BIOLOGY

Difference between cytoplasm and protoplasm

CELL THEORY
Cytoplasm Protoplasm
1. Cell is the basic unit of life. (Robert Hooke , who made use consists of cytosol, consists of cytoplasm,
of the term “cell” to describe the cork cells reminding him of organelles and inclusions nucleus and cellular
the small rooms that monks lived in) membrane.
Cytosol of cytoplasm Protoplasm is considered as
2. All living things are made of cells ( Matthias Schleiden,
consists of water, salts and the living substance inside
botanist. All plants are made of cells; Theodore Schwann, all
organic molecules. the cell. It is a complex,
animals are made of cells)
Organelles are the tiny translucent substance
3. Cells come from pre-existing cells (Rudolf Virchow, cells organ like structures which is semi-fluid in
undergo cell division) present within a cell with consistency and composed
Modern Cell Theory: predefined and specific mainly of nucleic acids,
functions. Inclusions are proteins, lipids,
4. The cell contains hereditary information(DNA) which is
insoluble particles present carbohydrates and
passed on from cell to cell during cell division. in the cytoplasm. inorganic salts.
5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition and
metabolic activities. Cytosol is the part of the cytoplasm that does not contain
6. All basic chemical & physiological functions are carried out organelles
inside the cells.
7. Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular
structures within the cell
REMEMBER : In the organisms which have the presence
of a nucleus, the protoplasm surrounding the nucleus is termed
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – 1st to observe a live organism as cytoplasm. All the contents of the cell are considered in the
which he called “animacules” cytoplasm in prokaryotes (organisms lacking nucleus) whereas
MAIN PARTS OF THE CELL: in the eukaryote organisms the cellular contents present in the
nucleus are differentiated from the cytoplasm by a definite
1. Cell Membrane nuclear membrane. The contents present within the nucleus
2. Cytoplasm are called as nucleoplasm.
3. Nucleus
● NUCLEUS – brain of the cell; control center; contain the
CELL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS genetic material(DNA); protected or enclosed
● CELL MEMBRANE – outermost covering; bilipid; by the nuclear membrane; large oval, may
semipermeable; made primarily of lipids and contain 1 or more nucleoli; cytoplasm surrounding
proteins; selectively permeable; FLUID MOSAIC the nucleus is called KARYOPLASM/NUCLEOPLASM
MODEL covered by a nuclear membrane with tiny holes
Structure: called nuclear pore
A. LIPID BILAYER STRUCTURE:
a. PHOSPHOLIPIDS – forms the hydrophobic (water - consist of NUCLEOLUS (little nucleus) who's
repelling) and hydrophilic (water loving) part function is to produce protein (RNA)
b. GLYCOLIPIDS – have carbohydrate sugar chain FUNCTIONS:
attached to them which helps in recognizing 1. Control center of the cell
other cells in the body 2. Contain genetic material (DNA)
c. CHOLESTEROL – helps stiffen the membrane 3. Produce ribosomes (nucleolus)
B. PROTEINS 4. Essential in cell division
a. STRUCTURAL PROTEIN – support and shape ● MITOCHONDRIA – double layered; rod shaped;
b. RECEPTOR PROTEIN – help cells communicate membrane enclosed organelle; inner folds are
with their external environment through the use called CRISTAE for greater surface area; has its
of hormones, neurotransmitter and other own DNA called mtDNA
signaling molecules FUNCTIONS
c. TRANSPORT PROTEINS – (globular proteins) 1. produces ATP (cell’s energy)
transport molecules across cell membranes 2. helps maintain proper concentration of calcium
through facilitated diffusion ions
d. GLYCOPROTEINS- for cell to cell communication 3. also helps in building certain parts of blood and
and transport of molecules across the cell hormones like testosterone and estrogen
membrane 4. liver mitochondria have enzymes that detoxify
FUNCTIONS: ammonia
1. Main cell shape 5. also plays a role in apoptosis (programmed cell
2. Support and protection death)
3. Controls movement of materials in and out ● ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM – series of sheets which
4. Barrier between cell and its environment extension of the nuclear membrane; two types:
5. Maintains homeostasis smooth ER (without ribosomes) and rough ER
● CYTOPLASM - the jelly like substance surrounding the (with attached ribosomes) ; Sarcoplasmic ER
nucleus within the cell membrane, where the (present in smooth and striated muscle)
organelles are embedded.
PROTOPLASM - a viscous, viscid substance with jelly-like FUNCTIONS:
consistency where many biological and chemical 1. form a transport network throughout the cell
cellular processes take place. 2. provide large surface area for chemical reactions
 3. play a role in protein synthesis (rough ER)
4. collect and store manufactured material
5. form a structural skeleton to help maintain the
shape of the cell
6. produce lipids and steroids (smooth ER)
● GOLGI APPARATUS – membrane bound flattened sacs
stacks of flattened pancakes
FUNCTIONS:
1. packaging counters of the cell
2. production of glycoproteins
3. secretion of carbohydrates involved in the
production of new cell walls
4. production of secretory enzymes
5. transport and storage of lipids
6. formation of lysosomes
● LYSOSOMES – spherical organelles; contain a
powerful enzyme called Lysozyme which when
released can destroy the cell
FUNCTIONS:
1. destruction of unwanted or worn-out cells
2. digestion of material engulfed by the cell
3. release of enzymes outside the cell (exocytosis)
4. complete digestion of a cell after its death (autolysis)
● RIBOSOMES – small cytoplasmic dots found scattered
in the cytoplasm or attached to the RER
FUNCTION : produce proteins
● PERIXOSOMES (microbodies) – small spherical ,
membrane bound ; contain enzymes, a
catalase which breaks down the highly
toxic cellular by-product hydrogen
peroxide into water and oxygen
preventing the cell to be poisoned;
● VACUOLES - fluid filled sacs; storage tanks of the cell;
covering is called tonoplast ; may
contain water, wastes, food, maintains
turgor pressure in plants
● VESICLES – small sacs ; function for storage, transport,
or digest materials within the cell
● CENTRIOLES – hollow cylinders which form the
spindle fiber at cell division; helpers
in cell division
● CILIA AND FLAGELLA – cilia are hair-like projections,
smaller than flagella.
FUNCTION : movement
● CYTOSKELETON – found throughout the cytoplasm;
web of long tubes and fibers made of
protein
FUNCTIONS:
1. supports the cell and maintains cell shape
2. also helps certain cells move
● MICROTUBULES – slender, unbranched tubes
FUNCTIONS:
1. provides cytoskeleton
2. providing routes in cells along which materials move
3. aids in cell division by forming spindle
4. major component of cilia and flagella
5. form a framework on which cellulose cell wall of
plant cells is laid down
● MICROVILLI – tiny finger-like projections of the cell
membrane of certain cells like those in kidney
tubule, epithelial of the intestines
FUNCTION : collectively they form the brush border and
help to increase their surface area, aiding
absorption