Expected questions are as follows

UNIT III: India’s engagements with China

Long questions

1. Examine the areas of conflict and cooperation in the India-China relations. (2017)
2. Analyse the continuities and changes in the India-China relations.
3. In the context of recent developments, analyse the economic and security
dimensions in India-China relations.
4. Discuss major challenges confronting India-China relationship. (2018)
Short notes
1. Panchsheel (2017)
2. Doklam crisis
3. Sino-Indian border dispute
....................................…

Discuss india-china relations with special reference to doklam dispute (Lib)

China’s growing stature in world politics is likely to undermine india’s influence.
Discuss. 2017

Synopsis

1. Pre-independence era: Harsh V. Pant

2. Nehru era till 1964: Harsh V. Pant
3. Till 1988: Harsh V. Pant
4. Since 1988 Convergences and divergences : Ashley J. Tellis and Sean Mirski
5. Latest developments: Sanjana Gogna and Wu Lin/Srikanth Kondapalli

Part I: Global Order

a) Changing Global Order
b) International Economic System
c) Global Non-proliferation system
Part II: Regional Security
 a) Asian security
b) Stability in South Asia
Part III: Security in the Global Commons
a) Security in the Maritime Commons
b) Space security
c) Technology/Cyber security
Part IV: Non-traditional security
a) The search for energy security
b) Environmental issues

Introduction
1. India and China grew under American hegemony
2. India’s economic growth has not yet reached China’s economic growth
3. Both want peaceful international environment

India-China convergence India-China divergence

1. Recovering pre-eminence as 1.Contrast in respective political
international entities of consequence regimes
2. For multipolar world 2.Territorial disputes
3. Avoiding the costs of contributing to 3.Geopolitical rivalries
global public goods
4. Protection of hard won sovereignty
PART I: GLOBAL ORDER
(a) Changing Global Order
India-China convergence India-China divergence
1.For a multipolar world 1.For China, State>Individuals
For India, State=Individuals
2.Both increasingly integrated to US led
international order
3.Globalisation as a positive and inevitable 2.Clash on India’s claim to
event permanent seat in UNSC
4.Suspicion of NGOs 3.US+India following
containment of China policy
5.Caution with technologies
6.Both feel underrepresented in key
international bodies

7.International legal institutions are

important but they should not impinge on
national sovereignty

(b) International Economic System

India-China convergence India-China divergence
1.For open economic order 1.Benefits of LPG more to China
2.Dissatisfied by the BOP in many global 2.WB’s push for clean and
institutions transparent govt. is a major
challenge to China
3.Fear of rising protectionism among 3.Future of PSUs bleak in India,
developed countries whereas in China it is bright
4.For substantive state controls in domestic 4.China prefers multi-currency
economic system system (Yuan). India prefers
Dollar supremacy
5.Want to increase presence of national 5. China favours regional Free
currencies at global level Trade Agreements over WTO
agreements. India is more
welcoming of WTO supervision

(c) Global non-proliferation system

India-China convergence India-China divergence
1.Both believe in non-proliferation 1.China has no problem with
nuclear ambitions of North Korea
and Pakistan but has problem with
Iran.
2.For India, NPT is discriminatory
3.China oppose special
concessions given to India in spite
of being an outlier to NSG.
PART II: REGIONAL SECURITY
(a) Asian Security
India-China convergence India-China divergence
1.For both sovereignty is central 1.Military presence of USA in
Taiwan, Japan and South China
Sea not liked by China
2.Both for economic development of the 2.For India, military assistance to
region third party only under UN
guidance. China is silent about it.
3.Both for international cooperation and 3.India is hesitant about too much
collective security measures closeness with both US and China
4.For Asian security, non-military
instruments are important
(b) Stability in South Asia
India-China convergence India-China divergence
1.Both want stable and peaceful S.Asia 1.Promotion of democracy in the
region
2.Importance of Indian Ocean Region as 2.China’s interest to become part
sealine of communication of S.Asia is a new claim
3.For reforms in Myanmar and 3.India is against proximity of
Afghanistan Pakistan and China
4.Concerned about climate challenges and 4.China is against US interference
drug trafficking in the region in the region
PART III: SECURITY IN THE GLOBAL COMMONS
(a) Security in the maritime commons
India-China convergence India-China divergence
1.Global maritime system like UN 1.China is against third party
Convention on the Law of the Sea is arbitration. India has no problem
important for both India and China
2.Oppose USA’s unfettered access 2.India believes that the USA’s
Navy is providing an important
global public good by maintaining
maritime order and stability.
China is not in favour of this
3.Dispute resolution through diplomatic
negotiations
4.Justify use of force to defend one’s
territorial sovereignty
(b) Space security
India-China convergence India-China divergence
1.Both see space security as important 1.China’s space programmes are
of military nature, India’s focus
on civilian
2.Both for International Space Regime 2.China’s pace of space
development faster
3.China’s areas of scope wider.
India’s focus areas are imagery,
surveillance, position and
navigation, communication
system
4.Biggest threat to China is USA.
Biggest threat to India is China
(c) Cyber security
India-China convergence India-China divergence
1.Steadily growing cyberspace programs 1.China for technological
autonomy. India wants industry
 and technology to be under
government guidance
2.Face similar threats: Hacking, illegal 2.In India, internet freedom is
online activities, cyber terrorism, more
militarization of cyberspace, espionage
3.Both for legal regime to guide cyber 3.For India, if its territory is used
world in cyber-crime, then the state must
take the responsibility. For China,
this is unfair and unrealistic
expectations on the state
4.Both for multilateral and bilateral
engagements on this issue
5.Both recognise importance of ‘Public-
Private Partnerships’
6.Both unaware on how to deal with NSAs
in cyber crimes
7.Both for more regulations
PART IV: NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY
(a) The search for energy security
India-China convergence India-China divergence
1.Both will experience high and raising 1.China has the potential for self-
rates of energy consumption reliance. India far from it
2.Both heavily rely on coal for its energy 2.The state in China has more
security autonomy to take decisions for
energy security. The Indian state
is under the pressure of
democracy
3.Both are optimistic about making use of 3.China’s domestic production
their domestic gas reserves but with its and efficiency higher
challenges
4.Commercial concerns are important for 4.China is adopting latest designs
national energy companies to protect N-plants, India is slow
in this front
5. Both feel “International Energy 5.In India the opposition to
Agency” to be more democratic in nuclear energy is visible, in China
structure it is absent
6.Both are concerned about piracy and 6.In China, National Energy
safeguarding their energy assets Companies are more in state
control
7.India is dependent upon US
naval forces to secure its sea lines
of communication, decrease in US
 naval power is increasing India’s
vulnerability
(b) Environmental issues
India-China convergence India-China divergence
1.Both seek to balance economic growth 1.China has spent significant
with environmental responsibility amount on environment friendly
measures. India is still vacillating
between green technologies
strategies and no strategy at all
2.Problem of pollution
3.Both blame developed countries for
environmental degradation
4.Both seek solution through international
negotiations
5.Both believe in “Common but
differentiated responsibilities”
CONCLUSION
 India and China relation is a complex dynamic of cooperation and
competition
 Wuhan meeting emphasised on strengthening communication between
militaries to avoid confrontation like Doklam
 Promotion of Indian exports to China: Agricultural + pharmaceutical
products
 Joint project in Afghanistan: Training of Afghan diplomats
 India’s NSG membership opposed by China as India has not signed NPT
 UN’s terror designation to Pakistan based groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba,
Jaish-e-Mohammad faced opposition from China but later agreed. In
May 2019, India witnessed a huge diplomatic win when China allowed
Azhar Masood to be designated as a terrorist by UNSC.
 India’s opposition to OBOR initiative of China
 China critical (highly concerned) about abrogation of Article 370 by
India and wants the UNSC to intervene
 To resolve differences peacefully and through prolonged dialogue