THE WORLD DURING RIZAL’S TIME
Kamchatka, and Kuriles and sold Alaska to US
When Jose was born on June 16, 1861,
the American Civil War (1861-1865) was raging
furiously in the United States over the issue of
Negro slavery.
On September 22, 1863, President
Lincoln compelled to issue to his famous
Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the Negro
slavery.
On June 3, 1861, Benito Juarez, a full
blooded Zapotec Indian was elected as
President of Mexico.
After a year of Benito Juarez election in
April 1862, Emperor Napoleon III of the
Second French Empire for his Imperialistic
desire he sent French troops which invaded and
conquered Mexico.
Benito Juarez seeks help to obtain
military aid to his friend President Lincoln but
because of the American Civil War he didn’t
have a chance to help a hand.
But Juarez continued to resist French
invaders with his Valiant Indian and Mexican
freedom fighters.
Napoleon III installed Archduke
Maximalian of Austria as puppet emperor of
Mexico at Mexico City on June 12, 1864.
Finally, after the end of American Civil
War, Juarez with US support, defeated
Maximalian and fizzled out Emperor Napoleon
III ambition to colonized Latin American.
Two European countries Italians and
Germany succeeded in unifying their nations.
The Italians under the leadership of Count
Cavour and of Garbaldi and his army of Red
Shirts droved out the Austrians and French
armies from Italy and proclaimed the Kingdom
of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel, with
Rome as capital city.
England emerged as the world’s leading
imperialist power under the reigning of Queen
Victoria. First Opium War (1840-1842) she
fights against with Chinese Dynasty. Second
Opium War (1856-1860), she won against the
Manchu Dynasty.
Czarist Russia conquered Siberia,
for $ 7.2 Million. In 1865-1884 it conquered
Muslim of Khanates of Bokhara, Khiva, and
Kokand in Central Asia and expanding towards
China. It joined England, France, and Germany
in the despoliation of the crumbling Chinese
Empire and acquiring Manchuria as a sphere of
influence and to build Trans-Siberian railway,
the longest railway of 5,800 miles.
In July 8, 1853, Commodore Matthew C.
Perry re-opened Japan to the world for its 214
years isolation 91639-1853). It was Emperor
Meiji (Mutsihito) who modernized the country
by accepting Imperialism and fight China in the
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). It conquered
Fermosa (Taiwan), Pescadores, and Korea.
In August 25, 1885, the Itlies, entered
the Harbor of Yap (the Island of Carolines and
Carolines and Palaus Archipelago became the
colonies of Germay. It was Don Enrique
Capriles the Spanish governor that didn’t offer
resistance to German aggression. It was
Francisco Lezcano, a Manila Galleon pilot,
who named the Island of Yap as “Carolina” in
honor to King Charles II of Spain.
The relation of Spanish and Germany
grew critical. The Spanish populace rose in
violent riots demanding war against Germany.
Spain and Germany was submitted the Carolina
question to Pope Leo II for arbitration. After the
carefully study the documents submitted by both
parties, it was October 22, 1885, the decision
was favoring to Spain. Jose Rizal was in
Barcelona during that time visiting his friend,
Maximo Viola. He wrote an article on the
Carolina question ( it was published on Las
Publicidad owned by Don Miguel Morayta).
THE PHILIPPINES OF RIZAL’S TIME
During the times of Rizal the sinister
shadow of Spain’s darkened Philippines skies.
The Filipino people agonized beneath the yoke
of Spanish misrule, for they were unfortunate
victims of the evils of unjust, bigoted, and
deteriorating colonial power.
Instability of colonial administration
The instability of Spanish politics since
the turbulent reign of king Ferdinand VII (1808)
marked the beginning of political chaos in Spain.
The Spanish government underwent frequent
changes owing to bitter struggles between the
forces of despotism and liberalism and the
explosion of the Calist Wars. From 1834 to
1862, Spain had adopted Four constitutions,
elected 28 parliaments, and installed no less
than 529 minister with portfolios; followed in
subsequent years by party strifes, revolution,
and other political upheavals.
Corrupt colonial officials
With few exemptions, the colonial
officials sent by Spain to the Philippines in the
19th century were a far cry from their able and
dictated predecessors of the 16th , 17th and 18th
centuries. They were either highly corrupt,
incompetent, cruel, or vernal. Apparently, they
symbolized the decadent Spain of the 19th
century.
Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873)
A boastful and ruthless governor general
who ordered the execution of Father Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, the
“Martyrs of 1872”.
Admiral Jose Malcampo (1874-77)
Was a good Moro fighter, but was an
inept and weak administrator.
Gen. Fernando Primo De Rivera
Governor General for two terms ( 1880-
83 and 1897-98) enriched himself by accepting
bribes from gambling casinos in Manila which he
scandalously permitted to operate.
Gen. Valeriano Weyler (1888-91)
A corrupt and cruel governor general of
Hispanic-German ancestry, arrived in Manila a
poor man and returned to Spain a millionaire.
Gen. Camilo De Polavieja (1896-97)
An able militarist but heartless governor
general, was able to detested by the Filipino
people for executing Dr. Rizal.
Philippine representation in Spanish cortes
To win the support of her overseas
colonies during the Napoleonic invasion.
Spanish granted their representation in the
Cortes (Spanish parliament)
Accordingly, the Philippines experienced
her first period of representation in the Cortes
From 1810 to 1813.
Ventura de los Reyes - the first Philippine
delegate who took active part in the framing of
the Constitution1812.
- Another achievements was the abolition
of the Galleon Trade.
No Equality Before the Law
Spaniards arrogantly regarded the
browned skinned Filipinos as inferior beings.
Spanish penal code, which was enforced
in the Philippines, particularly imposed heavier
penalties on native Filipinos or Mistizos and
lighter penalties on white- complexioned
Spaniards.
Human Rights Denied To Filipinos
Since the adoption of Spanish
constitution of 1812 and other constitutions in
succeeding years, the people of Spain enjoyed
the freedom speech, freedom of the press,
freedom of association, and other human rights
except the (freedom of religion).
The Spanish authorities who cherish
these human rights in Spain denied it to Filipinos
in Asia.
Maladministration of Justice
The courts of justice in the Philippines
during Rizal's time were notoriously corrupt.
Justice was costly, partial and slow.
Wealth, social prestige and color of skin were
preponderant factors on winning a case in court.
The judicial procedure was slow and
clumsy that it was easy to have justice delayed.
Racial Discrimination
Filipinos as inferior beings who were
infinitely underserving the rights and privileges
that the Spaniards enjoyed.
 Spaniards called the browned skinned
and flat nose Filipinos "indios"(indians), in
retaliation the Filipinos dubbed their pale
complexioned detractors with the disaparaging
term " bangus" (milkfish).
Frailocracy
The friars ( Augustinians, Dominicans
and Franciscans) controlled the religious and
educational life of the Philippines, and later in
the 19th century they came to acquire
tremendous political power, influenced and
riches.
Almost every town in archipelago, except
the Islamic Mindanao and Sulu and in pagan
hinterlands, was ruled by a friar curate.
Forced Labor
Compulsory labor imposed by spanish
colonial authorities on adult filipino males in the
construction of churches, schools, hospitals,
buildings and repair of roads and bridges,
building of ships and other public works.
Haciendas owned by friars
During Rizal’s times the Spanish friars
belonging to different religious orders were the
riches land lords, for they owned the best
haciendas in the Philippines.
Guardia civil
Had rendered meritorious services in
suppressing the bandits in the provinces, they
later became infamous for their rampant
abuses, such as maltreating innocent people,
looting their carabaos, chicken, and valuable
belongings and raping women.
Rizal himself witnessed the
discrimination of how the Guardia civil treated
the Filipinos.
CHAPTER 1
ADVENT OF THE NATIONAL HERO
The Birth of the National Hero
Domingo Lamco
- Jose great-great grandfather on his father
side. Chinese immigrant from the Fukien city of
Changchow arrived in Manila about 1960.
He married to a Chinese Christian girl Ines
de la Rosa- Jose great-great grandmother. Year
of 1731 he assumed the surname Mercado a
Spanish term means “market” in English.
One of their sons, Juan Mercado (Rizal
grandfather) Jose grandfather married to a girl
named Cirila Alejandro a Chinese- Filipino
mestiza. They had 13 children and the youngest
being Francisco Mercado, Jose Rizal father.
Rizal Parents
Francisco Mercado Rizal
 Born in Binan Laguna, on May 11, 1818.
He studied Latin and Philosophy at the
college of San Jose Manila. He is a hardy
and an independent-minded man, who
talked less and worked more. He died in
Manila on January 5, 1898 at the age of
80.
Dona Teodoras family descended
from Lakandula , the last native king of
Tondo. Her great grandfather (Rizal
maternal great-great-grandfather) was
Eugenio Ursua (of Japanese Ancestry),
Married Filipina named Benigna. Their
daughter Regina married Manuel de
Quintos, a Filipino Chinese lawyer from
Pangasinan. One of their daughter was
Brigada, who married Lorenzo Alberto
Alonso, a prominent Spanish-Filipino
mestizo of Binan.Their children were
Narcisa,
Teodora(Rizal’s mother),
Gregorio, Manuel and Jose.
Teodora Alonso Realonda
 Born in manila on November 8, 1826
and was educated at college of Santa
Rosa. She was a remarkable woman,
possessing refine culture, Literary talent
and business ability.
 She knows literature and she speak
Spanish better thahas read many books.
She died in Manila on August 16, 1911,
at the age of 85.
The Surname Rizal
 The real surname of Rizal family was
Mercado, which was adopted in 1731 by
Domingo Lamco (the paternal great-
great-grandfather of Jose Rizal), who
was full blooded Chinese, Rizal family
acquired second surname Rizal which
was given by Spanish alcalde mayor
(provincial governor) of Laguna, who was
a family friend. Thus said Dr. Jose Rizal,
in his letter to Blumentritt (without date or
place).
Jose Rizal
 Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso
Realonda
 He has the blood of both East and West,
Negrito, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese,
Japanese and Spanish. Predominantly
he was a Malayan.
 His name Jose was chosen by his mother
who was a devotee of the Christian saint
San Jose (St. Joseph).
The Rizal Children
• Francisco and Teodora has 11 children
– two boys and nine girls.
1. Saturina (1850-1913) - oldest, nicknamed
Neneng She married Manuel T. Hidalgo of
Tanawan, Batanggas.
2. Paciano – (1851-1930)-older brother and
confidant of Jose Rizal. He joined the Philippine
Revolution of 1898 and became a combat
general. He died on April 13,1930.
3. Narcisa- Her pet name was Sisa and married
Antonio Lopez,a school teacher of Morong.
4. Olympia 1855-1887)- Ypia was her pet
name. She married Silvester Ubalde, a
telegraph operator from Manila.
5. Lucia (1857-1919)- she married Mariano
Herbosa of Calamba.
6. Maria (1859-1896)- Biang was her nickname.
She married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan,
Laguna.
7. Jose - Greatest Filipino hero. His nickname
was Pepe;
 He was a physician, poet, dramatist,
essayist, novelist, historian, architect,
painter, sculptor, educator, linguist,
musician, naturalist, ethnologist,
surveyor, engineer, farmer, business
man, economist, geographer,
cartographer, grammarian, folklorist,
translator, inventor, magician, traveler,
and prophet. He is the national hero of
the Philippines.
Jose Rizal
He was born on June 19, 1861, between
eleven and the midnight in the lakeshore
town of Calamba, Laguna Province,
Philippines. He was baptized in the Catholic
Church on June 22, 1861, aged 3 days old,
by the parish priest, Father Rufino
Collantes, who was a Batangeno. His
godfather (ninong) was Father Pedro
Casanas.
8. Conception (1862-1865)- Concha was her
nickname, died of sickness at the age of 3. Her
death was Jose first sorrow in life.
9. Josefa (1865-1945)- nicknamed Panggoy.
She died an old maid at the age of 80.
10. Trinidad (1868-1951)- nicknamed Trining .
She died an old maid at the age of 83.
11. Soledad (1970-1929)- Soleng was her
nickname. She married Pantaleon Quintero of
Calamba.
The Rizal Home
 The house of Rizal family, where hero
was born was one of the distinguished
stone houses in Calamba during Spanish
times. It was two storey building,
rectangular in shape, built of adobe
stones and hard woods, and roofed with
red tiles. It is descripted by Dr. Rafael
Palma.
A Good and Middle Class Family
 Rizal family belong to the principalia, a
town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines.
It was one of the distinguish families in
Calamba. Rizal parents was able to live
well.
  From the farm which were rented from
the Dominican Order, they harvest rice,
corn and sugar cane. They raised pigs,
chickens, and turkeys in their backyard.
In addition to farming and stock raising,
Dona Teodora managed a general goods
store and operated a small flour-mill and
homemade ham press.
 They owned a carriage, which was a
status symbol of the ilustrados in Spanish
Philippines and a private library (the
largest in Calamba) which consisted of
more than 1,000 volumes. They sent
their children to colleges in Manila.
CHAPTER 2
THE CHILDHOOD YEARS IN CALAMBA
In memory of my town
Jose Rizal loved his hometown Calamba,
when he was 15 years old, he wrote a poem
entitled “Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo” or In my
memory of my town.
Jose and the Beatiful Nature
During Rizal's infancy, he has happy
days in their family garden when he was 3 years
old. because he was frail, sickly and under sized
child he was given a lot of attention and care by
his family.
Jose and the Daily Evening Activities
One of the childhood memory of Rizal is
having a daily Angelus Prayer with his Mother
together with other children in their house.
After the Nightly rosary, in their azotea
their Aya would tell stories about fairies; tales
about the buried treasure and trees blooming
with diamonds.
The Hero's First Sorrow
In 1865 when Jose is only 4 years old, his
beloved younger sister Concha (Conception)
died at the age of 3.
Devoted son of the Church
Jose at the early age of 3, he takes part
of the family prayers because of his devoted
Catholic Mother. At the age of 5, he was able to
read the Spanish family bible. He loved to go to
Church, participate in novenas and join in
religious procession.
Pilgrimage in Antipolo
In June 6, 1868 Jose and his Father left
to Calamba to go on a pilgrimage to Antipolo. It
was his first trip accross the Laguna bay and
also his first pilgrimage.
After praying in the Shrine of the Virgin of
Antipolo, Jose together with his Father went to
Manilan and visited Saturnina his sister who is a
boarding student in La Salle Concordia College
in Santa Ana.
The Young Moth and the Old one
When Rizal was with his Mother, while
learning to read the old Spanish book entitled “El
Amigo de Los Niños” (The Children's friend).
Later that night, her mother grow impatiently
hearing his poor Spanish reading.
She took the book and scolded her son
for drawing funny pictures in the page.
Then She started to read, Rizal was
amazed how skillful his mother was for reading
and understanding the book well. However, he
again lost his attention to his mother and
focused on the moths circling around the flame.
Then his mother noticed and said “I am going to
tell you story.”
Rizal never expect to find some stories in
the book which he read without understanding.
The tragic fate of the moth which “died a
martyr to its illusion,” left a great impress on
Rizal's mind. he justified such noble death,
asserting that “to sacrifice one’s life for it”
meaning for an ideal is a “Worthwhile”. And like
the young moth he was fated to die as a martyr
for noble ideals.
Artistic Talents
Since early childhood Rizal revealed his
God-given talent for art. At the age of five, he
began to make sketches with his pencil and to
mold in clay and wax objects which attracted his
fancy.
First Poem by Rizal
Aside from sketching and sculpturing
talent, Rizal possessed a God-given gift for
literature. Since early boyhood, he had scribbled
verses on loose sheets of paper and on the
textbooks of her sister.
His mother, who was a lover of literature,
noticed his poetic inclination and encouraged
him to write poetry.
At the age of 8, rizal wrote his first poem
in the native language entitled Sa Aking Mga
Kababata”
First Drama by Rizal
At age eight, Rizal wrote his first dramatic
work which was a Tagalog Comedy. It is said
that he was staged in Calamba festival and was
delightfully applauded by the audience.
Rizal as Boy Magician
Since early manhood Rizal had been
interested in magic. With his dexterous hands,
he learned various tricks, such as making a coin
appear or disappear in his fingers and making
handkerchief vanish in thin air.
Lakeshore Reveries
During the twilight hours of summer time
Rizal, accompanied by his pet dog, used to
meditate at the shore of Laguna de Bay on the
sad conditions of his oppressed people,
Influences on the Hero's Boyhood
1. Hereditary Influence
2. Environmental Influence
3. Aid by Divine Providence
 CHAPTER 3
Early Education in Calamba and Binan
The Hero’s First Teacher
 Dona Teodora was his first teacher
 He learned at the age of three the
alphabet and the prayers
Private Tutors
1. Maestro Celestino
2. Maestro lucas Padua
3. Leon Monroy (teach him Spanish and
Latin Language)
Jose Goes to Binan
 June, 1869 (Sunday afternoon)
 Left calamba to binan
 Accompanied by Paciano
 Rode in carromata
 One and one-half hour’s drive. And they
Proceeded to their aunt’s house (where
Jose was to lodge and it was almost night
when they arrived.)
 Jose and Leandro, went to sightseeing in
the town.
 In the moon light, he recounted, I
remembered my home town, my idolized
mother and my solicitous sisters. Ah how
sweet to me was calamba, my own town,
in spite of fact, that it was not as wealthy
as binan.
First Day in Binan School
 School of Maestro Justiniano Aquino
Cruz
 Which was a small nipa hut about 30
meters from the home of Jose aunt.
 Jose ask by his teacher
 Do you know Spanish?
 “A little, sir”
 “Do you know Latin?”
 “A little, sir.”
 the boys in the class especially Pedro,
the teacher’s son Laughed.
First School Brawl
 Afternoon of his first day in school Rizal
meet the bully named Pedro and
challenge him to a fight.
 The two boys wrestled furiously in the
classroom, much to glee of their
classmates.
 Athletic Tio Manuel
 He defeats the bigger boy and he
became popular
 His classmate named Andres
Salandanan challenged him to an arm-
wrestling match.
 In succeeding days, he had other fights
with the boys in Binan.
 He was not quarrelsome by nature, but
he had never run away from a fight.
Painting Lesson in Binan
 Near the school was the house of an old
painter, called Juancho, who was the
father-in-law of the school teacher
 He was impressed by the artistic talent of
the Calamba lad.
 Jose and his classmate. Jose Guevara,
who also loved painting, became
apprentices of the old painter.
Daily Life in Binan
Jose’s daily routine:
 Hears mass at 4 a.m. or studies lesson
before going to mass
 Goes to orchard to look for mabolo to eat
 Breakfast
 Goes to class at 10 a.m.
 Lunch break
 Goes back to school at 2 p.m.
 Goes home at 5 p.m.
 Prays with cousins
 Studies lessons, then draws a little
 Supper
 Prays again
 Plays in the street if the moon is bright
 Goes to sleep
Best Student in School
 Jose surpassed his classmates in
Spanish, Latin and other subjects
 His older classmates were jealous and
squealed to the teacher whenever he had
fights
 Jose usually received five or six blows
while laid out on a bench
End of Binan Schooling
 December 17, 1870 - Jose left Binan
 Talim – the steamer that Jose rode
 Arturo Camps – a Frenchman and a
friend of Don Francisco, he took care of
Jose during trip
Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za
 The MATYRDOM of the three priests
(Gomez, Burgos & Zamora) inspired
Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny
 In 1891, Rizal dedicated his second
novel El Filibusterismo to GOMBURZA
Injustice to Hero’s mother
 In 1872, Doña Teodora was arrested on
a malicious charge that she aided his
brother Jose Alberto in trying to poison
his wife
 Jose Alberto planned to divorce his wife
because of her infidelity
  Jose Alberto’s wife connived with the
Spanish lieutenant of the Guardia Civil
and filed a case against Rizal’s mother
 Antonio Vivencio del Rosario –
gobernadorcillo of Calamba, helped the
lieutenant arrest Doña Teodora
 50 kilometers – Doña Teodora was made
to walk from Calamba to the provincial
prison in Sta. Cruz
 Don Francisco de Marcaida & Don
Manuel Mazano – most famous lawyers
of Manila, defended Doña Teodora in
court
 After 2 ½ years – the Royal Audiencia
acquitted Doña Teodora
CHAPTER 4
Scholastic Triumphs at
Ateneo de Manila (1872-1877)
Escuela Pia – 1817 Ateneo Municipal
Ateneo De Manila
Rizal Enters the Ateneo – June 10, 1872
Jose was accompanied by Paciano, went to
Manila. He took the entrance examinations on
Christian Doctrine, Arithmetic, and Reading at
the College of San Juan de Letran and passed
them.
His father, who first wished him to study
at Letran, changed his mind and decided to
send him to Ateneo instead.
At first, Father Magin Ferrando, who was
the college registrar, refused to admit him for
two reasons:
1. he was late for registration
2. he was sickly and undersized for his
age
However, upon the intercession of
Manuel Xerez Burgos, nephew of father Burgos,
he was reluctantly admitted at the Ateneo.
Jose was the first of his family to adopt
the surname “Rizal”. He registered under this at
the Ateneo because their family name
“Mercado” had come under the suspicion of the
Spanish authorities. Paciano had used
“Mercado” as is surname at the College of San
Jose and he was known to the authorities as
Father Burgos’ favorite student and confidant.
The students were divided into two groups:
The Roman Empire – internos –
boarders
The Carthaginian Empire – externos –
non-boarders
The best student on every empire is
called the emperor, the second best is the
tribune, the third best is the decurion, the fourth
best is the centurion, and the fifth best is the
standard bearer.
Rizal’s First Year on Ateneo (1872-73)
Being a newcomer and knowing a little
spanish, he was placed at the bottom of the
class. He was an externo, hence he was
assigned to the Carthaginians, occupying the
end of the line.
After the first week, Jose progressed
rapidly. At the end of the month, he became an
emperor. He was the brightest pupil in the class
and he was awarded with a prize. He was so
much proud of it because it is his first prize won
in Ateneo.
Jose spent his noon recess money and
time for a Spanish lesson. Instead of playing and
gossiping he spent his money and time well.
In the second half of his first year in the
Ateneo, Rizal did not try hard enough to retain
his academic supremacy. This was because he
resented some remarks of his professor. He
placed second at the end of the year, although
all this grades were excellent.
Summer Vacation – 1873
His Sister Neneng (Saturnina) brought
him to Tanawan but since he’s really longing for
his mother, he visited her in Santa Cruz instead
of feeling the heat of the summer.
Jose told his mother about his
achievements at school and as a return, his
mother hugged her favorite son.
Second Year in Ateneo – 1873-74
Nothing unusual happened to Rizal
during his second term in the Ateneo. He
studied harder to regain his lost class leadership
and again, became an emperor.
At the end of the school year, Rizal
received excellent grades in all subjects.With
scholastic honors, he triumphantly returned to
Calamba in March, 1874 for the summer
vacation.
Prophecy of Mother’s Release He obtained the highest grades in all subjects –
philosophy, physics, biology, chemistry,
Rizal waste no time to visit his mother in
languages, mineralogy, etc.
jail. He cheered up Donya Teodora with his
excellent grades and funny happening of his life Graduation with Highest Honors
in Ateneo.
Rizal’s scholastic records at the
In the course of their conversation, Ateneo from 1872 to 1877 were as follows:
Donya Teodora told Jose about her dreams, but
1872-73
Jose interpreted his mother’s dreams that She
will be released 3 moths soon. Jose’s prediction Arithmetic – Excellent
became true. Donya Teodora thought that his
son was like Joseph in the Bible who has the Latin 1 – Excellent
ability to interpret dreams. Spanish 1 – Excellent
Third Year in Ateneo – 1874-75 Greek 1 - Excellent
Nothing unusual happened. Rizal still has 1873-74
his excellent grades with a great motivation
which is seeing his mother as a free woman. Latin 2 – Excellent
However, he only got one medal, which is Latin. Spanish 2 - Excellent
He did not get the other medal for Spanish
because he wasn’t that fluent enough. He was Greek 2 - Excellent
beaten by a spaniard who, naturally can speak Universal Geography - Excellent
Spanish with fluency and with right
accentuation. 1874-75

After the school year, Jose went for a Latin 3 - Excellent

summer vacation. He himself wasn’t that proud Spanish 3 - Excellent
by his scholastic work.
Greek 3 - Excellent
Fourth Year in Ateneo – 1875-76
Universal History – Excellent
On June 16, 1875, he became an interno
in the Ateneo. One of his professors this time History of Spain and the Philippines - Excellent
was Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez a great Arithmetic and Algebra Excellent
educator and scholar. He inspired Jose to study
1875-76
the hardest and to write poetry.
Rhetoric and Poetry - Excellent
Jose considered the professor as the
best professor in the Ateneo. Jose also wrote French 1 - Excellent
something for the professor and described him
Geometry and Trigonometry - Excellent
as a model of uprightness, earnestness and love
for the advancement of pupils. 1876-77
Fourth Year in Ateneo – 1875-76 Philosophy 1 – Excellent
At the end of the school year, he topped Mineralogy and Chemistry – Excellent
all his classmates in all subjects and won five
Philosophy 2 – Excellent
medals. He returned to Calamba for his summer
vacation and proudly offered his medals and Physics – Excellent
excellent ratings to his parents. He was very
happy for he was able to repay his father’s Botany and Zoology - Excellent
sacrifices. Commencement Day – March 23, 1877
Last Year in Ateneo – 1876-77 Rizal, who was 16 years old, received a
His studies continued to fare well. As a Bachelor of Arts, with highest honors.
matter of fact, he excelled in all subjects. He was It was the proud day of his family.
the most brilliant Atenean of his time, he was
truly the pride of Jesuits.
Rizal finished his years in a blaze of
glory.
Extra-Curricular Activities in Ateneo
He was an emperor inside the classroom,
he was a secretary of a religious society, which
is the Marian Congregation. He was accepted
on this member of solidarity not because of his
excellent grades but because of his devotion to
our lady the Immaculate Conception. He was
also a member of the Academy of Spanish
Literature and the Academy of Natural
Sciences.
Those academies where Rizal is involved
or a member to are only for the naturally gifted
Ateneans when it comes to literature and
sciences.
He also cultivated his literary talent.
Aside from writing poetry, he devoted his spare
time to study painting under the famous spanish
painter, Agustin Saez and Sculpture under
Romualdo de Jesus.
Both art masters acknowledged him as a
very talented pupil.
Furthermore, Rizal, to develop his weak
body, engaged in gymnastics and fencing. He
started a physical training under his sports-
minded Tio Manuel.
Sculptural Works in Ateneo
One Day, Rizal carved an image of the
Virgin Mary. The Jesuits fathers were amazed
of the beauty of the image.
One of the fathers requested him to carve
an image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Jose
complied it and presented it to the father. The
father was about to take with him the sculpture
to the Spain, but since he was absent minded,
he forgot to do so. The Ateneo Boarding
students placed in on the door of their dormitory
to remind them and all of the Ateneans about Dr.
Rizal, the greatest alumnus of their alma Mater.
This image played a significant part in Rizal’s
last hours at Fort Santiago.
Poems Written
Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration)
- dedicated for his mother for her
imprisonment and for her birthday
-he wrote this when he was 14 years old,
1874
In, 1875, inspired by Father Sanchez, he
wrote more poems as such:
1. Felicitacion (Felicitation)
2. El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de
Magallanes
(The Departure: Hymn to Magellan’s Fleet)
3. Y Es Espanol: Elcano, el Primero en dar
la Vuelta al Mundo
(And He is Spanish: Elcano, the first to
Circumnavigate the World)
In, 1875, inspired by Father Sanchez, he
wrote more poems as such:
4. El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo
(The Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo)
CHAPTER 5
MEDICAL STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF
SANTO TOMAS
ATENEO
• Rizal had completed his vocational
course in Surveying which he graduates
with Highest Honors.
• Run by Jesuits.
UST (1877-1882)
 He transferred to medical course where
he won more Literary Laurels; had other
romances with pretty girls; and fought
against Spanish student who insulted the
brown Filipinos students.
 Run by Dominicans
MOTHER’S OPPOSITION TO HIGHER
EDUCATION
DOÑA TEODORA
Opposed the idea sending Rizal to
University to pursue higher education because
she was aware of what happened to Gom-Bur-
Za and feared of what might happen to Rizal.
Rizal was surprised by his mother’s
opposition, who was a woman of education and
culture.
Despite her mother’s opposition Don
Francisco told Paciano to accompany Rizal to
Manila.
RIZAL’S ENTERS THE UNIIVERSITY
APRIL 1877
Rizal who was 16 years old enrolled at UST,
taking the course on Philosophy and Letters.
Reasons: Miss L.
1. His father like it.  Fair with seductive and attractive eyes.
2. He was uncertain as to what career to Reasons:
pursue
1. The sweet memory of Segunda was still
FR. PABLO RAMON fresh in his heart.
 Rector of the Ateneo 2. His father did not like the family of Miss
 Rizal who ask advice on the choice of L.
career
LEONOR “Orang” VALENZUELA
1877-1878
 A medical student from Calamba,
Rizal studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Laguna
Theodicy, and History of Philosophy during his  The charming daugther of Capitan Juan
first year term. and Capitana Sanday Valenzuaela.
 Tall girl with a regal bearing.
1877- 1879
Rizal sent Leonor a love notes written in
Rizal took up medical course upon the
invisible ink. This ink consisted of common table
advised of Ateneo’s Rector to study medicine.
salt and water. The secret of reading any note
Reason: written in the invisible ink by heating it over a
candle or lamp so that the words may appear
To be able to cure his mother’s growing
blindness LEONOR RIVERA

FINISHES SURVEYING COURSE IN ATENEO  Rizal’s cousin from Camiling.

(1878)
While Rizal was studying at UST, he also
studied in Ateneo (1877-1878). He took the
vocational course leading to the title of “Perito
Agrimensor” (Expert Surveyor)
He excellent in all subjects in the
surveying course obtaining gold medals in
Agriculture and Topography.
VOCATIONAL COURSES:
 Born in Camiling, Tarlac on April 11,
1867.
 A student of La Concordia College where
Rizal’s sister, Soledad was then
studying.
 Frail, Pretty Girl , and tender as a budding
flower with kindly wistful eyes.
TAIMIS – Leonor’s pseudonym in order to
camouflage their intimate relationship from their
parents and friends

1. Agriculture 3. Mechanics Rizal lived in:

2. Commerce 4. Surveying Casa Tomasina at No. 6 Calle Santo

Tomas, Intramuros
Rizal excelled in all subjects in the
surveying course in the Ateneo, obtaining gold ANTONIO RIVERO
medals in agriculture and topography. - Rizal’s land-lord-uncle
At age of 17, he passed the final exam in - Father of Leonor Rivera
the surveying course but could not be granted
the title as Surveyor because he was under age. - Jose and Leonor Rivera got engaged
The title was issued to him on November 25,
VICTIM OF SPANISH OFFICER’S
1881
BRUTALITY
EXTRA – CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES:
One dark summer vacation night of 1878
1. President, Academy of Spanish in Calamba when Rizal was a freshman Medical
Literature. student at the University of Santo Tomas. He
was walking in the street and dimly perceived
2. Secretary, Academy of Natural Sciences. the figure of a man while passing him not
3. Secretary. Marian Congregation. knowing that the person was Lieutenant of the
Guardia Civil, he did not salute not say any
ROMANCES WITH OTHER GIRLS greetings.
SEGUNDA KATIGBAK
 With a snarl, he turned upon Rizal,
whipped out his sword and brutally slashed his
back.
The wound was not serious, but it was
painfulRizal reported the incident to General
Primo de Rivera, the Spanish Governor General
of the Philippines at that time but nothing came
out because he was an Indio and the accused
was a Spaniard.
Later in a letter to Blumentritt dated
March 21, 1887, he related, “I went to the
Captain-General but I could not obtain justice;
me would last two weeks.”
“TO THE FILIPINO YOUTH” (1879)
LICEO ARTISTO-LITERANO (Artistic-
Literary Lyceum)
 A society of literary men and artists.
 Held a Literary Contest and offered a
prize (Silver Pen, feather-shaped
decorated with gold ribbon) for best
poem.
“A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA” (To The Filipino
Youth)
Rizal’s prize-winning and inspiring poem
of flawless form.
Rizal beseeched the Filipino youth to rise
from the lethargy; to their genius mind fly swiftly
the wind and descent with art and science to
break the chains that have long bound the spirit
of the people.
Reasons why Rizal’s Poem was a Classic in
Philippine Literature:
1. It was the first great poem in
Spanish written by a Filipino,
whose merit was recognized by
Spanish Literary Authorities.
2. It expressed for the first time the
nationalistic concept that the
Filipinos were the “fair hope of the
Fatherland.”
“The Council of the Gods” (1880)
 The Artistic- Literary Lyceum opened
another literary contest to commemorate
the fourth centennial of the death of
Cervantes (Spains glorified man-of-
letters and famous author of Don
Quixote.
El Consejo de los Dioses (The Counsel of the
Gods)
 The winning piece of Rizal in the contest
and was awarded as the first prize
because of its literary superiority over the
others.
 Despite all objections of Rizal being an
Indio, the prize was awarded to Rizal, a
gold ring on which was engraved the bust
of Cervantes.
Other Literary Works
Aside from the winning poems of Rizal,
he also produced other poems and zarzuela,
this zarzuela was Junto al Pasig (Beside the
Pasig, which was staged by the Ateneans on
December 8, 1880) on the occasion on the
annual celebration of the Feast Day of the
Immaculate Conception, Patroness of Ateneo.
He wrote it as the President of the Academy of
Spanish Literature in Ateneo.
In the same year (1880), he wrote a
sonnet entitled A Filipinas for the Album of
the Society of Sculptors. In this sonnet, he
urged all Filipino artists to glorify the Philippines.
The year before, (1879), he composed a
poem entitled Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma, which
was declaimed by an Atenean, Manuel
Fernandez, on the night of December 8, 1879 in
honour of the Ateneo’s Patroness.
Later in 1881, he composed a poem
entitled Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon, the Ateneo
Rector, who had been so kind and helpful to
him.
RIZAL’S VISIT TO PAKIL AND PAGSANJAN
SUMMER OF MAY 1881
 Rizal went to a pilgrimage to the town of
Pakil, famous shrine of the Birhen Maria
de los Dolores.
 He was accompanied by his sisters-
Saturnina, Maria and Triniada and their
female friends.
 The took a casco (flat-bottom sailing
vessel) from Calamba to Pakil, Laguna
and stayed at the home of Mr. and Mrs.
Manuel Regalado, whose son Nicolas
was Rizal’s friend in Manila.
 Rizal and his companions were
fascinated by he famous Turumba
(people dancing in the streets during the
procession in honor of the miraculous
Birhen Maria de los Dolores)
  Rizal was infatuated by a pretty girl
colegiala, Vicenta Ybardolaza, who
skilfully played the harp at the Regalado
home
Reasons why Rizal and his company made
side trip to the neighbouring town of
Pagsanjan:
1. It was the native town of Leonor
Valenzuela
2. To see the world fames Pagsanjan
Falls.
Champion of Filipino Students
In 1880, he founded a secret society of
Filipino students in the University of Santo
Tomas called Companerismo (Comradeship),
whose members were called “Companions of
Jehu”, after the valiant Hebrew general who
fought the Armacans and ruled the Kingdom of
Israel for 28 years (843-816 B.C).
He was the chief of this secret student
society, with his cousin from Batangas,
Galicano Apacible, as secretary.
UNHAPPY DAYS AT THE UST
1. The Dominican were hostile to
him.
2. The Filipino students were racially
discriminated by the Spaniards
3. The method of instruction was
obsolete and repressive.
Results:
Rizal, the most brilliant graduate of
Ateneo failed to win high scholastic grade.
RIZAL’S SCHOLASTIC RECORDS IN THE
UST (1879-1882)
1877 – 1878 (Philosophy & Letters)
Cosmology & Metaphysics- Excellent
Theodicy - Excellent
History of Philosophy - Excellent
1878 – 1879 (Medicine) – 1st Year
Physics - Fair
Chemistry- Excellent
Natural History- Good
Anatomy I-Good
Dissection I - Good
1879 – 1880 (Medicine) – 2nd Year
Anatomy 2 - Good
Dissection 2- Good
Physiology - Good
Private Hygiene - Good
Public Hygiene - Good
1880 – 1881 (Medicine) – 3rd Year
General Pathology- Fair
Therapeutics - Excellent
Surgery - Good
1881 – 1882 (Medicine) 4th Year
Medical Pathology - Very Good
Surgical Pathology - Very Good
Obstetrics - Very Good
DECISION TO STUDY ABROAD
After finishing the Fourth Year of his
medical course, Rizal decided to study in Spain.
He could no longer endure the rampant bigotry,
discrimination, and hostility in the University of
Santo Tomas.
His older brother readily approved his
going to Spain and so did his two sisters
Saturnina (Neneng) and Lucia, Uncle Antonio
Rivera, the Valenzuela family and some friends
He did not seek his parent’s permission
and blessings to go abroad; and even his
beloved Leonor.
CHAPTER 6
In Sunny Spain (1882-1885)
 Rizal is being disgusted with the
antiquated method of instruction of the
Dominican professors to Filipino students
so he decided to continue his studies in
Spain.
 At that time the government of spain was
a constitutional monarchy under a written
constitution which granted human rights
to the people, particularly freedom of
speech, freedom of the press, and
freedom of assembly.
 Another reason for his study in spain is
his “secret mission”, which many Rizalist
biographers (including Austin Craig and
Wenceslao E. Retana) never mention in
their writings.
Rizal’s Secret Missions
 He went to Spain to observe keenly the
life and culture, languages and customs,
industries and commerce, and
governments and laws of the European
nations to prepare himself in the mighty
task of liberating his oppressed people
from Spanish tyranny.
Secret Departure For Spain
 He’s departure in Spain was kept secret
to avoid detection by Spanish authorities
and the friars. His parents don’t even
know because he knew that his mother
won’t allow him to go.
 Only his older brother (Paciano), his
uncle (Antonio Rivera, father of Leonor
Rivera), his sisters (Neneng and Lucia),
the Valenzuela family (Capitan Juan and
Capitana Sanday and their daughter
Orang), Pedro A. Paterno, his compadre
Mateo Evangelista, the Ateneo Jesuits
fathers, and some intimate friends,
including Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio).
 He used the name Jose Mercado, a
cousin from Binan
 Before his secret departure, he wrote a
farewell letter to his parents and to his
sweetheart Leonor Rivera.
May 3,1882
 He departed on board the Spanish
steamer Salvadora bound for Singapore
with tears in his eyes and gloom in his
heart.
Singapore
 During the voyage to Singapore, he
carefully observed the people and things
on board the streamer. There were 16
passengers including himself. He was
the only Filipino, the rest were Spaniards,
British and Indian Negroes
 To remove or ease his boredom, Rizal
played chess with his fellow passengers
who were older than him and because he
was good at chess he defeated them all.
May 8, 1882
 Rizal saw a beautiful island. Fascinated
by its scenic beauty, he remembered
“Talim island with the Susong Dalaga”.
May 9, 1882
 The Salvadora docked at Singapore.
Rizal landed, registered at Hotel de la
Paz, and spent two days on sightseeing
soiree of the city, which was a colony of
England. He saw the famous Botanical
garden, the beautiful Buddhist Temples,
the busy shopping district, and the statue
of Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles (founder
of Singapore).
From Singapore to Colombo
 In Singapore, Rizal transferred to another
ship Djemnah, a French steamer, which
left Singapore for Europe on May 11. It
was larger and cleaner vessel which
carried more passengers.
 On board were British, French, Dutch,
Spaniards, Malays, Siamese and
Filipinos (Mr. and Mrs. Salazar, Mr.
Vicente Pardo and Jose Rizal), because
it was a French vessel, and the majority
of the passengers were French-
speaking. He attempted to conversed
with his fellow passengers with French,
but he was surprised and embarrassed
because he found out his book that he
learned at the Ateneo could not be
understood.
 By conversing daily with the French
passengers he was able to improve his
knowledge of different languages.
May 17
The Djemnah reached Point Galle, a
seacoast town in southern Ceylon (now Sri
Lanka). On his travel diary, he wrote “The
general appearance of Point Galle is
picturesque but lonely and quiet at the same
time sad”
 Djemnah weighed anchor and resumed
the voyage to Colombo, the capital of
Ceylon.
 He delightfully scribbled on his diary:
“Colombo is more beautiful, smart and
elegant than Singapore, Point Galle, and
Manila.”
First Trip Through Suez Canal
 From Colombo, the Djemnah continued
the voyage crossing the Indian Ocean to
the Cape of Guardafui, Africa.
 For the first time, Rizal sighted the barren
coast of Africa, which he called an
“inhospitable but famous.”
  The next stopover – in Aden – he found Manila bilingual newspaper (Spanish and
the city, hotter than Manila. He was Tagalog)
amused to see the camels.
 “Amor Patrio” was under his pen-name
 From Aden, the Djemnah proceeded to Laong Laan, appeared in print Diaryong
the city of Suez, the Red Sea Terminal of Tagalog on August 20, 1882. It was
the Suez Canal. published in two texts – Spanish and
Tagalog. The Spanish one was originally
 Rizal was thrilled because it was his first
written by Rizal in Barcelona. The
trip through the canal which was built by
Tagalog text was Tagalog translation
Ferdinand de Lesseps (French diplomat-
made by M.H. del Pilar.
engineer). It was inaugurated on
November 17, 1869. Rizal wrote the second article for Diariong
Tagalog entitled “Los Viajes” (Travels). His third
 At Port said, the Mediterranean terminal
article entitled “Revista de Madrid” (Review of
of the Suez Canal, Rizal landed in order
Madrid), which he wrote in Madrid on November
to see the interesting sights.
29, 1882 but was returned to him because
Naples and Marseilles Diariong Tagalog was ceased publication for
lack of funds.
 On June 11, Rizal reached Naples. This
Italian city pleased him because of its Manila Moves to Madrid
business activity, its lively people and its
 While sojourning in Barcelona, Rizal
panoramic beauty. He was fascinated by
received a news about the cholera that
Mount Vesuvius, the Castle of St. Telmo,
was ravaging Manila and the Provinces.
and other historic sights of the city.
 On the night of June 12, the steamer  Many people had died and more were
docked at the French harbor of dying daily.
Marseilles. He visited the famous
 Another sad news from the Philippines
Chateau d’lf, where Dantes, hero of the
was that chatty letter from Chengoy
Count of Monte Cristo, was imprisoned.
recounting the unhappiness of Leonor
He stayed two and half days in
Rivera, who was getting thinner because
Marseilles, enjoying every day of his
of the absence of a Loved one.
sojourn.
 In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882)
Barcelona
Paciano advised Rizal to finish the
 On the afternoon of June 15, Rizal left Medical course in Madrid. Rizal left
Marseille by train to Spain. He crossed Barcelona in the fall of 1882.
the Pyrenees and stopped for a day at
Life in Madrid
the frontier town of Port Bou
 Reached Barcelona on June 16, 1882  November 3, 1882- Rizal enrolled in the
Universidad Central de Madrid (Central
 His first impression of Barcelona the
University of Madrid) in two courses---
greatest city of Cataluna, was
Medicine and Philosophy and Letters.
unfavorable. He thought that it was ugly,
with dirty little inns and inhospitable  He also studied painting and sculpture in
residents. the Academy of Fine Arts of San
Fernando took lessons in French,
Later, he changed his bad impression
German and English under private
and he found it to be really a great City, with
instructors. He also practiced fencing and
an atmosphere freedom and liberalism, and
shooting in the Hall of Arms of Sanz y
its people where open hearted, hospitable
Carbonell
and courageous.
 He budgeted and time. He lived frugally,
“Amor Patrio”
spending his money on food, clothing,
 In progressive Barcelona, Rizal wrote a lodging and books--- never wasting a
nationalistic easy entitled “Amor Patrio” peseta for gambling, wine, and women.
(Love of Country), his first article written
 He spent his leisure time reading and
on Spain’s soil. He sent this article to his
writing at his boarding house, attending
friend in Manila, Basilio Teodoro Moran,
the reunions of Filipino students at the
publisher of Diariong Tagalog, the first
 House of Paterno Brother’s (Antonio,
Maximo, and Pedro) and practicing
fencing and shooting at the gymnasium.
 On Saturday evenings, he visited the
home of Don Pablo y Rey who lived with
his son (Rafael) and daughter
(Consuelo). Don Pablo had been city
mayor of Manila during the administration
of the liberal governor general Carlos de
la Torre (1869-1871) and was later
promoted vice-president of the Council of
the Philippines in the Ministry of Colonies
(Ultramar)
Romance with Consuelo Ortiga y Perez
 Rizal was not a handsome man but he
possesses an aura of charisma due to his
many-splendored talents and novel
characters which made him attractive to
romantic young women, especially
Consuelo.
 Jose attracted to Consuelo’s beauty and
vivacity. He even composed a lovely
poem on August 22, 1883 dedicated to
her. In this poem titled A La Senorita C.O.
y P. (To Miss C.O. y P.) he expressed his
admiration for her.
 Before his romance with Consuelo could
blossom to a serious affair, he suddenly
backed-out for two reasons: (1) He was
still engaged to Leonora Rivera and (2)
His friend and co-worker in the
Propaganda Movement, Eduardo De
Lete was madly in love with Consuelo
and he no wish to break their friendship
because of a pretty girl.
“They Ask Me for Verses”
 In 1882 after his arrival in Madrid he
joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipino
(Hispano-Philippine Circle), a society of
Spaniards and Filipinos.
 He wrote a poem entitled “Me Piden
Versus” (They Ask Me for Verses). Which
he personally declaimed during the New
Year’s Eve held in the evening of
December 31, 1882.
Rizal as Lover of Books
 A favorite pastime of Rizal in Madrid was
reading. Instead of gambling and flirting
with women
 He economizes on his living expenses
and with the money he saved he
purchased books from a second-hand
bookstore owned by a certain Senor
Roses. He was able to build a fair-sized
private library.
 His collection of books included The
Bible, Hebrew Grammar, Lives of the
Presidents of the United States from
Washington to Johnson, Complete
Works of Voltaire (9 volumes), Complete
Works of Horace (3 volumes), Complete
Works of C. Bernard (16 volumes),
History of the French Revolution, The
Wandering Jew, Ancient Poetry, Works
of Thucydides, The Byzantine Empire,
The Characters by La Bruyere, The
Renaissance, Uncle Tom’s Cabin by
Harriet Beecher Stowe, Works of
Alexander Dumas, Louis XIV and His
Count and numerous books on medicine,
philosophy, languages, history,
geography, arts and sciences.
Rizal’s First Visit to Paris (1883)
 Rizal went to Paris from June 17 to
August 20. 1883. He was billeted at the
Hotel de Paris on 37 Rue de Maubange;
later he moved to a cheaper hotel on 124
Rue de Rennes in the Latin Quarter.
 Rizal was fascinated by Paris, such as
beautiful boulevards (particularly the
Champs Elysses), the Opera House, the
Place de la Concorde, the Arch of
Triumph, the Bois de Boulogne, the
Madeline Church, the Cathedral of Notre
Dame, the Column of Venpdome, the
Invalides, and the fabulous Versailles.
 Rizal was mistaken by the Parisian as a
Japanese.
 The prices of foods, drinks, theater,
tickets, laundry, hotel accommodation
and transportation were too high for his
slender purse so that he commented in a
letter to his family: “Parish is the costliest
capital in Europe.”
Rizal as a Mason
Rizal came contact with Masons including
Miguel Morayta, statesman, professor, historian
and writer; Francisco Pi y Margal, journalist,
states-man; Manuel Becerra, Minister and
Ultramar (Colonies); and Juan Ruiz Zorilla,
parliamentarian and head of the Republican
Progressive Party in Madrid.
In due time, in March 1883, he joined the
Masonic lodge called Acacia in Madrid. His
reason for becoming a mason was to secure
Freemasonry’s aid in his fight against the friars
in the Philippines
 He transferred to Lodge Solidaridad
(Madrid), where he become a master
Mason on November 15, 1890.
 Still later on February 15, 1892, he was
awarded the diploma as Master Mason
by Le Grand Orient de France in Paris.
 As a Mason, he played lukewarm role in
Free Masonry, unlike M.H del Pilar, G.
Lopez-Jaena, and Mariano Ponce who
were very active in Masonic affairs.
 His only Masonic writing was ,ecture
titled “Science, Virtue and Labor” which
he delivered in 1889 at Lodge
Solidaridad, Madrid
Financial Worries
 After his departure for Spain, things turn
from bad to worse in Calamba.
 The harvest of rice and sugarcane failed
on account of drought and locusts and
the manager of the Dominican-owned
Hacienda increased the rentals of the
lands cultivated by the Rizal Family.
 Due to hard times in Calamba, the
monthly allowances of Rizal in Madrid
were late in arrival and there were times
when they never arrive, causing much
suffering to him. At one time Paciano was
forced to sell his younger brother’s pony
in order to send money to Madrid.
 A touching in his life in Madrid occurred
on June 24, 1884 because he was broke
and unable to take breakfast that day.
 With an empty stomach he attended his
class at the University, participated in the
contest in Greek language and won the
gold medal. In the evening of the same
day, he was able to eat dinner, for he was
a guest speaker in banquet held in honor
of Juan Luna and Felix Resurrection
Hidalgo at Restaurant Ingles, Madrid.
Rizal’s Salute to Luna and Hidalgo
 The banquet on June 25,1884 was to
celebrate the double victory of the
Filipino artist in the National Exposition in
Fine Arts in Madrid – Luna’s Spoliarium
and Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins Exposed
to the Populace
 Speaking in sonorous Castillian, Rizal
held his audience spellbound.
 He saluted Luna and Hidalgo as the two
glories of Spain and the Philippines,
whosed artistic achievements
transcended geographical frontiers and
racial origins, for genius in universal.
Rizal Involved in Student Demonstrations
 November 20-22, 1884- the serene city
of Madrid exploded in bloody riots by the
students of the Central University. Rizal
and other Filipino participated together
with Cuban, Mexican, Peruvian and
Spanish students in tumult andcaused by
the addressed by Doctor Morayta at the
opening ceremony on academic year on
November 20.
 They rioted in the streets, shouting: “Viva
Morayta! Down with Bishops!” practically
all students (Law, Medicines, Philosophy
and Letters, etc) joined the massive
demostrations, including Rizal, Valentin
Ventura, and other Filipinos.
 Many university professors openly
supported the student rioters. The
Rector, who also took the side of the
students, was forced to resign and was
replaced by Doctor Creus, “a very
unpopular man, disliked by everybody”.
Studies Completed in Spain
 He completed his Medical course in
Spain. He was conferred the Degree of
Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad
Central de Madrid on June 21,1884.
 The next academic year (1884-1885) He
studied and passed all the subjects
leading to the Degree of Doctor of
Medicine.
 Due to the fact, however, that he did not
present the thesis required for graduation
nor paid the corresponding fees, he was
not awarded his Doctor’s diploma
Fifth Year (1882-83): Continuation of
Medical Course in UST
Medical Clinic 1– Good
Surgical Clinic 1 – Good
Obstetrical Clinic – Fair
Legal Medicine – Excellent
Sixth Year (1883-84)
Medical Clinic 2 – Good
Surgical Clinic 2 – Very Good
Licentiate in Medicine awarded on June 21,
1884 with the rating “Fair”
Doctorate (1884-85)
History of Medical Science – Fair
Surgical Analysis – Good
Normal Histology – Excellent

Doctor of Medicine (Not Awarded)

 Rizal also finished his studies in
Philosophy and Letters, with higher
grades.
 He was awarded the degree of Licentiate
in Philosophy and Letters by the
Universidad Central de Madrid on June
19, 1885 (his 24th birthday) with the rating
of “Excellent” (Sobresaliente)
1882-83
Universal History – Very Good
General Literature – Excellent
1883-84
Universal History 1 – Very Good
General Literature – Excellent
1884-85
Universal History 2 – Excellent
Greek and Latin Literature – Excellent (with
prize)
Greek 1 – excellent (with prize)
1882-83
Spanish Language – Excellent with a
scholarship
Arabic Language – Excellent with a scholarship.
 At long last, he completed his studies in
Spain.
 By obtaining the Degree of Licentiate in
Philosophy and Letters, he is qualified to
be a professor of Humanities in any
Spain University.
 And by receiving his Degree of Licentiate
in Medicine, he became a full-pledged
physician, qualified to practiced medicine