International Review of Electrical Engineering (I.R.E.E.), Vol. 12, N.

3
ISSN 1827- 6660 May – June 2017

Preliminary Comparative Study of Several Structures

of Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generator
Used in Wind Energy System Optimization

Jacques Aredjodoun1, Karimou Chabi-Sika1, Sossou Houndedako1,

Christophe Espanet2, Antoine Vianou1

Abstract – This paper presents a preliminary comparative study of several structures of

permanent- magnet synchronous generators used for wind energy system optimization. The
present contribution is to demonstrate that an analytical approach can be used as preliminary
mean for carrying out a quantitative comparison of several rotors structures. The method allows
an optimal choice of the rotor topology considering the techno-economical aspect of the wind
system. The air gap magnetic induction is expressed as a function of the geometrical dimensions of
the machine and other electromagnetic properties. The analysis of the results obtained from the
simulations with Matlab software, made it possible to compare and to classify according to their
performance zone, the different structures of permanent magnets synchronous generators. The
goal is to make an optimal choice of a rotor for existing stator to match each specific site
requirement for wind energy. Copyright © 2017 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.

Keywords: Preliminary Comparative Study, Technological and Economical Optimization, PM

Synchronous Generators in Wind System

Nomenclature Carter coefficient

Opening step of the poles
Diameter of the bottom of notches Angular width of a tooth
Bore diameter of the air-gap Angular width of a notch
External diameter of the stator
Diameter of the air-gap
Peripheral diameter of the rotor I. Introduction
Internal diameter of the rotor
Renewable energy (hydraulic, solar, wind,
Distance between two nozzles
geothermal,) is currently only 20% of world electricity
Thickness of the air-gap
production. Excluding hydro power, this rate falls to 2%.
Thickness of the nozzle
In a context of global energy crisis underpinned by the
Thickness of the rotor yoke
imperative of sustainable development (environmental
Thickness of the stator yoke
problems, depletion of fossil resources...), the challenges
Coefficient of winding of the future energy would require the development of
Factor of closing of notches renewable energy as an alternative, clean and
Direct-axis form factor inexhaustible source [1]-[16].
Quadrature-axis form factor In this context, wind field represents one of the
Active length of the machine growing niches in electricity production [3]. In addition
Radial length of the magnets to high-power wind generation market, development of
Cyclic inductance of the machine small stand-alone systems is of interest.
Direct-axis inductance Indeed, in the field of small wind turbines, associated
Quadrature-axis inductance energy conversion chains often use a synchronous
Width of the magnets generator with permanent magnets [2]. Wind turbines
Remnant magnetization of the magnets convert the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical
Number of turns per phase energy and then into electricity. Blades of the wind rotor
Number of notches capture some of the energy in the wind and transfer it to
Number of poles the hub which is fixed on the shaft of the turbine. It then
Thickness of the parts polar transmits the mechanical energy to the electric generator
Salient ratio which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

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 Jacques Aredjodoun et al.

So, the generator turns as a main element in the wind

energy conversion chain. Studies carried out in [4], [5],
[6], as in many other works on the conversion of small
wind turbine system use the structure of deposited on the
surface; permanent magnets generator (PMG);however,
this type of machine magnets has several structures
according to the topology of the rotor [7], [8], [16]-[20].
It has been shown in [9] that a machine with similar
electromagnetic properties can be built with two different
(a) SPMR (b) IPMR
rotor designs, mainly differing in rotor weight. The
choice between them depends on the magnet material
price. Thereby, the generator price becomes easier to
predict. This allows to choose PM material as designing
parameter in seeking for cost efficiency.
In this work, we study the different structures of
permanent magnets synchronous generators based on the
salience ratio and the magnetic induction in the air gap.
Comparison of the different topologies of the rotor is
made to search them out in their zone of good
performance. The finality of this work is to identify (c) CPMR (d) BPMR
another rotor structure to compete the one with magnets
Figs. 2. Different rotor topologies [7]
on surface, the most used in this field.
We will focus on two features sizes that allow us to
II. Material and Methodology compare the different topologies of rotor.

There are different topologies of permanent magnet

synchronous machines. Several criteria such as: the type
of winding, the flow, the position of the rotor (inner or
outer), the position of magnets and so on, that allow to
distinguish them. As illustration, we will look to the
synchronous generator permanent magnet radial flow,
internal rotor and the concentrated winding. Two
machines with same volume will be compared to the
rotor as shown in Fig. 1. Their stators will be the same
but different topologies of the rotor.
II.1. Analytical Expression of Inductances
The salience of the synchronous machine plays an
important role in the order method. The ratio of salience
determines the importance of the salience for the
generator and makes it possible to distinguish the PMSG
depending on their salience. By definition, the salience of
a machine is the relationship between and
inductors:
(1)

We calculate only the cyclic inductance of a machine

equivalent to smooth poles [9]. The rotor inductance
value on an axis depends on the geometry of the rotor of
the machine, more exactly the salience of the machine.
To take into account the salience of the rotor, we define
and on the two axes form factors. Inductances on
the two axes are obtained with the following equations
[11]:

(2)

(3)

where is cyclical inductance of the machine.

Fig. 1. Stator of a synchronous machine By definition, the cyclical inductance of synchronous
machine is expressed from the effective value of the
This study will focus on four structures (PMSG)
fundamental of the flow of magnetic reaction induced by
Permanent Magnets Synchronous Generators: (SPMR)
[8]:
Surface PM Rotor, (IPMR) Inset-type PM Rotor,
(CPMR) Collaborating PM Rotor and (BPMR) Buried
PM Rotor. These various structures are illustrated in (4)
Figs. 2.

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 Jacques Aredjodoun et al.

with: The Carter coefficient allows to adjust the thickness of

Rr = Da⁄2: radius of rotor bolt, the mechanical air gap to a smooth fictional air gap [13].
Rs = D⁄2: inner radius of the stator. For a thickness of air gap , the Carter coefficient is
Factors forms and of the magnetic field of the calculated as follows:
stator presents in Table I are based only on the following
variables: the opening of the poles factor β, the thickness
of the parts polar and the thickness of magnets .
(7)
TABLE I
FACTORS OF FORMS OF SOME ROTOR TOPOLOGIES [10] [11]
Rotor
Factors of forms is the number of notches, the factor of closing
topology
SPMR of notches, the angular width of a notch, the air
gap thickness mechanics and the diameter of the stator
bore.
IPMR

CPMR

BPMR

II.2. Analytical Expression of Magnetic Induction

The rotor is the rotating part of a machine and it (a) Surface PM rotor
creates the magnetic field in the air gap. This magnetic
field is generated by means of permanent magnets. So,
the required magnetic induction in the air gap determines
the importance of the magnets of rotor and allows the
classification of the PMSG according their magnetization
structure. Thus, the accuracy of the calculation of
machine performance (fem., inductance, electromagnetic
torque...), depends on the knowledge level of the
magnetic induction in the air gap [10] [12].
In order to simplify the analyses of study, we will
limit ourselves to two structures: SPMR and BPMR as
shown in Figs. 3.
The iron is considered to be of infinite magnetic
permeability. For fixed sizes of the magnets (
thickness and length of magnets) and its remnant (b) Buried PM rotor
magnetization , then the magnetic induction in the air
Figs. 3. Surface PM and buried PM rotors
gap is obtained by [10]:

• For SPMR: III. Results and Interpretations

III.1. Evaluation of Inductances and Salient
(5) For comparison, all studied machines have 9 notches
and 4 poles. We considered the same parameters of
sizing for each structure to make the comparison. These
• For BPMR: parameters are represented in Table II.
We use for all rotor structures, thickness NdFeB
magnets and remnant magnetization M =
(6)
1.2 T. Table III summarizes the results of this simulation.

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 Jacques Aredjodoun et al.

TABLE II better appreciate the behavior of the two structures of

SETTINGS OF SIZING FOR COMPARISON
permanents magnets synchronous generator with respect
Length of the rotor L (m) 0.06
Inner radius of the stator Rs (m) 0.1
to the number of pairs of poles, we will simulate the
Radius of rotor bolt Rr (m) 0.096 magnetic induction in the air gap.
Number of turns per phase Ns 4
Coefficient of coil bound hg
Kb(hg) 0.94
harmonic III.3. Simulation of the Magnetic Induction
Opening of pole factor 0.7 in the Air Gap
Thickness of the mechanical air gap ea (mm) 3
Thickness of the pole pieces xhaut(mm) 0.5 In this paragraph, we studied for two permanent
magnets synchronous generators structures the variation
TABLE III
VALUES OF INDUCTANCE AND SALIENT
of the magnetic induction in the air gap according to the
SPMR IPMR CPMR BPMR
thickness of the magnets by varying the number of pairs
(µH) 7.861 6.702 4.247 0.735 of poles. For this purpose, we set the thickness of the air
(µH) 7.861 8.028 7.824 1.336 gap to 0.001 m and chose NdFeB magnet type with
1 0.835 0.543 0.550
remnant magnetization equals to 1.2 T. The results of
these simulations are presented in Figs. 4 and 5.

These structures have not been optimized based on

given specifications. It is a comparison with similar
sizing settings. All machines have the same volume of
rotor. The inductances in the two axes (d and q) are very
different for each structure. Obviously the arrangement
of permanent magnets have important influence on
inductance value. It is well know that more the
inductance is weak, more is the torque ripple. The
permanent magnet synchronous machines have inverse
salience which the ratio is always less or equal to 1. The
CPMR structure show a high salience .
The number of notches and poles reduce the thickness
of the cylinder head on the stator and the weight of the
machine and improved its performance [7]. In the wind
system where space and weight are major factors, the
BPMR structure with increased number of poles and
notches can be a serious competitor of the SPMR Fig. 4. Variation of the magnetic induction in the air gap with the
thickness of the magnets for p = 2, p = 3, p = 4 and p = 5 (SPMR)
structure.

III.2. Evaluation of the Magnetic Induction

in the Air Gap
When setting the number of notch to 9, the factor of
closing of notch to 66.82%, the diameter of bore to 0,2
m, the thickness of the mechanical air gap to 0.001 m, the
thickness of the magnets to 0.003 m and the angular
width to 30 ° notch, the values of the magnetic induction
in the air gap obtained for two rotor structures are
summarized in Table IV.
TABLE IV
VALUE OF MAGNETIC INDUCTION IN THE AIR GAP
Nature of
NdFeB (Br = 1.2 T) Ferrite (Br = 0.37 T)
magnet
Number of
P= 2 P= 7 P= 2 P= 7
pairs of poles Fig. 5. Variation of the magnetic induction in the air gap with the
SPMR 0.741 T 0.741 T 0.228 T 0.228 T thickness of the magnets for p = 2, p = 3, p = 4 and p = 5 (BPMR)
BPMR 0.558 T 0.827 T 0.172 T 0.255 T

Observing Figs. 4 and 5, we note that the SPMR

Analysis of the results of Table IV shows that the
magnetic induction in the air gap is important for the
SPMR structure compared to BPMR structure and this
statement is valid for all kind of magnets with p = 2. But
the trend change for a high number of pairs of poles. To
structures remain insensitive to this variation (Fig. 4). In
Fig. 5, the magnetic induction in the air gap increase with
the number of pairs of poles. The question is this
dependency enough.

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 Jacques Aredjodoun et al.

III.4. Sensitivity of the Magnetic Induction
in the Air Gap
For the sensitivity study of the magnetic induction in
the air gap, we used the same design as the previous
settings. The illustration will be done also with two types
of magnet permanent: NdFeB and Ferrite.
The results of the simulations are showed on the
figures Figs. 6 to 13. Figs. 6 to 9 depict the variation of
the magnetic induction in the air gap respect to the
thickness of the air gap, Figs. 10 to 13 depict the
variation of the magnetic induction in the air gap respect
to the thickness of the magnets.

(a) (b)

Figs. 6. Variation of the magnetic induction in the air gap with the thickness of the air gap for p = 2: (a) NdFeB, (b) Ferrite

(a) (b)

Figs. 7. Variation of the magnetic induction in the air gap with the thickness of the air gap for p = 3: (a) NdFeB, (b) Ferrite

(a) (b)

Figs. 8. Variation of the magnetic induction in the air gap with the thickness of the air gap for p = 7: (a) NdFeB, (b) Ferrite

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 Jacques Aredjodoun et al.

(a) (b)

Figs. 9. Variation of the magnetic induction in the air gap with the thickness of the air gap for p = 9:
(a) NdFeB, (b) Ferrite

(a) (b)

Figs. 10. Variation of the magnetic induction in the air gap with the thickness of the magnets for p = 2:
(a) NdFeB, (b) Ferrite

(a) (b)

Figs. 11. Variation of the magnetic induction in the air gap with the thickness of the magnets for p = 3:
(a) NdFeB, (b) Ferrite

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 Jacques Aredjodoun et al.

(a) (b)

Figs. 12. Variation of the magnetic induction in the air gap with the thickness of the magnets for p = 7:
(a) NdFeB, (b) Ferrite

(a) (b)

Figs. 13. Variation of the magnetic induction in the air gap with the thickness of the magnets for p = 9:
(a) NdFeB, (b) Ferrite

In view of these curves, the magnetic induction in the
air gap decreases with respect to the thickness of the air
gap while it grows with the permanent magnets
thickness, regardless of the type of permanent magnet
used. Also, it should be noted that, for the BPMR
structure, high number of pairs of poles is not a sufficient
condition to get higher induction. It is also necessary to
take into account the fact that the air gap thickness must
not exceed an optimal value in the one hand and that the
permanent magnets thickness must be higher than a
specific value.
IV. Discussion
The results of our research confirm some results in
many earlier works such as: the PMSG have a reverse
salience because their ratio salience is always less than or
equal to 1 and the magnetic induction in the air gap
decreases with the thickness of the air gap [5], [10], [14],
[15], [18].
SPMR structure has a higher inductance compared to
its counterparts, allowing to improve torque and current
ripple: this justified its choice in a lot of research
compared to other structures of permanent magnets
synchronous generators. The IPMR and CPMR structures
present virtually the same performance. In the SPMR
structure, only the thickness of the pole pieces is chosen
based on salience desired report [7]. Regarding BPMR
structure, the magnetic induction in the air gap increases
with the number of pairs of poles while in the SPMR
structure, it remains insensitive to this variation. In
addition, in the wind system, where the weight machine
appears as a major constraint, the BPMR structure to
large number of notches becomes a serious competitor of
the SPMR structure. Obviously, for preliminary
comparative study, it is notorious that magnetic induction
stays the main optimality parameter as stated in [1].
V. Conclusion
In this work, we introduced the preliminary
comparative study when the rotor design for PM
generators is concerned. This may be taken into account
for optimal design of all system of electrical PM machine
in small wind generator. We must have in mind that EMF
or other precision method of design is suitable for final

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 Jacques Aredjodoun et al.
stage optimization. This work shows the possibility to do
an analytical modeling for quick decision making. It may
be useful for technological and economical optimization
stage, which is not to be set aside.
After simulation, we found interesting results. The
quantitative study of the magnetic induction in the air
gap allowed to compare and locate the different
structures of generators in their area of potential
performance. Thus, buried PM rotor structure may well
be competitive with other surface PM rotor structure. The
relation of magnetic induction in air gap with other keys
parameters are outlined as preliminary modeling stage.
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Authors’ information
1
Laboratoire d‟Electrotechnique, de Télécommunication et
d‟Informatique Appliquée (LETIA), Ecole Polytechnique d‟Abomey-
calavi, Université d‟Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 2009 Cotonou, Bénin.
E-mail: jaredjodoun@yahoo.com
2
FEMTO-ST Département Energie, Université de Franche-Comté,
France.2, Avenue Jean Moulin 90000 Belfort, France.
Jacques Aredjodoun (Corresponding author)
was born in Pobe, Republic of Benin July 26,
1976.He received in 2012, its Diploma of
Thorough Studies (DEA) option: Electric
genius at the Doctoral School Engineering of
the Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi
(EPAC/UAC) and is currently doctorate.
Karimou Chabi-Sika was born in Benin on
February 12, 1955. He received Engineering
degree from Electromechanical Institute,
Zaporojie, Ukraine in 1983, Master of Sciences
Degree in Electrical Engineering in Laval
University, Canada and PhD degree from
National University of Benin in Electrical
Engineering. He worked as engineer in national
distribution company of Republic of Benin, and occupy lecturer and
Professor assistant position at National University of Benin,
EcolePolytechniqued‟Abomey-Calavi (EPAC). He is author, of
technical papers and articles in international journals and conferences.
Since December 2016, he becomes Executive Director of CEB
(Production and Transmission Company for states of Togo and Benin
Republic in West Africa).
Sossou Houndedako was born in Benin on
December 31, 1952. He received Engineering
and MS degrees from polytechnic Institute M.I.
Kalinin of Russia in 1983 and PhD degree from
National University of Benin in 2000, all in
electrical engineering. He worked for different
societies in Benin before nomination as Head of
the Department of Electrical Engineering,
National University of Benin. From 2001 to 2003, he was responsible
International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 12, N. 3
 Jacques Aredjodoun et al.

for the direction of National Industrial Development. He is again Head

of the Department of Electrical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique
d‟Abomey-Calavi (EPAC). He is Author, number of technical papers
and articles in international journals and conferences. (EPAC/UAC)
and is currently doctorate.

Christophe Espanet (M‟04)received the Ph.D.

degree from the University of Franche-Comte
(France) in 1999. His doctoral research dealt
with the design and the optimization of PM in-
wheel motors. From 1999 to 2007, he has been
an Associate Professor at the University of
Franche-Comte in the Laboratory of Electrical
Engineering and Systems (L2ES). He is now
full professor at the University of Franche-Comte (France) and Head of
the Team “Non-Conventional Electric and Thermal Machines” in the
FEMTO-ST Institute. He is also deputy director in charge of research at
the UDR-STGi. His research interests include the modeling and the
design of electrical systems and in particular electric machines.

Antoine Vianou Professor Vianou is a Ph.D.-

Engineer in Energy and Electricity sciences. He
has been graduated through many universities as
the University of Dakar and the University of
Evry Val d'Essonne (France). He is a Full
Professor in Engineering Sciences and
Technologies (E.S.T.). Pr. VIANOU is currently
Chairman of the Sectorial Scientific Committee
of E.S.T. of the Scientific Council of UAC in Benin and is also Director
of the Laboratory of Thermo physic Characterization of Materials and
Energy Mastering. He is the Director of the Doctoral School of
Engineering Sciences in UAC. During his academic career, Professor
VIANOU taught in several African Universities and in several French
ones. He is author of over hundred articles in the fields of Engineering
Sciences and Technologies. In addition, he received several honors in
recognition for his professional career.

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