EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

LESSON 12 REPRESETING REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS USING EXPONENTIAL FUCTIONS

 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

LESSON OUTLINE:
1. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS
2. EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY
3. COMPOUND INTEREST
ACTIVITY 1 (REAL LIFE EXPONENTIAL FUCNTION

MATERIAL: ONE-2 METER STRING AND PAIR OF SCISSORS FOR EACH GROUP
A. AT STEP 0, THERE IS 1 STRING
B. AT STEP 1, FOLD THE STRING INTO EQUAL PARTS THEN CUT IN THE MIDDLE. HOW MANY
STRINGS OF EQUAL LENGTH DO YOU HAVE?
C. AT STEP 2, AGAIN FOLD EACH OF THE STRINGS EQUALLY AND THEN CUT. HOW MANY STRINGS
OF EQUAL LENGTH DO YOU HAVE? COMPLETE THE TABLE ON THE BOARD
D. CONTINUE THE PROCESS UNTIL THE TABLE IS COMPLETELY FILLED-UP
STEPS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
# OF 1
STRINGS

A. WHAT PATTERN CAN BE OBSERVED FROM THE DATA?

B. DEFINE A FORMULA FOR THE NUMBER OF STRINGS AS A FUCTION OF THE STEP NUMBER.
DEFINITION: AN EXPONENTIAL FUCNTION WITH THE BASE
b IS A FUCTION OF THE FORM 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 ,
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1
 EXAMPLE 1

COMPLETE THE TABLE OF VALUES FOR X = -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3 FOR THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
𝑥
𝑓 = 13 , 𝑦 = 10𝑥 𝑦 = (0.8)𝑥

X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

1 𝑥
𝑓= 3

𝑦 = 10𝑥

𝑦 = (0.8)𝑥
EXAMPLE 2

𝑓 𝑥 = 3 𝑋, 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒

1. 𝑓 2

2. 𝑓 −2

1
3. 𝑓
2

4. 𝑓 0.4
DEFINITION:
LET 𝑏 A POSITIVE NUMBER NOT EQUAL TO ONE.
A TRANSFORMATION OF AN EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION WITH BASE 𝑏 IS A FUNCTION OF THE
FORM
𝑥−𝑐
𝑔 𝑥 =𝑎· 𝑏 +𝑑
𝑊𝐻𝐸𝑅𝐸 𝑎, 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠.
MANY APPLICATIONS INVOLVE TRANFORMATIONS
OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS. SOME OF THE
MOST COMMON APPLICATIONS IN REAL-LIFE OF
EXPONENTIAL FUCTIONS AND THEIR
TRANSFORMATION ARE POPULATION GROWTH,
EXPONETIAL DECAY, AND COMPOUND
INTEREST.
 EXAMPLE 3

A.POPULATION:
ON SEVERAL INSTANCES, SCIENTISTS WILL START WITH A CERTAIN NUMBER OF BACTERIA OR
ANIMALS AND WATCH HOW THE POPULATION GROWS. FOR EXAMPLE, IF THE POPULATION
DOUBLE EVERY 3 DAYS, THIS CAN BE REPRESENTED AS AN EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION.

LET 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠. 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0, INITIALLY,

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 20 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎. 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 = 0
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 100ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠. 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 100 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 = 20 2
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 200 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 = 20(2)2
𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡. 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 300 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 = 20(2)3
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 400 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 = 20(2)4

SOLUTION: 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 20(20)𝑡/100

EXPONENTIAL MODELS AND POPULATION GROWTH.
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑇 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒. 𝑖𝑓 𝑦0 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡,
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑦 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑦0 (2)𝑡/𝑇
 EXAMPLE 4
B.EXPONENTIAL DECAY:
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS CAN BE USED TO MODEL RADIOACTIVE DECAY.
DEFINITION:
THE HALF-LIFE OF A RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCE IS THE TIME IT TAKES FOR HALF OF THE SUBSTANCE
TO DECAY.

𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 − 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 INITIALLY,

𝑖𝑠 10 days and there are 10g intially, determine the amount of 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 10𝑔
substance remaining after 30 days 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 10 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 5𝑔
LET 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠. 𝑤𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 20 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2.5𝑔
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 10 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠. 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 1.25
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒:

1 𝑡/10
SOLUTION: 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 10
2
 EXAMPLE 5
C.COMPOUND INTEREST:
A STARTING AMOUNT OF MONEY (CALLED THE PRINCIPAL) CAN BE INVESTED AT A CERTAIN INTEREST RATE THAT
IS EARNED AT THE END OF A GIVEN PERIOD OF TIME (SUCH AS ONE YEAR). IF THE INTEREST RATE IS
COMPOUNDED, THE INTEREST EARNED AT THE END OF THE PERIOD IS ADDED TO THE PRINCIPAL, AND THIS NEW
AMOUNT WILL EARN INTEREST IN THE NEXT PERIOD. THE SAME PROCESS IS REPEATED FOR EACH SUCCEDING
PERIOD: INTEREST PREVIOUSLY EARNED WILL ALSO INTEREST IN THE NEXT PERIOD.
INITIALLY,
𝑀𝑟𝑠. 𝐷𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐶𝑟𝑢𝑧 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 ₱100,000. 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑦
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ₱100,000
𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟 6% 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦.
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 1 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ₱100,000 1.06 = ₱106,000
𝐻𝑜𝑤 𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 2 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ₱106,000 1.06 = ₱112,360
𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠?
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 3 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ₱112,360 1.06 = ₱119,101.60
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 4 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ₱119,101.60 1.06 = ₱126,247.70
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 5 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ₱126,247.70 1.06 = ₱133,822.56
SOLUTION:𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 100,000(1.06)𝑡
COMPOUND INTEREST:
𝐼𝑓𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑃 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦,
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + 𝑟)𝑡 .
 EXAMPLE 6

REFERRING TO EXAMPLE #5, IS IT POSSIBLE FOR MRS. DELA CRUZ TO DOUBLE HER MONEY IN
8 YEARS? 10 YEARS?

SOLUTION:𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑦 = ₱100,000(1.06)𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡 = 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 10:

𝐼𝑓 𝑡 = 8, 𝑦 = ₱100,000(1.06)8 ≈ ₱159,381.81.
𝐼𝑓 𝑡 = 10, 𝑦 = ₱100,000(1.06)10 ≈ ₱179,084.77.
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 ₱200,000 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 10 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠,
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒.
SEAT WORK NUMBER 1
1.SUPPOSE THAT A COUPLE INVESTED ₱50,000 IN AN ACCOUNT WHEN
THEIR CHILD WAS BORN, TO PREPARE FOR THE CHILD’S COLLEGE
EDUCATION. IF THE AVERAGE INTEREST RATE IS 4.4% COMPOUNDED
ANNUALLY, (a) GIVE AN EXPONENTIAL MODEL FOR THE SITUATION,
AND (b) WILL THE MONEY BE DOULED BY THE TIME THE CHILD
TURNS 18 YEAR OLD.
2.YOU TAKE OUT A ₱20,000 AT A 5% INTEREST RATE. IF THE INTEREST
IS COMPOUNDED ANNUALLY, (a) GIVE THE EXPONENTIAL MODEL OF
THE SITUATION, (b) HOW MUCH IS WILL YOU OWE AFTER 10 YEARS?
3.SUPPOSE THAT HALF-LIFE OF A SUBSTANCE IS 250 YEARS. IF THERE
WERE INITIALLY 100g OF THE SUBSTANCE,(a) GIVE AN EXPONENTIAL
MODEL FOR THE SITUATION, AND (b) HOW MUCH WILL REMAIN
AFTER 500 YEARS?