DIAGNOSTIC TESTS PROCEDURE

OF THE:

A. BREAST AND AXILLA

B. HEART AND CENTRAL VESSELS

C. PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM

D. ABDOMEN
 BREAST AND AXILLA
DIAGNOSTIC TEST/S
Mammogram
- is an X-ray of the breast. It is
commonly used to screen for
breast cancer. If an abnormality is
detected on a screening
mammogram, your doctor may
recommend a diagnostic
mammogram to further evaluate
that abnormality.
Breast ultrasound
- Ultrasound uses sound waves to
produce images of structures
deep within the body. Ultrasound
may be used to determine
whether a new breast lump is a
solid mass or a fluid-filled cyst.
PROCEDURE
1. Patient undress from waist up, taking off any
necklaces.
2. Depending on the testing facility, patient may
either stand or sit during mammogram
3. Each breasts fits onto a flat X-ray plate
4. A compressor will then push the breast down
to flatten the tissue. This provides a clearer
picture of the breast.
5. Patient might have to hold their breath for
each picture. May feel a small amount of
pressure or discomfort, but it’s usually brief.
1. Before the ultrasound, the doctor will examine
the patient’s breast. He/she would then be ask to
undress from the waist up and to lie on their back
on an ultrasound table.
2. A clear gel will be applied to patient’s breast.
This conductive gel helps the sound waves travel
through your skin.
3. A wand-like device called a transducer will be
move over his/her breast. The transducer sends
and receives high-frequency sound waves. As
the waves bounce off the internal structures of
your breast, the transducer records changes in
their pitch and direction. This creates a real-time
recording of the inside of your breast on a
computer monitor. If something suspicious will be
found, multiple pictures will be taken.
4. Once the images have been recorded, the
clear gel will be clean off the patient’s breast.
He/she could then get dress.
 1. Patient will be positioned lying face up on the
examination table or turned slightly to the side.

2. A local anesthetic will be injected into the skin

and more deeply into the breast to numb it.

3. Pressing the transducer to the breast, the

sonographer or radiologist will locate the lesion.

4. A very small nick is made in the skin at the site

where the biopsy needle is to be inserted.

5. The radiologist, monitoring the lesion site with

the ultrasound probe, will insert the needle and
Biopsy advance it directly into the mass.
 is the only definitive way to
make a diagnosis of breast 5. Tissue samples are then removed using one of
cancer. During a biopsy, your
three methods:
doctor uses a specialized
needle device guided by X-ray
 In a fine needle aspiration, a fine gauge
or another imaging test to
extract a core of tissue from the needle and a syringe withdraw fluid or
suspicious area. Often, a small clusters of cells.
metal marker is left at the site  In a core needle biopsy, the automated
within your breast so the area mechanism is activated, moving the needle
can be easily identified on forward and filling the needle trough, or
future imaging tests.
shallow receptacle, with 'cores' of breast
tissue. The outer sheath instantly moves
forward to cut the tissue and keep it in the
trough. This process is repeated three to six
times.
 With a vacuum-assisted device (VAD),
vacuum pressure is used to pull tissue from
the breast through the needle into the
sampling chamber. Without withdrawing and
reinserting the needle, it rotates positions and
collects additional samples. Typically, eight
to 10 samples of tissue are collected from
around the lesion.
 6. After this sampling, the needle will be
removed. If a surgical biopsy is being performed,
a wire is inserted into the suspicious area as a
guide for the surgeon.

7. A small marker may be placed at the biopsy

site so that it can be located in the future if
necessary.

8. Once the biopsy is complete, pressure will be

applied to stop any bleeding and the opening in
the skin is covered with a dressing. No sutures are
needed. A mammogram may be performed to
confirm that the marker is in the proper position.
This procedure is usually completed within an
hour.

1. Patient will be positioned on the moveable

examination table. Straps and bolsters may be
used to help him/her to stay still and maintain the
correct position during imaging. For an MRI of the
breast, patient will lie face down on a platform
specially designed for the procedure. The
platform has openings to accommodate his/her
Breast Magnetic Resonance breasts and allow them to be imaged without
Imaging (MRI) compression. It is important to remain very still
 An MRI machine uses a magnet throughout the exam.
and radio waves to create
pictures of the interior of your 2. If MRI of the breast is being performed for the
breast. Before a breast MRI, you sole purpose of determining if you have a
receive an injection of dye. ruptured breast implant, you will not be given
Unlike other types of imaging contrast material. If the exam is being performed
tests, an MRI doesn't use for any other reason, you will need to have a
radiation to create the images. contrast material injected intravenously. MRI of
the breast without contrast material is
inadequate for identifying breast cancers.

3. If a contrast material will be used in the MRI

exam, a physician, nurse or technologist will insert
an intravenous (IV) catheter, also known as an IV
line, into a vein in your hand or arm. A saline
 solution may be used to inject the contrast
material. The solution will drip through the IV to
prevent blockage of the IV catheter until the
contrast material is injected.

4. Patient will be placed into the magnet of the

MRI unit and the radiologist and technologist will
perform the examination while working at a
computer outside of the room.

5. If a contrast material is used during the

examination, it will be injected into the
intravenous line (IV) after an initial series of scans.
Additional series of images will be taken during or
following the injection.

6. When the examination is complete, patient

may be asked to wait until the technologist or
radiologist checks the images in case additional
images are needed. Intravenous line will be
removed.

7. MRI exams generally include multiple runs

(sequences), some of which may last several
minutes. The imaging session lasts between 30
minutes and one hour and the total examination
is usually completed within an hour and a half.
MR spectroscopy, which provides additional
information on the chemicals present in the
body's cells, may also be performed during the
MRI exam and may add approximately 15
minutes to the total exam time.
REFERENCES:
1. https://www.healthline.com/health/mammography#procedure
2. https://www.healthline.com/health/breast-ultrasound#procedure
3. https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=breastbius
4. https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=breastmr#how-its-performed
 HEART AND CENTRAL VESSELS
DIAGNOSTIC TEST/S
Electrocardiogram
(ECG/EKG)
 is a simple, painless procedure
that measures electrical signals
in your heart. Each time your
heart beats, an electrical signal
travels through the heart. An
EKG can show if your heart is
beating at a normal rate and
strength. It also helps show the 3. The activity will be displayed on the computer's
size and position of your heart's
monitor and/or printed out on paper.
chambers. An abnormal EKG
can be a sign of heart disease
4. The procedure only takes about three minutes.
or damage.
Cardiac Stress Test
 (also referred to as a cardiac
diagnostic test,
cardiopulmonary exercise test,
or abbreviated CPX test) is a
cardiological test that
measures the heart's ability to
respond to external stress in a
controlled clinical environment.
The stress response is induced
by exercise or by intravenous
pharmacological stimulation.
PROCEDURE
1. Patient will lie on an exam table.
2. A health care provider will place several
electrodes (small sensors that stick to the skin) on
the patient’s arms, legs, and chest. The provider
may need to shave or trim excess hair before
placing the electrodes. The electrodes are
attached by wires to a computer that records
your heart's electrical activity.
1. Obtain brief history. Check as to
appropriateness of ordered test. Read baseline
ECG, note any baseline abnormalities and
compare with previous ECG. If patient has prior
cardiac stress test, obtain for comparison
posttest. Perform heart and lung exam, and
document vital signs. Consult with attending
physician as needed.
2. Confirm with technician that the 12 lead hook-
up is correct and that the patient has been
instructed as to how to get on and off the
exercise equipment.
3. Place or check intravenous line for patency if
using isotope for nuclear study or contrast for
ECHO study.
4. Check resting ECHO, spirometry baseline or
nuclear images as indicated and 2assure
availability of ECHO technician and/or nuclear
medicine technician.
 5. Do a time out with all appropriate checks prior
to procedure.

6. Explain procedure to patient and/or

parent/guardian. Discuss risks, benefits, and
obtain informed consent.

7. Begin exercise test, monitoring the 12 lead

ECG, vital signs, oxygen saturation, and
symptoms throughout the test.

8. For nuclear tests, have the isotope injected

into the intravenous line at peak exercise as
determined by symptoms, ECG changes, or peak
exercise. If able, have the patient continue to
exercise for about one minute post injection. If
performing ECHO with stress test, ECHO images
are obtained immediately after exercise is
stopped.

9. During the recovery period, monitor the

patient for 8-10 minutes or until symptoms and/or
ECG and vital signs return to baseline.

10. If adverse hemodynamic responses occur,

significant arrhythmias, ST depression greater
than 2 mm or ST elevation greater than 1 mm
occur, stop the test immediately. Perform
emergency procedures. Any adverse effects or
complications are reported to the attending
physician immediately

1. A cholesterol test is a blood test, usually done

Complete Cholesterol Test in the morning since the patient will need to fast
- also called a lipid panel or lipid for the most accurate results. Blood is drawn from
profile — is a blood test that can a vein, usually from his/her arm.
measure the amount of cholesterol
and triglycerides in your blood. This 2. Before the needle is inserted, the puncture site
test can help determine your risk of is cleaned with antiseptic and an elastic band is
the buildup of plaques in your wrapped around the patient’s upper arm. This
arteries that can lead to narrowed causes the veins in his/her arm to fill with blood.
or blocked arteries throughout your
body (atherosclerosis). 3. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of
blood is collected into a vial or syringe. The band

Cardiac catheterization
 (cardiac catheterization or
heart catheterization) is a
procedure to examine how
well your heart is working. A
thin, hollow tube called a
catheter is inserted into a large
blood vessel that leads to your
heart.
is then removed to restore circulation, and blood
continues to flow into the vial. Once enough
blood is collected, the needle is removed and
the puncture site is covered with a bandage.
4. The procedure will likely take a couple of
minutes. It's relatively painless.
1. Before the catheterization procedure, a nurse
will put an IV (intravenous) line into a vein in your
arm so you can get medicine (sedative) to help
you relax, but you’ll be awake and able to follow
instructions during the procedure.
2. The nurse will clean and shave the area where
the doctor will be working. This is usually in the
groin area.
3. A local anesthetic is usually given to numb the
needle puncture site.
4. The doctor will make a needle puncture
through your skin and into a large blood vessel.
A small straw-sized tube (called a sheath) will be
inserted into the vessel. The doctor will gently
guide a catheter (a long, thin tube) into your
vessel through the sheath. A video screen will
show the position of the catheter as it is threaded
through the major blood vessels and to the heart.
You may feel some pressure in your groin, but you
shouldn’t feel any pain.
5. Various instruments may be placed at the tip
of the catheter. They include instruments to
measure the pressure of blood in each heart
chamber and in blood vessels connected to the
heart, view the interior of blood vessels, take
blood samples from different parts of the heart,
or remove a tissue sample (biopsy) from inside
the heart.
6. When a catheter is used to inject a dye that
can be seen on X-rays, the procedure is called
angiography. When a catheter is used to clear a

24-hour Holter Monitoring
 Sometimes called as
ambulatory
electrocardiography. It is a
continuous test to record your
heart’s rate and rhythm for 24
hours. You wear the Holter
monitor for 12 to 48 hours as
you go about your normal daily
routine. This device has
electrodes and electrical leads
exactly like a regular EKG, but it
has fewer leads. It can pick up
not only your heart’s rate and
rhythm but also when you feel
chest pains or exhibit symptoms
of an irregular heartbeat, or
arrhythmia.
narrowed or blocked artery, the procedure is
called angioplasty or a percutaneous coronary
intervention (PCI). When a catheter is used to
widen a narrowed heart valve opening, the
procedure is called valvuloplasty.
7. The doctor will remove the catheters and the
sheath. Your nurse will put pressure on the site to
prevent bleeding. Sometimes a special closure
device is used. The procedure lasts about an
hour.
1. The technician first attaches the electrodes to
patient’s chest. If you have a hairy chest, he or
she may shave some hair off to attach the
electrodes firmly.
2. Once the electrodes are in place, the
technician helps to put the Holter monitor on and
explains how to take care of it.
3. Patient can carry the monitor in a pocket or
pouch, slung across their shoulders and neck like
a purse or camera, or attach it to the waist.
4. Patient can do their usual activities while
wearing the monitor with these exceptions:
 Don’t bathe, shower or swim while
wearing the monitor.
 Don’t have X-rays while wearing the
monitor.
 Stay away from high-voltage areas, metal
detectors or large magnets.
5. The technician will show the patient how to
keep a diary of his/her activities and symptoms
during the test. It’s important to keep an
accurate diary. If symptoms will be felt such as
chest pain, shortness of breath, uneven
heartbeats or dizziness, note it in the diary the
time of day they began and what activities was
done. The diary will be compared to the

Tilt Table Testing
- is usually recommended for
people who experience
fainting (syncope) for an
unknown reason and who
do not have a structural
heart disorder (such as
narrowing of an aortic
valve).
Chest X-Rays
- show the shape and size of
the heart and the outline of
the large blood vessels in the
lungs and chest. Abnormal
heart shape or size and
abnormalities, such
calcium deposits within
blood vessels, are readily
seen. Chest x-rays also can
detect information about
the condition of the lungs,
particularly whether blood
vessels in the lungs are
abnormal and whether there
is fluid in or around the lungs.
changes in your ECG recorded by the Holter
monitor.
Typically, people are strapped to a motorized
table and remain lying flat for 15 minutes. Then
they are tilted head up at a 60° to 80° angle for
45 minutes to see whether they feel faint or their
blood pressure and heart rate decrease. If blood
pressure does not decrease, isoproterenol (a
drug that stimulates the heart) is injected into the
person's vein in a dose large enough to
accelerate the heart rate by 20 beats per
minute, and the test is repeated. Unfortunately,
the procedure can sometimes indicate a heart
disorder when none is present (a false-positive
result).
1. The X-ray occurs in a special room with a
movable X-ray camera attached to a large
metal arm.
2. Patient will stand next to a “plate.” This plate
may contain X-ray film or a special sensor that
records the images on a computer. He/she will
wear a lead apron to cover their genitals. This is
because the sperm (men) and eggs (women)
could be damaged from the radiation.
as
3. The X-ray technician will tell the patient how to
stand and will record both front and side views of
the chest. While the images are taken, the
patient will need to hold his/her breathe so that
the chest stays completely still. If the patient
moves, the images might turn out blurry. As the
radiation passes through the body and onto the
plate, denser materials, such as bone and the
muscles of the heart, will appear white.
4. After the images have been captured —
which should take 20 minutes or so — your part is
complete. You can change back into your

Echocardiography
- used to detect whether the
heart muscle is moving
normally and how much
blood the heart is pumping
out with each beat. This
procedure can also detect
abnormalities in the heart's
structure, such as defective
heart valves, birth defects
(such as holes in the walls
between the heart's
chambers), and
enlargement of the heart's
walls or chambers, as occurs
in people with high blood
pressure, heart failure, or
impairment of the heart's
muscular walls
(cardiomyopathy).
Cardiac MRI 1. The technician will ask the patient to lie back
on the bench. Pillow and blanket may be given
- a powerful magnetic field
to the patient if they report trouble or discomfort
and radio waves are used to
while lying on it.
produce detailed images of
clothes and go about your day.
The ultrasound waves are emitted by a probe
that both emits and detects ultrasound waves
(transducer). Most often, the transducer is
handheld and placed on the chest over the
heart. The examiner places gel on the chest
under the transducer to help transmit the sound
waves into the chest. The transducer is
connected to a computer that displays an
image on a monitor and stores the image
digitally. By varying the placement and angle of
the transducer, doctors can view the heart and
nearby major blood vessels from various angles
and thus get an accurate picture of heart
structure and function. During various portions of
the examination, people will need to hold their
breath for about 10 seconds to ensure clear
images are obtained. Echocardiography is
painless and takes 20 to 30 minutes.
Transesophageal Echocardiography can be
used if doctors need to obtain greater clarity or
to analyze the aorta or structures at the back of
the heart (particularly the left atrium or left
ventricle). For this procedure, a small flexible tube
with an ultrasound transducer at the tip is passed
down the person's throat into the esophagus so
that the transducer lies just behind the heart.
Because this procedure is uncomfortable, the
person is sedated and the throat is numbed with
an anesthetic spray. Transesophageal
echocardiography is also used when regular
echocardiography is difficult to do because of
obesity, lung disorders, or other technical
problems or when doctors are looking for specific
diseases, such as endocarditis of the mitral valve
or aortic valve or a clot within the heart.
 the heart and chest. It is
used predominantly for the
diagnosis of complex heart
disorders that are present at
birth (congenital) and to
differentiate between
normal and abnormal tissue.
Radionuclide Imaging of the
Heart
- is particularly useful in the
diagnosis of chest pain when
the cause is unknown. If the
coronary arteries are
narrowed, radionuclide
imaging is used to learn how
the narrowing is affecting
the heart's blood supply and
function. Radionuclide
imaging is also used to assess
improvement in blood supply
to the heart muscle after
bypass surgery or similar
procedures and may be
used to help determine a
person's prognosis after a
heart attack.
2. The technician will control the movement of
the bench using a remote control from another
room. They will be able to communicate with the
patient through a microphone.
3. The machine will make loud whirring and
thumping noises as it takes pictures of the body.
Many hospitals offer earplugs. Others may
provide television shows or headphones with
music to help the patient pass the time.
4. The technician will ask the patient to hold
his/her breath for a few seconds as the pictures
are being taken. He/she won’t feel anything
during the test because the machine’s magnets
and radio frequencies — similar to FM radios —
can’t be felt.
5. The entire process can take anywhere from 30
to 90 minutes.
1. Patient will be positioned on an examination
table. A nurse or technologist will insert an
intravenous (IV) line into a vein in his/her hand or
arm.
2. The exam will usually begin with an injection of
tracer while the patient is resting. Within the first
hour after the tracer is injected, he/she will lie on
a moveable imaging table with his/her arms (or
in some cases your left arm only) over your head
for about 15 to 20 minutes while images are
recorded.
3. Following imaging, the patient will undergo a
stress test, which requires him/her to exercise
either by walking on a treadmill or pedaling a
stationary bicycle for a few minutes. While he/she
exercise, the electrical activity of his/her heart
will be monitored by electrocardiography (ECG)
and blood pressure will be frequently measured.
4. When blood flow to the heart has reached its
peak, the patient will be given the radiotracer
 through your IV. After the patient complete the
stress test, he/she may be asked to drink some
water. He/she will be placed on the imaging
table a second time so a second series of images
can be recorded. At this time, an ECG will also
be placed to image the motion of the heart.

5. If the patient is unable to use a treadmill or

bicycle, he/she will not exercise but will be given
a drug that will increase blood flow to the heart.

6. Actual scanning time for each heart scan

varies from 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the
type of scanner used. Total time in the nuclear
medicine department will be approximately two
to four hours.

7. When the examination is completed, patient

may be asked to wait until the technologist
checks the images in case additional images are
needed. Occasionally, more images are
obtained for clarification or better visualization of
certain areas or structures. The need for
additional images does not necessarily mean
there was a problem with the exam or that
something abnormal was found, and should not
be a cause of concern.

8. If the patient had an intravenous line inserted

for the procedure, it will usually be removed
unless he/she is scheduled for an additional
procedure that same day that requires an
intravenous line.

Positron Emission 1. The technologist will place small metal disks

(electrodes) on the patient’s chest, arms and
Tomography (PET) of the legs. The disks have wires that hook to a machine
Heart that records his/her electrocardiogram (ECG or
- a substance necessary for EKG). The ECG keeps track of his/her heartbeat
heart cell function (such as during the test and can signal the computer
oxygen or sugar) is labeled when to take a scan.
with a radioactive substance
(radionuclide) that gives off 2. The technologist will put an intravenous line
positrons (electrons with a (IV) in the patient’s arm. The tracer will be
 positive charge). The labeled
nutrient is injected into a vein
and reaches the heart in a
few minutes. A sensor
detects the positrons and
uses them to create a
picture of the body part
being studied.
Computed Tomography
(CT) of the Heart
- may be used to detect
structural abnormalities of 2. Small, sticky discs called electrodes are placed
the heart, the sac that onto the patient’s chest to record the scan.
envelops the heart
injected through the IV line.
3. Patient will lie on a flat table that’s connected
to the PET scanner and a computer. The table will
slide into the scanner, which is shaped like a
giant doughnut.
4. Within the PET scanner, detectors record the
radioactive patterns of the tracer in the patient’s
heart. The information is transformed into images
on a computer screen. Several scans are done
over time to provide pictures of thin slices of the
entire heart from all angles. It’s very important to
hold completely still with the arms above the
head while each scan is being done.
5. Doctors will take a baseline picture of the
heart before the tracer is injected. This takes
about 15 to 30 minutes.
6. The tracer will be injected and the patient’s
heart will be scanned again.
7. If the patient will have a nuclear chemical
stress test (also called a pharmacologic stress
test), he/she get a medicine that increases the
blood flow in your heart, similar to what happens
during exercise. These medicines may include
adenosine, dipyridamole (Persantine) or
dobutamine. The doctor will examine how well
his/her heart takes up the tracer before and after
receiving the medicine. If the patient has severe
coronary artery disease, some areas of his/her
heart may not get enough blood during a stress
so the tracer won’t show up in those areas.
8. The test takes between 1 and 3 hours.
1. Patient may be given a beta-blocker before
the scan. This medication slows down your heart
so that clearer pictures can be taken.
 (pericardium), major blood
vessels, lungs, and 3. The radiology technician inserts an intravenous
supporting structures in the line (IV) into a vein so that they can inject the
chest. radioactive dye into his/her arm. He/she may
feel warm or flushed briefly or have a temporary
metallic taste in the mouth when they inject the
dye.

4. Before the start of the scan, patient will lie

down on a bench, possibly in a specific position.
The technician may use pillows or straps to
ensure that you stay in the correct position for
long enough to get a quality image. He/she may
also have to hold your breath during brief
individual scans, which last only 10 to 20 seconds.

5. To start the scan, the technician moves the

table — via a remote from a separate room —
into the CT machine. The CT machine looks like a
giant doughnut made of plastic and metal. The
patient will most likely go through the machine
several times. The technician can talk to him/her
via an intercom.

6. After a round of scans, the patient may be

required to wait for a few minutes while the
technicians review the images to ensure they’re
clear enough for your doctor to read. The whole
test shouldn’t take longer than 10 minutes.

REFERENCES

1. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/electrocardiogram/
2. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angiography/what-happens/
3. https://health.ucsd.edu/medinfo/medical-
staff/application/Documents/SP50%20Cardiac%20Stress-
Exercise%20Testing%20(Adult,%20Peds).pdf
4. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/cardiac-
catheterization
5. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/coronary-angiogram/about/pac-20384904
6. https://www.healthline.com/health/holter-monitor-24h
7. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/holter-
monitor
8. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-heart-
and-blood-vessel-disorders/tilt-table-testing
9. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-heart-
and-blood-vessel-disorders/x-rays-of-the-chest
10. https://www.healthline.com/health/chest-x-ray#procedure
11. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-heart-
and-blood-vessel-disorders/echocardiography-and-other-ultrasound-procedures
12. https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-mri#procedure
13. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-heart-
and-blood-vessel-disorders/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri-of-the-heart
14. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-heart-
and-blood-vessel-disorders/radionuclide-imaging-of-the-heart
15. https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=cardinuclear
16. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/positron-
emission-tomography-pet
17. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-heart-
and-blood-vessel-disorders/positron-emission-tomography-pet-of-the-heart
18. https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-ct-scan#procedure
19. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-heart-
and-blood-vessel-disorders/computed-tomography-ct-of-the-heart
20. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-heart-
and-blood-vessel-disorders/central-venous-catheterization
21. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cholesterol-test/about/pac-20384601
 PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM
DIAGNOSTIC TEST/S PROCEDURE

Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

- This is a common test used to
diagnose peripheral artery
disease. It compares the
blood pressure in your ankle
with the blood pressure in
your arm.
