LEVEL 3 FOUNDATION PROGRAMMES

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MODULE: Computer Networks
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ASSIGNMENT TITLE: SDS
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Important Notes:
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% You must familiarize yourself with the NCC Education Academic Dishonesty and
Plagiarism Policy and ensure that you acknowledge all the sources which you use in your
work. The Policy is available on the Campus. Follow the instructions above, but click on
Policies rather than Advice.

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% You must submit a paper copy and digital copy (on disk or similarly acceptable
medium). Media containing viruses, or media which cannot be run directly, will result in a fail
grade being awarded for this module.

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% This assessment is worth 50% of the students overall grade.

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Name: Abdullah Mansuri Number: 00159865 ZCAS
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Introduction 3
Task 1 3
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Ethernet 3
Token Ring 3
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Recommendation 3
b) 4
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Task 2 6
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e) 7
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Task 3 9
a) 9
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d) 9

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Task 4 11
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c) 11
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Task 5 13
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b) 13
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References 14
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Specialist Dental Services is a large company with major branches spanning across the UK.
They provide dental care of many kinds. The assignment will be the design of a Network
that can be implemented in the new Clinic.

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4. The Transport Layer - Offers end-to-end communication between end devices through a
network and depending on the application, gives a reliable connection-oriented or
connectionless best-effort communication. Also responsible for Application and client-side
entity identification and checks for confirmation that the entire message arrived intact.
Responsible for segmentation of data and control of data flow to prevent memory overruns.
Establishes and maintains both ends of virtual circuits, detects Transmission-error and
Realigns segmented data in the correct order on the receiving side. Also, multiplexing or
sharing of multiple sessions over a single physical link.
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6. The Presentation Layer - Responsible for how an application formats the data to be sent

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out. Basically allows an application to read (or understand) the message by defining a syntax
with the syntax and semantics of the information transmitted. For computers with different
internal data representations to communicate, the data structures to be exchanged can be
defined in an abstract way, along with a standard encoding to be used ‘‘on the wire.’’ It
manages these abstract data structures and allows higher-level data structures (e.g.,
banking records) to be defined and exchanged. (Tanenbaum, 2010, p.69)
7. The Application Layer - Provides an interface for the end user. This layer is what the user
sees, in terms of loading an application and is the data the user sees. Functionality includes
support for file transfers, ability to print on a network, Electronic mail, messaging and
browsing the World Wide Web. (Simoneau, 2009, p.8)

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Web, Email Internet Access and Security Software Protocols;
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SMTP – Simple mail transfer protocol is the standard protocol for sending emails using
TCP/IP. It doesn’t provide an interface but is simply an Application Layer protocol that allows
transmission/delivery of email over the internet.
ICMP - Internet control message protocol. Sends messages between devices to indicate the
availability or error conditions. Basically, they are used as a feedback mechanism for
network communications, they are used in network diagnostic tools, such as ping and trace
route. Found in the Network Layer.
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HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol, defined in the Application Layer, forms the basis for
communication on the web. Sends requests to web servers, however cannot function without
the lower layer protocols assistance
DNS – Domain Name System. Application Layer protocol. Provides a human friendly
naming mechanism for internet resources. Ties domain names to IP addresses and allows
access to sites by name.
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(Ellingwood, 2014)

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Hub – Works on the physical layer, as all they do is read and then echo all data from each
port to all the other ports without reading for a destination.
Switches – On the data link layer, as they actually check the data and look for the
destination mac address to forward it to.

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Router – Work on the network layer, so that they can filter data based on IP addresses.
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IP-Address: 192.168.123.132
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Host: .132
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(Support.microsoft.com, 2011)
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A public IP address is assigned to a computing device to allow direct access over the
Internet. A web server, email server and any server device directly accessible from the
Internet require a public IP address. A public IP address is globally unique, and can only be
assigned to a single device.
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A private IP address is allocated by InterNIC so organizations can create their own private
network. Tablets, smartphones and Computers within a network are usually assigned a
private IP address. Local devices see this computer via its private IP address. However, the
devices residing outside of your local network cannot directly communicate via the private IP
address, but uses the router's public IP address to communicate.
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(Iplocation.net, 2013)

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The routing table checks if it has the Mac Address of the IP address, and if it does, forwards
the IP packet. If it doesn’t, it sends a broadcast request asking for the Mac Address related
to that IP address.
(Technet.microsoft.com, 2014)
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A route that matches the destination IP address (host route)
A route that matches the network ID of the destination IP address (network route)
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The packet is then sent to the next hop. When the packet is received at a router, the packet
is passed to IP to verify the checksum and destination. Then this IP finds the best route
forward and forwards the packet to that next IP.
When the packet reaches the destination, the IP verifies the checksum and destination and
then passes the IP datagram to the upper level protocol.
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Privacy is ensuring that only authorized users can access network services and suitable

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consequences for a potential breach are in place.
Integrity is ensuring that transmitted data is not partially or fully lost, modified by a third party
or corrupted. Basically is ensuring data is transmitted properly and securely.
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The SDS clinics data integrity wasn’t ensured, as the data was corrupted or deleted and
cannot be accessed. (NCC, CN Topic 8, p.3-8)

b)
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(SearchEnterpriseWAN, 2016)
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(NCC, CN TOPIC 8, p.25-29)

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Firewalls, a perimeter device that permits/denies access based on a set of rules configured
by the administrator. It protects the network from anything coming from the internet.
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File Auditing. The process of comparing the current system against a record of the files and
file characteristics of your system when it is a known-good state. This is used to detect
changes to the system that may have been authorized.
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The biggest threat would be loss of data integrity. Patient information contains precise

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sensitive information with regards to their status, and wrong display of such information can
cause wrong diagnostics.

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The use of IP networks, namely the LAN (internal network) and WAN (the Internet) to carry
voice communications. Internet that was originally designed to carry computer data is also
used to carry voice, a packet switched network.
VoIP, or Voice over Internet Protocol, is the process of taking analog audio signals, turning
them into digital data and transmitting over the Internet. This means using a standard
Internet connection to place free phone calls thus bypassing the phone company (and its
charges) entirely.
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(NCC, CN Topic 11, p.24-29)
Implement end-to-end QoS (quality of service) first, which means that voice traffic must be
given higher priority than data traffic. Use IEEE 802.1p/q enabled switches. Implementing
QoS traffic prioritization ensures timely VoIP packet delivery and provides the best call
quality. As part of this QoS plan, you should break voice traffic off into its own VLANs to get it
away from the data traffic. These VLANs will put the phones on their own broadcast domains
and IP subnets.
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VOIP is a mission-critical network application, its traffic needs a solid infrastructure and it
cannot be competing with other traffic on the network. Therefore QoS should be a priority.
(Davis, 2007)

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The VOIP network will slow down the network as it requires a lot of bandwidth as for it to
perfectly run in real-time, it can’t be forgiving in terms of packet loss and slow/out of sync
delivery of packets. To function effectively, it will need the highest bandwidth priority.
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References

Axis.com. (2012). Network technologies - Local area network and Ethernet | Axis
Communications. [online] Available at: http://www.axis.com/global/en/learning/web-
articles/technical-guide-to-network-video/lan-and-ethernet [Accessed 21 Mar. 2016].
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Tanenbaum, A. (2010). Computer networks. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall
PTR, p.94, p.69.
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Simoneau, P. (1997). The OSI Model: Understanding the Seven Layers of Computer
Networks. Global Knowledge TM. Pages 3-9
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dslreports.com. (2014). What is the difference between a Hub, Switch, and Router. [online]
Available at: http://www.dslreports.com/faq/5456 [Accessed 29 Mar. 2016].
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Iplocation.net. (2013). What is the difference between public and private IP address?.
[online] Available at: https://www.iplocation.net/public-vs-private-ip-address [Accessed 31
Mar. 2016].
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Linksys. (2014). Linksys Official Support - Differences between IPv4 and IPv6. [online]
Available at: http://www.linksys.com/us/support-article/?articleNum=139604 [Accessed 2 Apr.
2016].
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Mitchell, B. (2015). An Beginner's Guide to IPs: Subnet Masks and Subnetting. [online]
About.com Tech. Available at:
http://compnetworking.about.com/od/workingwithipaddresses/a/subnetmask.htm [Accessed
2 Apr. 2016].
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Technet.microsoft.com. (2009). IP routing: TCP/IP. [online] Available at:
https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc785246%28v=ws.10%29.aspx [Accessed 2 Apr.
2016].
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SearchEnterpriseWAN. (2016). What is virtual private network (VPN)? - Definition from
WhatIs.com. [online] Available at:
http://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/virtual-private-network [Accessed 2 Apr.
2016].

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Valdes, R. and Roos, D. (2011). How VoIP Works. [online] HowStuffWorks. Available at:
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/ip-telephony.htm [Accessed 3 Apr. 2016].
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