B I O L O G I C A L A N D C U L T U R A L E V O L U T I O N:
FROM AUSTRALOPITHECUS TO HOMO SAPIENS
The outcome processes that affect the
frequencies of traits in a particular environment. Traits that enhance survival and reproductive success increase in frequency over time.
NATURAL SELECTION:
THREE PRINCIPLES
Variations
Every species is made up of a variety of
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION individuals wherein some are adopted to their environments compared to others It refers to the changes, modifications, and variations in the genetics and Heritability inherited traits of biological populations Organisms produce progeny with from one generation to another. different sets of traits that can inherited Scientists study the changes in the Differential reproductive success physical body of humans, the changes in the shape and size of their bones. Organisms that have traits most suitable to their environment will survive and CULTURAL EVOLUTION transfer these variations to their offspring It refers to the changes or development in subsequent generations in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture.
Scientist study the cultural evolution of
humans by analyzing the changes in the latter’s way of life.
CHARLES DARWIN
Biological Evolution is based on the
theory of evolution that was introduced by the famous English naturalist and geologist CHARLES DARWIN.
He introduced the concept of evolution Archaeologists or social scientists - study
to explain the origins of modern humans. In his ancient and recent past of humans published work entitled On the Origins of conduct excavations to search for fossils Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) and artifacts that can provide information about the origins of humans. The evolution of species happens through the process of NATURAL SELECTION. Fossils- refer to the human, plant, and animal remains that have been The reason for occurrence of evolution. preserved through time like human or animal teeth, skull and bone fragments. B I O L O G I C A L A N D C U L T U R A L E V O L U T I O N:
FROM AUSTRALOPITHECUS TO HOMO SAPIENS
Artifacts- refers to objects that were
made and used by humans. Ex. Stone tools, metal tools, ceramics, burial jars, earthenware and ornaments.
HOMONIDS
The general term used to categorize the
group of early humans and other humanlike creatures that can walk erect during the prehistoric period
The Australopithecus together with
Sahelanthropus and Ardipithecus are height about 4 feet both apelike and humanlike weight about 120 pounds characteristics they are considered as prehuman stage, while Homo had skull size similar to an ape biological and cultural characteristics Small brain and a part of human stage of evolution. Biped SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS 6-7 million years ago lived in jungles and forests like chimpanzees • It had both apelike and humanlike characteristics: AUSTRALOPITHECUS
A skull similar to Australopithecus and “The Southern Ape”
modern human. 5 million – 1 million years ago Height almost similar with the Characteristics chimpanzee Brain size: 500 cc or almost 1/3 size of the Brain size: 320-380 cc modern human brain Small teeth Upright Had the ability to walk upright B I O L O G I C A L A N D C U L T U R A L E V O L U T I O N:
FROM AUSTRALOPITHECUS TO HOMO SAPIENS
Biped
Tool users not tool maker
Food scavengers
GRACILE AUSTRALOPHITECUS
Considered as one of modern human’s
earliest ancestors and remains as the most famous hominid fossil discovered B I O L O G I C A L A N D C U L T U R A L E V O L U T I O N:
FROM AUSTRALOPITHECUS TO HOMO SAPIENS
ROBUST AUSTRALOPHITECUS HOMO
They are classified as humans and not
humanlike creatures because they had bigger brains and were bipedal
Also called handy man. Direct ancestor of
modern human because of its ability to produce tools.
In terms of cultural development, the
Homo Erectus is believed to be mre intelligent and more adaptable compared to the Homo Habilis.
They are known for making complex
tools used for digging, cutting, and scraping. Because of their ability to make complicated tools, homo erectus are considered skillful hunters. B I O L O G I C A L A N D C U L T U R A L E V O L U T I O N:
FROM AUSTRALOPITHECUS TO HOMO SAPIENS
They are the one who first use fire and to
live in caves and small houses made of tree branches. They are the first homo to use spoken language.
Homo Ergaster
Also called as thinking man.
The homo sapiens are considered as
modern humans. Their physical anatomy is very similar to the modern human beings that is why it is considered as the species where all modern humans belong to.
Some Anthropologist believed that it was
Homo sapiens were the first to develop and use oral languange beacause they have more developed brains and speech organs.