."o.E] P F n. phalanxia, heavily thor-
ned plant
sngukx: [sNuk’] P F n. grub plant
somtìlor: ["som.tI.loR] P F n. popsicle, hot beauty
(c.w. from som hot and tìlor beauty)
syeptute: ["sjEp.tu.tE] P F n. hyneman, person
trapper (c.w. from syep trap and tute person)
tautral: ["ta.ut.Ral] P F n. sky tree (c.w. from taw
sky and utral tree)
> smell)
tawtsngal: ["taw.tsNal] P F n. panopyra, sky cup
(c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup)
tìhawnuwll: [tI."haw.nu.wl] P F n. spartan, pro-
tection plant (c.w. from" tìhawnu protection
and ’ewll plant)
tompawll: ["tom.pa.wl] P F n. geode, rain plant
(c.w. from tompa rain " and ’ewll plant)
torukspxam: ["to.Ruk.sp’am] P F n. octoshroom,
great leonopteryx fungus (c.w. from toruk
great leonopteryx and spxam mushroom)
Fauna
>
’angtsìk: ["PaN.tsIk^] P F n. hammerhead
eltungawng: ["El.tu.NawN] P F n. brainworm
(c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm)
fkio: ["fki.o] P F n. tetrapteron
fpxafaw: ["fp’a.faw] P F n. medusa
fwäkì: ["fwæ.kI] P F n. mantis
ikran: ["ik.Ran] JC n. banshee
ikranay: ["ik.Ra.naj] ASG n. forest banshee (Not
PF)
kali’weya: [ka.liP.wE.ja] ASG n. species of poiso-
nous arachnid
kenten: ["kEn.tEn] P F n. fan lizard
lonataya: [lo.na.ta.ja] ASG n. medusa
27
>
tsawlapxangrr: ["tsawl.a.p’a.Nr] P F n. unidelta
tree, lit. tall large root (c.w." from tsawl big
and ngrr root)(for short, tsawlapx)
>
tstxa’a: ["tst’a.Pa] P F n. canalyd
>
tsyorina’wll: [tsjo.Ri."naP.wl] P F n. cycad, flour
seed plant (c.w. from rina’ " seed and ’ewll
plant)
txll’u: ["t’l.Pu] P F n. hookagourd
"
txumpaywll: ["t’um.paj.wl] P F n. scorpion
thistle, poison water plant " (c.w. from txum
poison and paywll water plant)
>
txumtsä’wll: [t’um."tsæP.wl] P F n. Baja tickler,
" from tsä’ squirt
poison-squirting plant (c.w.
and ’ewll plant)
utral utu mauti: [ut.Ral u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n.
push fruit tree (c.w. from utral tree and utu
mauti push fruit)
utu mauti: [u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n. banana fruit,
push fruit
väfewll: ["væ.fE.wl] P F n. Centipede, bad-smell
plant (c.w. from" vä’ unpleasant and fahew
värumut: ["væ.Ru.mut^] P F n. vein pod (c.w.
from vä’ unpleasant and rum ball)
Vitrautral: [vit."Ra.ut.Ral] P F prop.n. Tree of
Souls (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree)
yomhì’ang: [jom."hIP.aN] P F n. small ani-
mal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eat
and hì’ang insect)
yomioang: [jom.i."o.aN] P F n. chalice plant (c.w.
from yom eat and ioang animal)
nantang: ["nan.taN] JC,P F n. viperwolf Canifer-
ratus costatus, striped armored wolf
pa’li: ["paP.li] P F n. direhorse
palulukan: [­pa.lu."lu.kan] JC n. thanator (col-
loquial [pa."lu.kan])
riti: ["Ri.ti] JC n. stingbat
syaksyuk: [sjak."sjuk^] P F n. prolemuris
talioang: ["tal.­i.o.aN] JC n. sturmbeest (derived
from ioang animal)
teylu: ["tEj.lu] JC n. beetle larva
toruk: ["to.Ruk^] JC n. great leonopteryx, last sha-
dow
yerik: ["jE.Rik^] P F n. hexapede
zize’: [zi."zEP^] P F n. hellfire wasp
F Useful Phrases
These are some useful idiomatic phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the
morphemes are probably invariable. I’ve included these not only to show instances where a
phrase encapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common construc-
tions. For this reason I have also included some single words again here.

’efu ohakx: ["P·E.f·u o."hak’] P F phrase be hungry (derived from ’efu feel and ohakx hungry)
ätxäle pa(lu)lukanur: [æ."t’æ.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR] P F phrase ’Ask a thanator to release it’s prey’, ’it’s a
foregone conclusion’ (from Na’vi idiom Ätxäle si palulukanur tsnì smarit livonu)
etrìpa syayvi: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi] P F phrase good luck (derived from etrìp favourable and syayvi
luck)
Eywa ngahu: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu] JC,P F phrase goodbye, Eywa (be) with you (derived from Eywa Gaia
and ngahu with you)
ftxey...fuke: [ft’Ej fu."kE] P F phrase whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not)
fyape fko syaw ngar?: ["fja.pE fko sj·aw NaR] P F phrase what are you called, what is your name
hayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)] P F phrase next time from me (derived from hayalo
next time and oeta from me)
hayalovay: [ha."ja.lo.vaj] P F phrase until next time (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- until)
irayo: [i."Raj.o] P F intj. thanks, thank you
kaltxì: [kal."t’I] P F intj. hello (casual)
ke pxan: [kE p’an] P F phrase I’m not worthy (derived from ke not and pxan worthy)
ke...kaw’it: [kE kaw."Pit^] P F phrase not...at all (derived from ke not and kaw’it at all)
kea tìkin: ["kE.a tI."kin] P F phrase no need (for thanks) (derived from kea no and tìkin need)
kefya srak: [kE."fja sRak^] P F phrase isn’t that so? right? no? (derived from fya’o way and srak
yes?)
kìyevame: [kI.jE."va.m·E] P F intj. good-bye, see you again soon (derived from kame see and «ìyev»
future subjunctive infix)
krro krro: ["kr.o "kr.o] P F phrase at times, on occasion (derived from krr time)
" >
" kop plltxe: ["k’E.tsE
kxetse sì mikyun sI "mik.jun kop^ pl."t’E] W A,P F phrase the tail and ears
speak too "
makto zong: ["mak.to zoN] P F phrase take care, travel safely (derived from mivakto may you ride
and nìzawnong safely)
nga yawne lu oer: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER] P F phrase I love you, you are beloved to me
ngari txe’lan mawey livu: ["Na.Ri t’EP."lan ma."wEj li."vu] P F phrase don’t worry, may your heart
be calm
ngaru lu fpom srak?: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^] P F phrase How are you? are you well?
>
ngaru tsulfä: ["Na.Ru tsul."fæ] P F phrase to your the mastery (derived from ngaru to you and
tsulfä mastery)
ngaru tut: ["Na.Ru tut^] P F phrase and to you? and you? (derived from nga you and tut continua-
tion marker) (After a question with a dative subject)
>
ngeyä kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj.æ "k’E.tsE l·u "wE.Ru] P F phrase your tail is mine, you’re going down
nìprrte’: [nI."pr.tEP^] P F adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure
oe irayo si ngaru:" ["o.E i."Raj.o s·i "Na.Ru] P F phrase I give thanks to you, thank you
oel ngati kameie: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E] P F phrase I see you, hello (familiar)
oeru meuia: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a] P F phrase an honor to me, it was an honour (derived from oeru to
me and meuia honor)
oeru teya si: ["wE.Ru tE."ja s·i] P F phrase fills me with satisfaction, joy (derived from oeru to me
and teya si fill)

28
oeru txoa livu: ["wE.Ru "t’o.a li."vu] P F phrase please forgive me, may forgiveness be to me
pum ngeyä: [pum "NE.jæ] P F phrase yours, I should thank you (derived from pum possession
(dummy pronoun) and ngeyä your)
seykxel sì nitram: [sEj."k’El sI nit."Ram] P F phrase strong and happy!, congratulations (derived
from seykxel strong and nitram happy)
tì’efumì oeyä: [tI."PE.fu.mI "wE.jæ] P F phrase in my opinion (derived from tì’efu feeling and oeyä
my)
tì’i’avay krrä: [tI."PiP.a.vaj "kr.æ] P F phrase forever, until the end of time (derived from tì’i’avay
until the end and krr time) "
tìkxey ngaru: [tI."k’Ej "Na.Ru] P F phrase you’re wrong (derived from tìkxey incorrectness and
ngaru to you)
tìyawr ngaru: [tI."jawR "Na.Ru] P F phrase you’re right (derived from tìyawr correctness and ngaru
to you)
tokx eo tokx: [tok’ "E.o tok’] P F phrase face to face, in person
>
tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, that was kind of you to say
txon lefpom: [t’on lE."fpom] P F phrase good night, peaceful night (derived from txon night and
lefpom happy)
zola’u nìprrte’: [zol."a.P·u nI."pr.tEP^] P F phrase come pleasurably, welcome (derived from z«ol»a’u
come and nìprrte’ pleasurably) "

G The Alphabet
Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Na’vi way of listing and
pronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language—20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2
“pseudo-vowels” (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.

The Alphabet
’ tìFtang k KeK s Sä
a A kx Kxekx t TeT
aw AW l LeL tx TxeTx
ay AY ll ’Ll ts Tsä
ä Ä m MeM u U
e E n NeN v Vä
ew EW ng NgeNg w Wä
ey EY o O y Yä
f Fä p PeP z Zä
h Hä px PxePx
i I r ReR
ì Ì rr ’Rr

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H Illegal Words
These are illegal words that are not from Frommer: I have included them as they are in the
corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Na’vi words. The following words, or their roots,
either break syllable rules that Frommer set forth, or have at least one of the following illegal
sounds, spellings, or digraphs:
’h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h’ [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:]
ar’lek: [arPlEk^] G n. a seed-bearing plant
Beyda’amo: [bEjdaPamo] G prop.n. male warri-
or of the Tipani
chan’tu gor’ek nuuto: [tSanPtu gorPEk^nuuto]
ASG n. stone jar
chey: [tSEj] ASG n. possesions rack (derived from
P’ah s’ivil chey rack)
Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta: [Ejwa kPsEj niviP-
briPsta] ASG n. hammock, from Eywa cradles
everyone
Eywa s’ilivi mas’kit nivi: [Ejwa sPilivi masP-
kit^nivi] ASG Ewya’s wisdom is revealed to all
of us
Eywa te’ _ tan’sey mak’ta: [Ejwa tEP tanP-
sEj makPta] ASG n. ikran queue harness, lit.
the love of Eywa’s embrace is gifted to (personal
name)
feru m’predu’k: [fEru mPpREduPk^] ASG n. bas-
ket
Gro’lryc: [gRoPlRjc] G prop.n. a series of caves
iveh k’nivi s’dir: [ivEh kPnivi sPdir] ASG n. ba-
by sling
k’sey nivi: [kPsEj nivi] ASG n. group sleep
> sumin’sey hulleh: [suminPsEj hulEh] ASG slee-
Koo Tsura: [ko: tsu.Ra] G prop.n. a Tipani vil-
lage
Kyuna: [kjuna] G prop.n. female of the Anurai
lenay’ga: [lEnajPga] ASG n. slinger, predatory
animal
m’resh’tuyu: [mPRESPtuju] or [mPREshPtuju]
ASG n. shield
malmoks: [malmoks] G n. rings of stone
mas’kit nivi sa’nok: [masPkit^nivi saPnok^]
ASG mother loom
Mendala: [mEn.da.la] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
pani
meresh’ti cau’pla: [mERESPti kauPpla] or
[meReshPti kauPpla] ASG n. banshee catcher,
bola, lit. nothing to see
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mesh’kai huru: [mESPkai huRu] P N D n. cooking
pot
mreki u’lito: [mREki uPlito] ASG n. fire pit
na’hla buk’ne: [naPhla bukPnE] ASG n. direhor-
se lead, lit. face pull
Naalot: [na:.lot^] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
>
nikt’chey: [niktPtshEj] or [niktPtSEj] ASG n.
small bit of food, packed lunch
nivi: [ni.vi] ASG n. hammock (informal), us (de-
rived from Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta Ewya
cradles everyone)
omati s’ampta: [omati sPampta] ASG n. blue
flute
P’ah s’ivil chey: [pPah sPivil tSEj] ASG n. perso-
nal belongings rack
pxtxawng: [p’t’awN] JC n. douchebag
shah-tell: [Sah.tEl] ASG n. shuttle (loaned from
Eng. shuttle) (not normally allowable under
Na’vi phonotactic rules)
su’shiri t’acto sa: [suPshiri tPacto sa] or
[suPshiri tPacto sa] ASG n. toy ikran
sumin jiit’luy: [sumin ZiitPluy] ASG n. leaf plate
"
ping outside of the group
t’riti so jahmka: [tPRiti so Zahmka] ASG n. pen-
dulum drum
Tan Jala: [tan jala] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
tmi nat’sey: [tmi natPsEj] ASG n. bladder lan-
tern, from food here
U’imi huyuticaya: [uPimi hujutikaja] ASG
prop.n. a clan
>
ulivi mari’tsey mak’dini’to: [Ulivi mariPtsEj
makPdiniPto] ASG loom, lit. branches of the
tree look to each other for strength, or many
branches together are strong
ulu’tah inib’sey mulsi: [uluPtah inibPsEy mul-
si] ASG n. leaf plate
I Inflections
Verbal Infixes

alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. PAST), derived from am +
ol: Oe tsng«alm»awvìk. I wept.
aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. FUT.), derived from ay + ol:
Oe h«aly»angham. I will have laughed.
am: [am] LN past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tsw«am»ayon. I flew.
äng: [æN] LN pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2 (PEJ .): Oe sr«äng»ew. I dance (ugh!).
äp: [æp] P F reflexive verbal infix the pre-first position (REFL .): Oe st«äp»eftxaw. I check myself.
arm: [aRm] LN imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. PAST.), derived from am
+ er: Oe tsng«arm»awvìk. I was weeping.
ary: [aR.j] LN imperfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. FUT.), derived from ay
+ er: Oe h«ary»angham. I will be laughing.
asy: [asj] P F future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. D .): Oel tspam«asy»ang
palulukanit. I will definately kill the thanator.
>
ats: [ats] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position 2
(INFR .): Oel tsp«ats»ang poanit. I killed him (I think.)
awn: [awn] P F passive participle verbal infix the pre-first position (P. PART.): Oe t«awn»aron-a
túte lu. I am a hunted person.
ay: [aj] LN future tense verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ay»aron. I will hunt the
yerik.
ei: [Ei] LN laudative affect verbal infix in position 2 (LAUD .): Oe sr«ei»ew. I dance (hooray!).
er: [ER] P F imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe t«er»ìran. I am walking.
eyk: [Ejk] P F causative verbal infix the pre-first position (CAUS .): Oel t«eyk»erkup pot. I caused
him to die.
ìlm: [Il.m] LN perfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. REC . PAST.), derived
from ìm + ol: Oe t«ìlm»ätxaw. I just now returned.
ilv: [il.v] P F present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . PER . SUBJ .): Oe new
tsl«ilv»am. I want to understand.
ìly: [Il.j] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. IMM . FUT.), deri-
ved from ìy + ol: Oe h«ìly»ahaw. I will have slept soon.
ìm: [Im] LN recent past verbal infix in position 1 (REC . PAST.): Oe tsw«ìm»ayon. I just flew.
imv: [im.v] P F past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PAST. SUBJ .): Oe namew tsl«imv»am
I wanted to understand.
ìrm: [IRm] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. REC . PAST.), derived
from ìm + er: Oe t«ìrm»ätxaw. I was just now returning.
irv: [iR.v] P F present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . IMPF. SUBJ .): Oe
new tsl«irv»am. I want to be understanding.
ìry: [IR.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. IMM . FUT.),
derived from ìy + er: Oe h«ìry»ahaw. I will be sleeping soon.
ìsy: [Isj] P F immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT. D .):
Oel tsp«ìsy»ang palulukanit. I will definately kill the thanator soon.
iv: [iv] LN subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1 (SUBJ .): Ngal new futa oe w«iv»em. You
want this thing: for me to fight.
ìy: [Ij] LN immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ìy»aron. I
will hunt the yerik soon.

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ìyev: [I.jEv] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel k«ìyev»ame ngati.
I will see you soon.
iyev: [i.jEv] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel k«iyev»ame ngati.
I will see you soon.
ol: [ol] P F perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.): Oe t«ol»ìran. I walked (finished
action).
us: [us] LN active participle verbal infix the pre-first position (A . PART.): Oe t«us»aron-a túte lu.
I am a hunting person.
uy: [u.j] P F honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2 (HON .): Na’viyä,
l«uy»u hapxì. You are part of The People.

Noun Case and Plurality Inflections

–ä: [æ] P F genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, ä, e, i and ì (allomorph of yä)
(GEN .): Oel yom ikranä yerikit. I eat the ikran’s yerik.
–ìl: [Il] P F ergative case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(allomorph of l) (ERG .): Ikranìl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.
–ìri: [IRi] P F topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of ri) (TOP.): Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.
–it: [it^] P F accusative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(allomorph of t, ti) (ACC .): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–l: [l] LN ergative case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG .): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–ri: [Ri] P F topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.
–ru: [Ru] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of –ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet
ngaru tìng. I give food to you.
–t: [t^] LN accusative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of it, ti) (ACC .): Oel ngat
kame. I see you.
–ti: [ti] LN accusative for pronouns and nouns (ACC .): Ngati taron torukìl. The toruk hunts you.
–ur: [uR] P F dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of –ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oeyä. To my friends.
–y: [j] P F genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN .): Ngey toruk sìltsan lu.
Your toruk is good.
–yä: [jæ] LN genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, ä, e, i and ì (allomorph of ä) (GEN .): Oel
yeiom Neytiriyä yerikit. I happily eat Neytiri’s yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns:
may look like –eyä)
–ya: [ya] P F,M vocative suffix for collective nouns: Mawey, Na’viya. Calm, you Na’vi.
ay+: [aj] P F plural for nouns (PL .): Ay+horen flä. The rules succeed.
me+: [mE] LN dual for nouns (DU .): Oel new me+olet. I want two lakes.
pxe+: [p’E] P F trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI .): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three children.
(Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun which
often undergoes ellision)
Other Inflections

Not all Na’vi inflections are productive. Here (0) indicates unproductivity, which means
it cannot be freely applied and each Frommerian form is in the lexicon, while (4) indicates
complete productivity. All verbal infixes, case and plurality markers are entirely productive.

–a–: [a] P F (4) adjectival attributive marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aean tswayon. I fly the excel-
lent blue ikran.

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–an: [an] LN (1) masculine suffix for certain nouns: Oe poan lu. I am a dude.
–e: [E] P F (1) feminine suffix for certain nouns: Oe poe ke lu. I am not a girl.
–lo: [lo] P F (3) multiplicative number suffix for nouns: ’Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang.
–ng: [N] LN (0) clusivity for pronouns (CLUS .): Ayoeng rol. We all sing.
–o: [o] P F (4) indefinite suffix: Oel tspamang tuteot. I killed someone.
>
–tsyìp: [tsjIp^] P F (4) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns: Za’u fìtseng, ma ’itetsyìp. Come
here, little daughter.
–tu: [tu] P F (3) person noun from non-verbal stem deriving affix Oe reltseotu lu. I am an artist.
–ve: [vE] P F (4) ordinal suffix for numbers (irregular but predictable from the ordinals from
one to eight): Koren a’awve tìruseyä ’awsiteng. The first rule of living together.
–vi: [vi] P F (2) partitive relationship marker: Oe nume mì numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom.
–yu: [ju] LN (4) agent noun deriving affix Oe ska’ayu ke lu. I am not a destroyer.
le–: [lE] P F (0) adjective deriving affix Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous.
nì–: [nI] LN (0) adverbial deriving affix Oe nìNa’vi plltxe. I speak na’vi-ly. (Like a Na’vi.) ((4)
Productive for adjectives only - otherwise modify nìfya’o with appropriate adjective or
relative clause)
pe+: [pE] LN (4) affix inter. marker what: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile?
sä–: [sæ] P F (0) instrumental noun deriving affix Oel sänumet nume. I learn the teaching.
si: [s·i] LN (0) postpositional verb deriving affix Oe kelku si Kelutralmì. I live in Hometree. (lit.
I home make in Hometree.)
tì–: [tI] LN (0) noun deriving affix Tìngay sìltsan lu. The truth is good.
tì– –us–: [tI us] P F (4) gerund (verbal noun) deriving affix

J The Changelog
This is the changelog. I’ve kept it in, not for translators, who should contact Tuiq, but for the
reader, who would presumably like to know what I’ve done.

• 11.346 Added lì’upam accent. Added natkenong for example, as an example. Keyey. Added
subjunctive note to nìrangal. Keyey in an example. Added more ordinals to the number
section, and an example number. Added pxelo. Fixed errors. Added pamrelfya spelling.
Added stress for that. Added all I could from here: law si, ngari txe’lan mawey livu,
tokx eo tokx, tìsung, naer, atxkxerel, nìtengfya make clear, don’t worry, face to face, addition,
drink, map, as (adv.). Added the Alphabet Appendix, and tìftang glottal stop. Added new
words from Mipa ayopin mipa aylì’u: new colors, new words. Noted derivation of tor,
uk, moved cooking pot to Illegal. Added tìspe’e capture. Added makto zong take care to
the phrase section. Moved tokx eo tokx to phrases. Noted ti- «us» as productive. Added
tìftxavang passion, kxetse sì mikyun kop plltxe the ears and tail speak too, edited syuve
to mark that it is a collective noun and cannot be pluralised. Changed tei to txei due
to plural usage. Added stxeli, tìtstonwi, ngrrpongu gift, kindness, grassroots movement,
edited cross-referencing error in prrkxentrrkrr, edited takip– to mark lack of lenition.
Fixed error in ngrrpongu.

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