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Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Structural
Procedia
Structural Integrity
Structural
Integrity Procedia
Integrity
Procedia 00(2016)
600 (2017)
(2017) 000–000
224–227
000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

XXVII International Conference “Mathematical and Computer Simulations in Mechanics of

XXVII International
Solids Conference
and Structures”. “Mathematical
Fundamentals andand
of Static Computer Simulations
Dynamic in Mechanics
Fracture (MCM 2017) of
Solids and Structures”. Fundamentals of Static and Dynamic Fracture (MCM 2017)
Numerical and Experimental Research of Natural Frequencies and
Numerical
XV Portuguese and Experimental
Conference Research
on Fracture, PCF of February
2016, 10-12 Natural2016,
Frequencies
Paço de Arcos,and
Portugal
Mode
Mode ShapesShapes for for Runner
Runner of of Francis
Francis TurbineTurbine
Thermo-mechanical
Valerii a,∗ modeling of ab high pressure turbine
c bladeYugov
of an
d
Valerii P.
P. Zolotarevich
Zolotarevicha,∗,, Alexandr
Alexandr E. E. Salienko
Salienkob ,, Alexandr
Alexandr I. I. Frumen
Frumenc ,, Nicolay
Nicolay V.
V. Yugovd
airplane a
ITMO University,
a gas Pr.,
49 Kronverksky turbine
ITMO University, 49 Lotsmanskaya,
LLC ”TGR-Engineering” Kronverksky Pr.,10/14,
engine
St. Petersburg,
St. Petersburg,
197101, Russia
197101,
St. Petersburg Russia
190008, Russia
LLC ”TGR-Engineering” Lotsmanskaya, 10/14, St. Petersburg 190008, Russia
b JSC Tyazhmash 13 Hydroturbinnaya
a St., Syzran, bSamara region, 446010,
c Russia
c State P. Brandão , V. Infante , A.M. Deus *
b JSC Tyazhmash 13 Hydroturbinnaya St., Syzran, Samara region, 446010, Russia
Marine Technical University of Saint-Petersburg Lotsmanskaya, 3, St. Petersburg 190008, Russia
c State
Marine Technical University of Saint-Petersburg Lotsmanskaya, 3, St. Petersburg 190008, Russia
d LLC
a d LLC
”TGR-Engineering” Lotsmanskaya, 10/14, St. Petersburg 190008, Russia
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior
”TGR-Engineering” Técnico,
Lotsmanskaya, Universidade
10/14, de Lisboa,
St. Petersburg Av.Russia
190008, Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Portugal
b
IDMEC, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Portugal
Abstract
c
CeFEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Abstract
Portugal
The construction of the physico-mathematical model for the runner of a Francis turbine for calculation of natural frequencies
andThe construction
vibration modesof the physico-mathematical
taking into account the influence model of for the isrunner
liquid given.ofCalculation
a Francis turbine
studies for calculation
on the analysis of
of natural frequencies
natural frequencies
and vibration modes taking into account the influence of liquid is given. Calculation studies on the analysis
and modes of oscillations of the runner were performed on the basis of the application of a coupled finite and boundary elements of natural frequencies
andAbstract
modes of oscillations of the runner were performed on the basis of the application of a coupled finite and boundary elements
method.
method.
The developed methods also used for comparison of numerical and experimental parameters of natural vibrations for different
During their operation,
Theofdeveloped methods modern
also used aircraft engine components
for comparison of numerical are subjected
andFrancis to increasingly
experimental parameters ofdemanding
natural operating
for conditions,
types hydraulic
especially the highmachines.
pressure The results
turbine (HPT)of blades.
calculations
Such for runner
conditions turbine
cause these partsand the blade
to undergo of the vibrations
different runner
types ofKaplan different
turbine
time-dependent
types
showed of hydraulic
good machines.
agreement with The
the results of
experimental calculations
data for runner Francis turbine and the blade of the runner Kaplan turbine
degradation, one of which is creep. A
showed good agreement with the experimental data model using the finite element method (FEM) was developed, in order to be able to predict
the creep behaviour of HPT blades. Flight data records (FDR) for a specific aircraft, provided by a commercial aviation
c company,
2017 The
Copyright Authors.
© 2017 The Published
Authors. bythermal
Published Elsevier B.V.
by Elsevier B.V.
c 2017 The were used
Authors.
to obtain
Published by Elsevier
and
B.V.
mechanical data for three different flight cycles. In order to create the 3D model
Peer-review
Peer-review
needed for under
under responsibility
theresponsibility
FEM analysis, ofaMCM
of the the
HPTMCM2017
blade 2017 organizers.
organizers.
scrap was scanned, and its chemical composition and material properties were
Peer-review under responsibility of the MCM 2017 organizers.
obtained. The data that was gathered was fed into the FEM model and different simulations were run, first with a simplified 3D
Keywords:
rectangularnatural
blockfrequencies
shape, in and mode
order shapes;establish
to better finite element method;and
the model, boundary element
then with themethod;
real 3Dvibration; resonance
mesh obtained frequency;
from the bladestructural
scrap. The
Keywords: natural
strength; Francis frequencies
turbine and mode shapes; finite element method; boundary element method; vibration; resonance frequency; structural
overallFrancis
strength; expected behaviour in terms of displacement was observed, in particular at the trailing edge of the blade. Therefore such a
turbine
model can be useful in the goal of predicting turbine blade life, given a set of FDR data.

© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016.
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Keywords: High Pressure Turbine Blade; Creep; Finite Element Method; 3D Model; Simulation.
Recently, modernizing the HPP leads to higher requirements of the energy characteristics for components of hydro
Recently, modernizing the HPP leads to higher requirements of the energy characteristics for components of hydro
turbines . This situation gives to such design solutions, which require additional research in the field for resonant
turbines . This situation gives to such design solutions, which require additional research in the field for resonant
vibration of the turbine parts.
vibration of the turbine parts.
For designing turbines the methods of estimation of natural frequencies of all elements turbines such as the stator
For designing turbines the methods of estimation of natural frequencies of all elements turbines such as the stator
vanes, guide vanes and runner of Francis or Kaplan turbines are very importance. The finite elements method the
vanes, guide vanes and runner of Francis or Kaplan turbines are very importance. The finite elements method the
most widely used to solve such problems. In Fjeld (2015); Zhongyu and Zhengwei (2016) are examples of analysis
most widely used to solve such problems. In Fjeld (2015); Zhongyu and Zhengwei (2016) are examples of analysis

∗* Corresponding
Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 218419991.
author. Tel.: +7-906-259-8093.
E-mail address:
∗ Corresponding amd@tecnico.ulisboa.pt
author. Tel.: +7-906-259-8093.
E-mail address: vpzolotarevich@corp.ifmo.ru
E-mail address: vpzolotarevich@corp.ifmo.ru
2452-3216
2210-7843 c© 2016
2017 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published byby Elsevier
Elsevier B.V.
B.V.
2210-7843
Peer-reviewcunder
Peer-review under
2017 The responsibility
Authors.of
responsibility of the
Published
the MCM Scientific
by2017
Elsevier Committee of PCF 2016.
B.V.
organizers.
Peer-review under responsibility of the MCM 2017 organizers.
2452-3216 Copyright  2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the MCM 2017 organizers.
10.1016/j.prostr.2017.11.034
 Valerii P. Zolotarevich et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 6 (2017) 224–227 225
2 V.P. Zolotarevich, A.E. Salienko, A.I. Frumen, N.V. Yugov / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

of natural frequencies of the runner turbines using commercial software ANSYS. In Doujak and Eichhorn (2016) the
study of the natural frequencies and shapes of the runner Kaplan turbines are also based on ANSYS software. In this
case eigenvalues were identified based on the solve of a problem of hydroelasticity. In [5] illustrates the use of open
source software packages OPENFOAM and CODE ASTER to calculate natural frequencies and forced vibrations.
This approach presents a number of difficulties: the complexity of the creating of grid , the modelling boundary
conditions in the gaps.
This paper presents an approach to solving the problem of calculation of natural frequencies and mode shapes of
the turbines using coupled of finite and boundary elements method. The basics of the method are given in Yugov et al.
(2000).

2. Numerical approach

To calculate the natural frequencies and forms of oscillations in water, it is necessary to solve the following problem
for the search of eigenvalues:
 
K − ω2 (M + Ma (ω)) U = 0, (1)
where K and M are the stiffness and mass matrices of the structure, Ma the matrix of added mass, which is formed
on the basis of the use of BEM. In the process of calculations, the matrix of added mass is calculated for a given
frequency ωa , U is the displacement vector.
The desired vector can be sought in the form of a superposition of vibration forms of a ”dry” construction:
U = Ψξ, (2)
where Ψ is the matrix of eigenmodes of oscillations obtained on the basis of the application of the FEM, the ξ vector of
the contributions of the proper forms of the ”dry” structure to the shape of the oscillations of the structure in ”water”.
Substituting (2) into (1) and multiplying the left from the transposed matrix of ”dry” oscillation modes, we obtain:
  
ΨT KΨ − ω2 ΨT MΨ + ΨT Ma (ωa )Ψ ξ = 0. (3)
If we assume that the ”dry” eigenforms are normalized to a mass matrix, i.e. the following relations hold:
ΨT KΨ = I, ΨT KΨ = Ω2 (4)
where I is the identity matrix, Ω is the diagonal matrix of eigenfrequencies, then equation (3) is simplified and can be
written in the form:
  
Ω2 − ω2 I + ΨT Ma (ωa )Ψ ξ = 0. (5)
Thus, in calculating the natural frequencies and modes of oscillation of the structure, the vector ξ of contributions
of the ”dry” forms of oscillations to the shape of the vibrations of the wetted surface is determined. This allows
us to establish a connection between the ”dry” forms of oscillations and the forms of vibrations of the immersed
structure. We can assume that the ”dry” form of the oscillations, which gives the maximum contribution to the shape
of the vibrations of the immersed structure, will be decisive for this form, and the natural frequency of the submerged
structure for this form will correspond to the corresponding natural frequency of the ”dry” design.

3. Compare with experimental results

To calculate the natural frequencies of the blades of the runner Kaplan turbines in the air was used a grid of elements
of type HEX20. Mesh the runner blades shown in Fig. 1. Nodes for wetted surface coincide with the corresponding
nodes of a volume grid of the blade..
As a basis for the calculation of natural frequencies of the blade in the water you used the first 50 mode shapes of
the dry structure. In Fig. 2 and 3 shows the first four modes of vibration of the blade.
The results of the calculations for the first four natural frequencies are given in table 1. In parentheses are the
experimental values. Data of calculation and experiment are relative to the given frequency of rotation of the turbine
226 Valerii P. Zolotarevich et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 6 (2017) 224–227
V.P. Zolotarevich, A.E. Salienko, A.I. Frumen, N.V. Yugov / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 3

Fig. 1. Mesh for blade of runner Kaplan turbine.

Fig. 2. Fist and second modes blade.

Fig. 3. 3th and 4th modes blade.

shaft. As can be seen from table 1, for the second and third mode shapes is observed in good agreement with the
experimental data. Contrast to the experiment values of natural frequencies for the first mode shapes require additional
studies of the conditions of the experiment (electronic circuits, errors of the sensors and preamplifiers, as well as the
types of used vibrators or vibration measuring hammers).

Table 1. Results for natural frequencies.

# in Air, × f0 in Water, × f0

1 26.9 (29.9) 15.9 (12.1)

2 39.0 (38.8) 25.7 (23.7)
3 61.3 (61.8) 42.2 (41.2)
4 76.8 51.1

The developed approach also was used to analyze the causes of the destruction of the runner of a Francis turbine
of one of the modernized HPP. Calculation studies of natural frequencies and vibration modes of the runner in air and
water have been performed. A comparison of the available experimental vibration data on the runner bearing with the
results of calculating the natural frequencies of the runner in the water showed that they were in good agreement.
Analysis of the natural frequencies of the runner in the ”water” and the frequency spectrum of the exciting dynamic
forces has shown that the critical occurrence of resonance oscillations as a result of the coincidence of the natural
frequencies of the runner with the revolution frequencies of the disturbing forces determines the characteristics of the
strength blades of the runner and the nature of their destruction.
 Valerii P. Zolotarevich et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 6 (2017) 224–227 227
4 V.P. Zolotarevich, A.E. Salienko, A.I. Frumen, N.V. Yugov / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

4. Conclusion

The approach for calculation of natural frequencies and mode shapes of the runners of the turbines through the
application of the coupled of finite and boundary elements method presented. The results of calculations for the
runner Francis turbine and the blades of the runner Kaplan turbine showed good agreement with the experimental
data.
The developed method was applied to the analysis of the causes of the destruction of the runner of Francis turbine.
Studies have shown that the critical appearance of resonance oscillations in the result of a coincidence of natural
frequencies of the runner with frequencies of the disturbing forces determines the strength of the wheel, of blades and
also the possible nature of their destruction.

References

Doujak, E., Eichhorn, M., 2016. An approach to evaluate the lifetime of a high head francis runner., in: 16th International Symposium on Transport
Phenomena and Dynamics of Rotating Machinery.
Fjeld, O.M., 2015. Simulation Of The Natural Frequencies In A Pump-turbine Runner In Air And Water. Norwegian University of Science and
Technology.
Yugov, N., Ionov, A., Minin, R., 2000. Modeling vibration and acoustic fields in ship hull structures, in: Mathematical modelling in Solid mechanics
by Boundary & Finite element methods. BEM & FEM-2000.
Zhongyu, M., Zhengwei, W., 2016. Structural characteristic in prototype runner of francis turbine analysis, in: 16th International Symposium on
Transport Phenomena and Dynamics of Rotating Machinery.