MULTIBAND PATCH ANTENNA Documentation

ABSTRACT
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wi-Max) is a broadband

technology enabling the delivery of last mile (final leg of delivering connectivity from
a communication provider to customer) wireless broadband access (alternative to
cable and DSL). It should be easy to deploy and cheaper to user compared to other
technologies. Wi-Max could potentially erase the suburban and rural blackout areas
with no broadband Internet access by using an antenna with high gain and reasonable
bandwidth
Microstrip patch antennas are very popular among Wireless Local Area
Network (WLAN),Wide Area Network (WAN) technologies due to their advantages
such as light weight, low volume, low cost, compatibility with integrated circuits and
easy to install on rigid surface.
The aim is to design and analysis of multiband patch antenna operating at

2.4GHz, 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz for WLAN & Wi-Max applications. The transmission
line model is used for analysis. S-parameters (S11and S21) are measured and
analysed for the designed patch antenna using HFSS Software(High frequency
structural simulator).
The designed multiband patch antenna brings out greater bandwidth than
conventional high frequency patch antenna. The developed antenna also is found to
have reasonable gain.
i
CONTENTS
Abstract iii
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
Keywords ix
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT 1-3
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem statement 1
1.3 Motivation 2
1.4 Project objective 2
1.5 Project Methodology 2
1.6 Tools used 3
1.7 Organization of Project 3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY 4-6
2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Research Papers 5
2.3 Conclusion 6
CHAPTER 3: ANTENNA BASICS 7-18
3.1 Introduction 7
3.2 Antenna 7
3.3 Types of Antenna 8
3.3.1 Wire Antennas 8
3.3.2 Aperture Antennas 9
3.3.3 Microstrip Antennas 10
3.3.4 Array Antennas 10
3.3.5 Reflector Antennas 11
3.3.6 Lens Antennas 12
3.4 Basic antenna operation 13
3.5 Antenna Parameters 13
3.5.1 Gain 13
3.5.2 Reflection coefficient 13
3.5.3 Directivity 14
3.5.4 Polarization 15
3.5.5 Input Impedance 15
3.5.6 Bandwidth 16
3.5.7 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR) 16
& Return loss
3.5.8 Radiation Pattern 17
3.5.9 Half Power Beam width 18
3.5.10 Antenna Efficiency 18
3.6 Conclusion 18
CHAPTER 4: MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA 19-23
4.1 Introduction 19
4.2 Microstrip Patch Antenna 19
4.3 Feeding Method 21
4.4 Method of Analysis 22
4.5 Advantages & limitation 22
4.6 Conclusion 23
CHAPTER 5: DESIGN OF MICROSTRIP TRANSMISSION

LINEAS AN ANTENNA 24-28
5.1 Introduction 24
5.2 Design of Antenna 25
5.3 Design Method of Microstrip Transmission Line 27
as an Antenna
5.4 Result & Discussion 27
5.5 Conclusion 28
CHAPTER 6:DESIGN OF INTEGRATED MICROSTRIP
TRANSMISSION LINE WITH RECTANGULAR
PATCH AS AN ANTENNA 29-32
6.1 Introduction 29
6.3 Design Method of Integrated Microstrip Transmission
Line with Rectangular Patch as an Antenna 30
6.4 Results & Discussion 31
6.5 Conclusion 32
CHAPTER 7: DESIGN OF INTEGRATED MICROSTRIP
TRANSMISSION LINE WITH RECTANGULAR
PATCH &SLOT AS AN ANTENNA 33-34
7.1 Introduction 33
7.3 Design Method of Integrated Microstrip Transmission
Line With Rectangular Patch and Slot as an Antenna 34
7.4 Results & Discussion 35
7.5Conclusion 36
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK 37
8.1 Conclusion 37
8.2 Future Work 37
BIBLIOGRAPHY 38-39
APPENDIX
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Description Page No.
3.1 Transmitting & Receiving Antenna 7

Structure.
3.2 Wire Antenna Configurations 9
3.3 Aperture Antenna Configurations 9
3.4 Rectangular &Circular Microstrip Antenna 10
3.5 Typical Wire, Aperture & Microstrip Configuration 11
3.6 Typical Reflector Configuration 12
3.7 Antenna Band width 16
3.8 Radiation Pattern of a general Directional 17
Antenna
4.1 Microstrip Patch Antenna 20
4.2 Different types of Patches 20
4.3 Microstrip Line Feed 21
5.1 Microstrip Transmission Line as a Monopole 25
Antenna
5.2 Reflection Coefficient with Frequency of a 28
Microstrip Transmission Line Antenna
5.3 2D & 3D Radiation Pattern of a Microstrip 28
Transmission Line Antenna for 2.4GHz
6.1 Integration of Rectangular Patch with a 31
7.1 Integration of Rectangular Patch & Slot with 34
a Microstrip Transmission Line Antenna
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Description Page No.
6.1 Equations for the calculation of dimensions 26

of a microstrip antenna design
viii
ABREVIATIONS
WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
FR4 - Flame Retardant woven glass reinforced epoxy resin
CPW - Coplanar Waveguide
HFSS - High Frequency Structural Simulation
KEY WORDS
Antenna, Transmission Line, Rectangular Patch, Slot, CPW, Reflection Coefficient,

Radiation Pattern.
ix
Design & Analysis of Multiband Patch Antenna for WLAN & WiMAX Applications
CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
In this chapter introduction, problem statement, motivation, objectives, software

requirements, methodology adopted, organization of thesis are presented.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Microstrip patch antennas are very popular among Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN), Wide Area Network (WAN) technologies due to their advantages such as light
weight, low volume, low cost, compatibility with integrated circuits and easy to install on
rigid surface.
The microstrip patch antenna is designed and analysed for multiband operating
frequency at 2.4GHz, 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz for WLAN & Wi-Max applications. The
transmission line model is used for analysis. Multiband antennas are able to provide multiple
reception and transmission functionalities. It is therefore much desirable to have a single
antenna using a single feed point that covers multiple frequency bands.
In the report a tri band L-shaped Microstrip patch antenna is printed on a FR-4
substrate for WLAN systems, and achieves a desired frequency bands respectively. A
microstrip slot antenna fed by a microstrip line has been proposed in this report.
The designed multiband patch antenna brings out greater bandwidth than conventional
high frequency patch antenna. S-parameters (S11 and S21) are measured and analysed for the
designed patch antenna using HFSS Software (High frequency structural simulator).
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Due to the capacity problems today encountered in the AMPS 800 MHz and GSM
900 MHz wireless communication systems; many operators have acquired licenses in the
1800 or 1900 MHz bands. Since a major problem during the deployment of a cellular radio
network is to find suitable sites for the base stations, one can expect these operators to use
their existing sites for the new 1800 or 1900 MHz base station wherever possible. Then, one
possibility is to replace an existing GSM or AMPS antenna with a dual band GSM/DCS or
AMPSPCS antenna. In this will present an antenna element suited for the GSM/DCS bands,
i.e. 880-960 MHz and 1710-1880MHz.A dual band base station antenna would have a linear
array of such elements positioned along the vertical axis.
Department of ECE, MRITS 1

1.3 MOTIVATION
Now there are a number of land and satellite based systems for wireless
communications using a wide range of frequency bands. Not only do we see an increase in
the number of subscribers in the different systems but also a demand for dual or multi band
equipment capable of handling two or more frequency bands.
Antenna is an important device in WLAN& WiMAX communication system because
its performance will directly impact on the quality of wireless communications. Moreover,
one antenna that can operate at all these frequencies is more efficient than several antennas
for each frequency band. Therefore multi-band antenna which can work at IEEE standards for
WLAN& WiMAX is needed.
1.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this project is to design and analysis of microstrip multiband
patch antenna using for WLAN & WiMax applications.
i. To design the microstrip transmission line as an antenna of resonance frequency

2.4GHz.
ii. To design the microstrip transmission line integration with rectangular patch in an
antenna of resonance frequency 2.8GHz & 5.5GHz.
iii. To design the microstrip transmission line integration with rectangular patch and a
slot in an antenna of resonance frequency 2.4GHz,3.5GHz,5.5GHz.
1.5 PROJECT METHODOLOGY

In order to achieve the objectives of the proposed research, first a comprehensive
literature review on structural health monitoring techniques with an emphasis on wireless
sensors has been conducted to identify the current gaps in this area. The literature review was
in a direction to find the requirements for a breakthrough in current use of antennas in
wireless sensor technologies. The author has made the effort to narrow down the scope of the
research to the use of microstrip patch antennas and similar electromagnetic structures in
wireless structural health monitoring.
In this stage, several major antenna handbooks were used to obtain important
properties of microstrip patch antennas and similar electromagnetic structures. This led to a
more detailed study of the relationship between strain and resonant frequency of these

structures. As a result, a theoretical relationship between strain and normalised frequency

shift of circular microstrip patch antennas has been derived. This was followed by numerical
studies on strain measurement capability of different electromagnetic structures using
MATLAB software.
To further investigate the linear relationship between strain and frequency shift Finite
Element Analysis (FEA) has been carried out. This was after a comprehensive study on two
software packages, ASNSY and HFSS 13.0, for mechanical/high-frequency electromagnetic
and high-frequency electromagnetic analysis, respectively. During this stage, two different
FEA methods have been developed to be used for further study on different antenna
configurations. The developed FEA methods could be used in the future for more precise
design of antenna sensors as well as optimisations. Whilst the FEA results confirmed the
theoretical study in the previous stage, new antenna configurations with better sensitivity and
directionality have been designed.
In this project, the CPW(coplanar waveguide) fed microstrip antenna with rectangular
patch and slot inserted in it is designed.
1.6 SOFTWARE USED

HFSS 13.0 (High Frequency Structural Simulation) software is used in this project to
design & simulate the Microstrip Patch Antenna.
1.7 ORGANISATION OF THE PROJECT

In chapter 2 the literature survey of the project is given. In chapter 3 the detailed
explanation of antenna, types of antenna, antenna parameters are explained. A comprehensive
explanation of microstrip antenna is presented in chapter 4. Design & analysis of microstrip
transmission line as an antenna is explained in chapter 5. Design & analysis of microstrip
rectangular patch antenna is discussed in chapter 6. Design & analysis of microstrip antenna
with rectangular patch and slot is explained in chapter 7. Conclusion and future scope of
multiband antenna are concluded in chapter 8.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In previous chapter introduction, problem statement, motivation, objective,
methodology adopted, software used, organization of thesis are briefly discussed.
In this chapter literature survey regarding the project have been studied and various
methods to implement the circuit are presented.
2.2 RESEARCH PAPERS

Microstrip is probably the most successful and revolutionary antenna technology ever.
Its success comes from very well known advantages such as; light weight, low profile, easy
and low cost fabrication, planar but also conformal to non planar geometries, mechanical
robustness, easy integration of components (including active devices), easy association in
arrays and versatility in terms of electromagnetic characteristics (input impedance, radiation
pattern, polarisation). It can be used in a very broad range of frequencies roughly from 1GHz
to 100GHz.Ofcourse it also has some disadvantages, the most well known being the internet
narrow band width and low frequency. However even these drawbacks have been overcome
several techniques have been developed to increase the bandwidth and very wideband
microstrip antennas have been presented [1][2]. The development of new technologies and
processes and the use of new materials have provided low loss microwave and millimetre
wave substrates.
Microstrip antennas have been used in many and varied military and commercial
applications, such as radar, satellite, communication, biomedicine, automotive industry,
mobile communications (both base stations and handsets), Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN’s), Ultra Wideband (USB), Radio Frequency Identification(RFID).
The microstrip antenna papers published in the IEEE transactions on antenna and
propagation is presented initially it serves the purpose of evaluating and research activity
carried out science the initial practical implementation [3][4] until now. The introduction of
the microstrip antenna concept and the early years of its practical implementation are
analysed in detail. The introduction of microstrip transmission line and more specifically of
the associated radiation losses, are analysed as a possible bridge leading to microstrip antenna
[5] the fast development of microstrip antenna in the last three decades is also analysed and

the more important fields of the applications are highlighted. finally, nowadays situation and
trends allow the prediction of possible future microstrip antenna issues and applications.
The first microstrip entry ever in IEEE transactions on antenna and propagation
happened in 1974[3] however the term microstrip was initially associated with transmission
line. The microstrip line was introduced in 1952 by grieg and englemenn [6][7][8] a
microstrip entry already exist in the first issue of the predecessor of the nowadays
transactions and microwave theory and Techniques.
The paper by Deschamps and sichak [9] is usually referred as the first microstrip
antenna paper [10][5] not surprisingly this paper is almostly contemporary of the first
microstrip line paper [6] and the authors worked for the same institution (federal
telecommunication laboratories) another frequently referred initial piece is the 1955 french
patent by gutton and boissinot [11].
However, neither Deschamps and Sichak paper nor the French patent proposed
configurations that are microstrip antennas as we know them today. In both cases the term
“microstrip” refers to a microstrip transmission line. In the former the radiating elements are
planar horns or lenses [9] and in the latter radiation is promoted by discontinuities
intentionally exaggerated in the microstrip line [11]. The radiation losses in microstrip lines
were analysed later but as an unwanted effect [12][13][14].
In the 2012, Y. Xu, Y.-C. Jiao and Y.-C. Luan [15] presented Compact CPW-fed printed
monopole antenna with triple-band characteristics for WLAN/WiMAX applications. This approach
has a novel triple-band CPW-fed [16] antenna for WLAN and WiMAX applications is proposed,
which can obtain impedance bandwidths of 2.34 – 2.50, 3.07 – 3.82, and 5.13 –5.89 GHz with
reflection coefficient [16] less than 210 dB. The proposed antenna has a rectangular ring and an S-
shaped strip attached to the feedline, with a crooked U-shaped strip and three straight strips on the
bottom layer. In the same year Wang, P., Wen, G.-J., Huang, Y.-J., and Sun, Y.-H [16] presented
Compact CPW-fed [16] planar monopole antenna[16] with distinct triple bands for WiFi/WiMAX
applications. This approach has A compact coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed planar monopole
antenna with triple band operation is presented. By inserting two I-shaped notched slots and a open-
ended U-shaped slot on the edge of the radiation patch, and integrating two symmetrical meander
microstrip-lines on the upper edge of two rectangular ground planes, three operating bands covering
2.4-2.63, 3.23-3.8 and 5.15-5.98-GHz can be achieved. Moreover, the designed antenna, with
compact size of 23-30-mm2, can provide excellent characteristics, including better performance of

interference suppression, nearly dipole-like radiation pattern and moderate gain for three bands,
which prove that the proposed antenna is very suitable for WiFi/WiMAX applications.
2.3 CONCLUSION
In this chapter literature survey regarding the project have been studied and various
methods to implement the circuit are discussed.

CHAPTER 3
ANTENNA BASICS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
In previous chapter, introduction to the project, literature survey, project objective &
advantages and limitations of microstrip antenna were discussed.
In this chapter definition of antenna, types of antenna & basic parameters of antenna
are briefly discussed.
3.2 ANTENNA
The antenna is metallic device which radiates or receives electromagnetic waves, in other
words the transitional structure between free-space and a guiding device. The main purpose is
to convert the energy of a guided wave into the energy of a free space wave (or vice-versa) as
efficiently as possible while at the same time the radiated power has a certain desired pattern
of distribution in space. Lastly it capable of receiving or transmitting electromagnetic energy
over specified frequency range. This process is described in Figure 3.1
Figure 3.1: Transmitting and receiving antenna structure.

The guiding device or transmission line may take the form of a coaxial line or waveguide,
and it is used to transport electromagnetic (EM) energy from the transmitting source to the
antenna or from the antenna to receiving antenna.
In other words antenna is a device, which is used for sending and receiving the
electromagnetic wave for the communication. The antenna is device that builds in the air of
effectively radiating electromagnetic wave for the purpose of wireless communication. It is
also effectively maintaining the electromotive force by electromagnetic wave. Antenna is a
metallic conductor system capable of radiating and capturing electromagnetic energy. It is
used to interface transmission lines to the atmosphere, followed by the atmosphere to
transmission lines. In essence, a transmission line couples energy from a transmitter to an
antenna and from an antenna to a receiver. The antenna, in turns, couples energy received
from a transmission line to the atmosphere and energy received from the atmosphere to a
transmission line. At the transmit end of a free space system, antenna converts electrical
energy which is travelling along a transmission line into electromagnetic waves. At the
receiver end, an antenna converts electromagnetic waves into electrical energy on a
transmission line.
3.3 TYPES OF ANTENNAS

The different types of antennas are described below,
3.3.1 Wire Antennas

Wire antennas are familiar to the layman because they are seen virtually
everywhere—on automobiles, buildings, ships, aircraft, spacecraft, and so on. There are
various shapes of wire antennas such as a straight wire (dipole), loop, and helix which are
shown in Figure 3.2. Loop antennas need not only be circular. They may take the form of a
rectangle, square, ellipse, or any other configuration. The circular loop is the most common
because of its simplicity in construction.
(a) Dipole (b) Circular (square) loop

(c) Helix
Figure 3.2 Wire Antenna Configurations.
3.3.2 Aperture Antennas
Aperture antennas may be more familiar to the layman today than in the past because
of the increasing demand for more sophisticated forms of antennas and the utilization of
higher frequencies. Some forms of aperture antennas are shown in Figure 3.3. Antennas of
this type are very useful for aircraft and spacecraft applications, because they can be very
conveniently flush-mounted on the skin of the aircraft or spacecraft. In addition, they can be
covered with a dielectric material to protect them from hazardous conditions of the
environment.
(a) Pyramidal Horn (b) Conical Horn
(c) Rectangular Waveguide
Figure 3.3 Aperture antenna configurations.

3.3.3 Microstrip Antennas
Microstrip antennas became very popular in the 1970s primarily for spaceborne
applications. Today they are used for government and commercial applications. These
antennas consist of a metallic patch on a grounded substrate. The metallic patch can take
many different configurations, as shown in Figure 5.2. However, the rectangular and circular
patches, shown in Figure 3.4, are the most popular because of ease of analysis and
fabrication, and their attractive radiation characteristics, especially low cross-polarization
radiation. The microstrip antennas are low profile, conformable to planar and nonplanar
surfaces, simple and inexpensive to fabricate using modern printed-circuit technology,
mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces, compatible with MMIC designs, and
very versatile in terms of resonant frequency, polarization, pattern, and impedance. These
antennas can be mounted on the surface of high-performance aircraft, spacecraft, satellites,
missiles, cars, and even handheld mobile telephones.
(a) Rectangular (b) Circular
Figure 3.4 Rectangular and circular microstrip (patch) antennas.
3.3.4 Array Antennas
Many applications require radiation characteristics that may not be achievable by a

single element. It may, however, be possible that an aggregate of radiating elements in an
electrical and geometrical arrangement (an array) will result in the desired radiation
characteristics. The arrangement of the array may be such that the radiation from the
elements adds up to give a radiation maximum in a particular direction or directions,
minimum in others, or otherwise as desired. Typical examples of arrays are shown in Figure
3.5. Usually the term array is reserved for an arrangement in which the individual radiators
are separate as shown in Figures 3.5(a–c). However the same term is also used to describe an
assembly of radiators mounted on a continuous structure, shown in Figure 3.5(d).

(a) Yagi-Uda Array (b) Aperture Array
(c)Microstrip Patch Array (d) Slotted Waveguide Array
Figure 3.5 Typical wire, aperture, and microstrip array configurations.
3.3.5 Reflector Antennas
The success in the exploration of outer space has resulted in the advancement of
antenna theory. Because of the need to communicate over great distances, sophisticated forms
of antennas had to be used in order to transmit and receive signals that had to travel millions
of miles. A very common antenna form for such an application is a parabolic reflector shown
in Figures 3.6(a) and (b). Antennas of this type have been built with diameters as large as 305
m. Such large dimensions are needed to achieve the high gain required to transmit or receive
signals after millions of miles of travel. Another form of a reflector, although not as common
as the parabolic, is the corner reflector, shown in Figure 3.6(c).

(a) Parabolic Reflector with Front Feed
(b) Parabolic Reflector with Cassegrain Feed (c)Corner Reflector
Figure 3.6 Typical Reflector Configurations.
3.3.6 Lens Antennas

Lenses are primarily used to collimate incident divergent energy to prevent it from
spreading in undesired directions. By properly shaping the geometrical configuration and
choosing the appropriate material of the lenses, they can transform various forms of divergent
energy into plane waves. They can be used in most of the same applications as are the
parabolic reflectors, especially at higher frequencies. Their dimensions and weight become
exceedingly large at lower frequencies. Lens antennas are classified according to the material
from which they are constructed, or according to their geometrical shape. In summary, an
ideal antenna is one that will radiate all the power delivered to it from the transmitter in a
desired direction or directions. In practice, however, such ideal performances cannot be
achieved but may be closely approached. Various types of antennas are available and each
type can take different forms in order to achieve the desired radiation characteristics for the
particular application..

3.4 BASIC ANTENNA OPERATION

It is apparent that the size of an antenna is inversely proportional to frequency. A
relatively small antenna can efficiently radiate high frequency electromagnetic waves. As for
the low frequency waves, it require relatively large antennas. The length of the radiating
patch is made approximately λg/2, so that the patch is starts to radiate. The patch will be fed
with the transmission line that is usually 50Ω impedance. The transmission line is fed at the
radiating edge along the width of the patch, as it gives a good polarization.
3.5ANTENNA PARAMETERS
To describe the performance of antenna, the definitions of various parameters are
necessary. Here the most important parameters are discussed in the following paragraph and
explained how it relate to the antenna’s performance.
3.5.1 Gain
Gain is closely related to directivity but it is a measure that takes into account the
efficiency of the antenna and also the directional capabilities. Absolute gain of an antenna in
a given direction is defined as the ratio of the intensity, in a given direction, to the radiation
intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the antenna were radiated
isotropically. The radiation intensity corresponding to the isotropically radiated power is
equal to the power accepted by the antenna divided by 4π [4].
It can be expressed as equation 3.1:

radiation intensity U ( ,)
Gain=4  4 ………3.1
total input (accepted) power Pin
For a lossless isotropic source
4U ( , )
Gain  (dimension less) Pin(for a lossless ………3.2
isotropic source)
3.5.2 Reflection coefficient

Determining the value of the input reflection coefficient of the antenna is necessary to
determine the location of the resonant bands. The input reflection coefficient, Гin, is obtained
from expression below 3.3:
Zin-Zo
in  ………..3.3
Zin+Zo

Where,
Zin =input impedance of the antenna
Zo=characteristic impedance used in the transmission line, as a reference.
The absolute value of the reflection coefficient can be also expressed as the ratio of
the reflected power from the antenna input, Pin and the power delivered to the antenna, Pin as
in expression below 3.4:
Pref
| in|  ………..3.4
Pin
3.5.3 Directivity
It can be defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction from the
antenna to the radiation intensity averaged of all directions. The average radiation intensity is
equal to the total power radiated by the antenna divided by 4π. If the direction is not
specified, the direction of maximum radiation intensity is implied [4]. If the direction is not
specified, the direction of maximum radiation intensity can be expressed as equation 3.5:
Umax 4 Umax
Dmax  Do=  ……..3.5
Uo Prad
D= directivity (dimensionless)
Do = maximum directivity (dimensionless)
U = radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)
Umax = maximum radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)
Uo = radiation intensity of isotropic source (W/unit solid angle)
Prad= total radiated power (W)
Reference antennas usually are isotropic radiator where the radiated energy is the
same in all direction and have directivity of 1. It can be defined as equation 3.6:
Fmax
D= ……..3.6
Fo
Where,
Fmax = maximum radiated energy

Fo = isotropic radiator radiated energy

3.5.4 Polarization
Polarization of an antenna in a given direction is defined as the polarization of the

wave transmitted (radiated) by the antenna. The polarization of a wave can be defined in
terms of a wave radiated or received by an antenna in a given direction. The polarization of a
wave radiated by an antenna in a specified direction at a point in the far field is defined as the
polarization of the plane wave whose electric field strength is the same as that of the wave
and whose direction of propagation is in the radial direction from the antenna. Polarization
can be classified as linear, circular and elliptical. The field is said to be linearly polarized if
the vector that describes the electric field at a point in space as a function of time is always
directed along a line. If the electric field traces is an ellipse, the field is elliptically polarized.
For circular polarization, a time-harmonic wave is circularly polarized at a given point in
space if the electric field or magnetic field vector at that point traces a circle as a function of
time. Polarization characteristics of an antenna can be represented by its polarization pattern
which is defined as the spatial distribution of the polarizations of a field vector excited by an
antenna taken over its radiation sphere.
3.5.5 Input Impedance

It is defined as the impedance presented by an antenna at its terminals or ratio of the
voltage to current at a pair of terminals or the ratio of the appropriate components of the
electric to magnetic fields at a point. The input impedance can be determined by the
maximum power transfer between transmission line and the antenna. When the input
impedance, antenna and transmission line are matched, maximum power transfer will be
achieved. Reflected wave will be generated at the antenna terminal and travel back towards
the energy source if it is not matched. It will cause reduction on the overall system efficiency.
The input impedance can be described as equation 3.7:
1 S11
Z1=Zo …….3.7
1 S11
Where,
Z1= n input impedance

Zo =characteristic impedance
S11= return loss

3.5.6 Bandwidth
The term bandwidth is defined as the range of frequencies within which the
performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristic, conforms to a specified
standard. For narrowband antenna, the bandwidth is expressed as a percentage of the
frequency difference over the centre frequency of bandwidth. The characteristics such as
input impedance, gain and polarization of antenna do not necessarily affect the frequency.
Figure 3.7 Antenna bandwidth
So, there is no unique characterization of the bandwidth. There are distinctions made
between pattern and input impedance variations. Pattern bandwidth and impedance
bandwidth are used to emphasize this distinction. Gain, side lobe level, beamwidth,
polarization and beam direction are associated with pattern bandwidth while input impedance
and radiation efficiency are associated with impedance bandwidth.
Narrowband by percentage can be expressed by below equation 3.8:
Higher cutoff frequency-Lower cutoff frequency

BW= 100%
operating frequency ……..3.8
3.5.7 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

When a load is mismatched to a transmission line, not all power from the generator
will be delivered to the load. The loss is called return loss and expressed as equation 3.9:
RL=-20 log  dB ……..3.9
A matched load, where the reflection coefficient, Г=0, has return loss of ∞ dB,
whereas a total reflection of all power, where Г=1, has a return loss of 0 dB. In a mismatched

line, the presence of reflected wave leads to standing wave, where the magnitude of the
voltage oscillates along the line.
As the value of reflection coefficient increases, the ratio of the minimum and
maximum voltage values (v max and v min) also increases. So, the Voltage Standing Wave
Ratio (VSWR) measures the ratio of these voltages on a transmission line. It can be expressed
as equation 3.10:
Vmax  1  1 S11
SWR=   …......3.10
Vmin 1  1 S11
For an antenna to be reasonably functional, a minimum SWR 1.5 ≤ is required.
3.5.8 Radiation Pattern

It is defined as a mathematical function or a graphical representation of the radiation
properties of the antenna as a function of space coordinates. The radiation property of most
concern is the two or three-dimensional spatial distribution of radiated energy as the function
of the observer’s position along a path of surface of constant radius.
A radiation lobe is a portion of the radiation pattern bounded by regions of relatively
weak radiation intensity. A major lobe also called as the main beam is defined as the
radiation lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation. A minor lobe is any lobe
except a major lobe. A side lobe is a radiation lobe in any direction other than the intended
lobe. Usually a side lobe is adjacent to the main lobe and occupies the hemisphere in the
direction of the main beam. A back lobe is a radiation lobe which the axis makes an angle of
approximately 180 degrees with respect to the beam of an antenna.
Figure 3.8: Radiation pattern of a generic directional antenna.

3.5.9 Half-power beam width

It can be defined as in a plane containing the direction of the maximum of a beam, the
angle between the two directions in which the radiation intensity is one-half of the maximum
value of the beam. It is used to describe the 3dB beam width. As the beam width decreases,
the sidelobe increases and vice versa. Antenna gain is inversely proportional to the beam
width the higher the gain, the narrower the antenna beam width.
3.5.10 Antenna Efficiency

Antenna efficiency is defined as the ratio of the aperture effective area, Ae to its actual
physical area, A. It describes the percentage of the physical aperture area which actually
captures radio frequency (RF) energy. Thus, the effective area of an aperture antenna is the
surface area of a theoretically perfect aperture that would collect the same energy as the
actual aperture with associated antenna efficiency.
Ae=A ……3.11
3.6 CONCLUSION
In this chapter the definition of the antenna, types of antenna & antenna parameters
were briefly discussed.

CHAPTER 4
MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In previous chapter, definition of antenna, types of antenna &parameters of antenna
were discussed.
In this chapter, about microstrip antenna, transmission line, feeding method of
antenna used in the project are briefly discussed.
4.2 MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

Antenna is basic component of any electronic system which depends on free space as
a propagation medium. An antenna is a device used for radiating or receiving radio waves. It
is a transducer between a guided electromagnetic wave and electromagnetic wave
propagating in free space (Smith, 1988). The guiding device or transmission line may take
the form of a coaxial line or a hollow pipe (waveguide), and it is used to transport
electromagnetic energy from the transmitting source to the antenna or from the antenna to the
receiver. This antenna can be mounted on the surface of high performance aircraft,
spacecraft, and satellites.
The antenna can be in a form of Microstrip. Microstrip is a type of electrical
transmission line which can be fabricated using printed circuit board (PCB) technology, and
is used to convey microwave frequency signals. It consists of a conducting strip separated
from a ground plane by a dielectric layer known as the substrate. Microwave components
such as antennas, couplers, filters, power dividers etc. can be formed from microstrip, the
entire device existing as the pattern of metallization on the substrate. Microstrip is much less
expensive than traditional waveguide technology, as well as being far lighter and more
compact.
According to Balanis (1997), microstrip antennas became very popular primarily for
space borne applications. Today they are used for government and commercial applications.
These antennas comprise a plurality of generally planar layers including a radiating element,
an intermediate dielectric layer, and a ground plane layer. The radiating element is an
electrically conductive material imbedded or photo etched on the intermediate layer and is
generally exposed to free space. Depending on the characteristics of the transmitted
electromagnetic energy desired, the radiating element may be square, rectangular, triangular,
or circular and is separated from the ground plane layer as shown in Figure 4.2. The metallic
patch can take many different configurations, as shown in Figure 4.2, the rectangular and
circular patches are the most popular because of ease of analysis and fabrication, as well as
their attractive radiation characteristics, especially low cross-polarization radiation.
Figure 4.1: Microstrip patch antenna (MPA).
A microstrip patch antenna is a type of antenna that offers a low profile, i.e. thin and
easy manufacturability, which provides a great advantage over traditional antennas. Patch
antennas are planar antennas used in wireless links and other microwave applications.
Figure 4.2: Different types of patches.
Often microstrip antennas are also referred to as patch antennas. The radiating
elements and the feed lines are usually photoetched on the dielectric substrate. The radiating
patch may be square, rectangular, thin strip (dipole), circular, elliptical, triangular, or any
other configuration. These and others are illustrated in Figure 4.2. Square, rectangular, dipole

(strip), and circular are the most common because of ease of analysis and fabrication, and
their attractive radiation characteristics, especially low cross-polarization radiation.
Microstrip dipoles are attractive because they inherently possess a large bandwidth and
occupy less space, which makes them attractive for arrays. Linear and circular polarizations
can be achieved with either single elements or arrays of microstrip antennas. Arrays of
microstrip elements, with single or multiple feeds, may also be used to introduce scanning
capabilities and achieve greater directivities.
4.3 FEEDING METHOD

Feeding techniques are important in designing the antenna to make sure antenna
structure can operate at full power of transmission. Designing the feeding techniques for the
high frequency, need more difficult process. It is because of input loss on feeding increase
depending on frequency, and finally given huge effect on the overall design. There are many
configurations that can be used to feed microstrip antennas. The four most popular are the
microstrip line, coaxial probe, aperture coupling, and proximity coupling.
(a) Microstrip Line Feed (b)Microstrip Line
Figure 4.3: Microstrip Line Feed
The technique used in this project is the microstrip line feed and is displayed in Figure
4.3(b). The equivalent circuit for microstrip line feed is shown in Figure 4.3(b). The
microstrip feed line is also a conducting strip, usually of much smaller width compared to the
patch. The microstrip-line feed is easy to fabricate, simple to match by controlling the inset
position and rather simple to model. However as the substrate thickness increases, surface
waves and spurious feed radiation increase, which for practical designs limit the bandwidth
(typically 2–5%).A feedline is used to excite and radiate by direct or indirect contact.

4.4 METHOD OF ANALYSIS

Microstrip line is easy to fabricate, simple to model and match by controlling the inset
cut position in the patch. The transmission line model is the simplest of all and gives good
physical insight but it is less accurate. The transmission line model has been utilized to
determine the input performance of rectangular-shaped patch antenna. Microstrip or patch
antennas are becoming increasingly useful because they can be printed directly onto a circuit
board. Microstrip antennas are becoming very widespread within the mobile phone market.
Patch antennas are low cost, have a low profile and are easily fabricated. Consider the
microstrip antenna fed by a microstrip transmission line.
The patch antenna, microstrip transmission line and ground plane are made of high
conductivity metal (typically copper). The patch is of length L, width W, and sitting on top of
a substrate (some dielectric circuit board) of thickness h with permittivity ᶓr. The thickness of
the ground plane or of the microstrip is not critically important. Typically the height h is
much smaller than the wavelength of operation, but not much smaller than 0.05 of a
wavelength. For this project, the line fed is used as the feeding technique because it allows
the user to control the impedance match between feed and antenna.
4.5 MICROSTRIP ANTENNA ADVANTAGES & LIMITATIONS

Microstrip patch antennas have numerous advantages compared to conventional
microwave antennas, and for that many applications cover the broad frequency range from
100 MHz to 100 GHz.
Some of principle advantages of microstrip antenna are:
i. Light weight, low volume, and thin profile configurations, which can be conform.
ii. Low fabrication cost, eagerly amenable to mass production.
iii. Linear and circular polarizations are possible with simple feed.
iv. Dual frequency and dual polarization antennas can be easily made.
v. Can be easily integrated with microwave integrated circuit.
vi. Feed lines and matching networks can be fabricated concurrently with the antenna
structure.

Limitations of microstrip antenna compared with conventional microwave antennas:
i. Narrow Bandwidth (BW) and associated tolerance problems.

ii. Complex feed structure required for high performance arrays.
iii. Unrelated radiation from feeds and junction.
iv. Excitation of surface waves.
v. Lower power handling capability (100 Watt).
4.6 CONCLUSION
In this chapter about the microstrip antenna, different types of patches, microstrip
antenna advantages & limitations, feeding method used in the project & method of analysis
were discussed.

CHAPTER 5
DESIGN OF MICROSTRIP TRANSMISSION LINE AS A
ANTENNA
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Wireless technologies have made a rapid progress in the recent years, and there has
been considerable work done in the field of planar transmission lines or planar antennas. The
RF or electronics devices like mobile phones, laptops, satellite communication, GPS, WLAN
systems becomes compact, and the miniaturization of the patch antenna is the requirement of
the compact device. Hence in design considerations, its results the reduction in antenna size
for practical applications. The microstrip patch antenna has many advantages like
compactness, light weight, low profile, inexpensive to fabricate and are conformable with
planar or non-planar surfaces. In addition to above features the microstrip patch antenna is
compatible with MICs and MMICs. The most significant disadvantages are that the antenna
has a low gain narrow bandwidth, and is perceptive to fabrication errors. Microstrip is one of
the most conventional and vital element in microwave communication systems for designing
and fabricating MICs in the band 1–30 GHz. Microstrip transmission lines consists of two
conductors one is a thin strip conductor of width w and thickness t & other side is
completely metalized, between two conductors there is a substrate of dielectric constant (εr)
and height (h) [1-2]. Microstrip circuits comprise straight line and a variety of discontinuities
like open circuits, gaps, bends, step changes in width, T-junctions and cross junctions [3-4].
By introducing these discontinuities in a patch antenna its performance shall be altered or
improved as per requirement. In a microstrip patch antenna [5-9] the microstrip transmission
line could be used as feed line [8-10].
In this chapter, the proposed microstrip patch antenna is designed using CPW
technique [13-14] and find its application in the WLAN communication standard operating at
2.4 GHz. the proposed antenna is much simpler in structure. The antenna is designed and
optimised by using the electromagnetic simulation tool ANSYS HFSS 13 which is based on
FEM respectively [11-14]. Details of the antenna design and the simulated results are
presented and discussed.

5.2 DESIGN OF ANTENNA

In this project the microstrip transmission line is designed by using a coplanar wave
guide(CPW) as transmission line. The CPW is the a type of transmission line which is used
for the transmission of microwave frequencies. In CPW there is no need of the ground below
the substrate as the two conductors designed over the substrate in CPW acts as a ground. The
antenna dimensions are substrate(36x25x1.6mm), conductor (12x10.25x0.0035mm),
transmission line (35x3.5x0.0035mm). We have some equations for the calculation of the
dimensions of the antenna.
Figure 5.1: Microstrip Transmission line as a monopole antenna.

Table 5.1: Equations for the calculation of dimensions of a microstrip antenna design.
Parameter Symbol Equation
c
Resonance fr fr 
frequency 2W (ε +1)/2
r
-1
ε +1 ε -1  h1  2
Effective dielectric εe ε e = r + r 1+12
length 2 2  W 
c
L 
eff
Effective length Leff 2f r ε r
L  Leff  2hL
Length of patch L (mm)  W 
  h  0.26h1  
  0.3  1  
L  0.412   e
e  0.258 W  
 0.8
h  
  1  
Length of ground Lg (mm) Lg  6h+L
Width of ground Wg Wg  6h+W
L W
x  ,y 
f f
Inset feed location xf , yf 2 εe 2
Here,
fr  2.6GHz , e  36mm , L  35mm , Lg  12mm , W  3.5mm

5.3 DESIGN METHOD OF MICROSTRIP TRANSMISSION LINE AS

AN ANTENNA
Antenna design
The configuration of the proposed tri-band monopole antenna is shown in Fig. The
antenna is designed on a 1.6 mm-thick FR4 dielectric substrate with a relative permittivity of
4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.02. A 50 Ω CPW transmission line with a signal strip width of 3.5
mm and a gap distance of 0.5 mm between the signal strip and the coplanar ground plane is
used to feed the antenna. First, the proposed antenna is designed as a straight monopole
antenna (antenna 1 depicted in Fig. to excite two resonant modes at about 2.4 and 6.7 GHz,
respectively. The return loss of antenna 1 is shown in Fig. Secondly, based on the mode
design method mentioned in, a rectangular tuning patch is added to the straight strip of
antenna 1 to make the resonant frequency of the mode at about 6.7 GHz shift towards lower
frequency. Thus, antenna 2 depicted in Fig comes into being. By adjusting the dimensions of
the tuning patch and its position along the straight strip, two resonant modes at about 2.5 and
5.2 GHz, respectively, are generated, as shown in Fig. Finally, the proposed antenna (antenna
3 depicted in Fig. is formed to produce a resonant path at about 3.5 GHz by etching an
inverted-L slot on the straight strip of antenna. By optimising the parameters of the proposed
antenna, as shown in Fig. it can produce three distinct wide bands centred at about 2.5, 3.5
and 5.5 GHz, respectively, to cover all the 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN bands and 2.5/3.5/5.5
GHz WiMAX bands. The optimised dimensions of the proposed antenna are shown in Figure
5.1.
5.4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The Microstrip Transmission line Antenna structural simulated waveform is shown in
the figure 5.2 is graph of reflection coefficient with frequency. The bandwidth of the antenna
is 600MHz and resonance frequency is of 2.4GHz.
From the Figure 5.3 the radiation pattern of the design of Microstrip Transmission
line Antenna for 2.4GHz is observed.

Figure 5.2: Reflection coefficients with frequency of a Microstrip Transmission line antenna
Figure 5.3: 2D and 3D Radiation Pattern of a Microstrip Transmission line antenna for
2.4GHz
5.5 CONCLUSION
In this chapter, the design of the microstrip transmission line as an antenna which
radiates at single resonance frequency was explained.

CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF INTEGRATED MICROSTRIP TRANSMISSION
LINE WITH RECTANGULARPATCH AS AN ANTENNA
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The demand on the portable mobile devices is increasing progressively with the
development of novel wireless communication techniques. In that respect, compact size, light
weight, low profile and low cost are now quite important challenges to be accomplished by
the designers for every wireless mobile component [4]. Recently, there is growing research
activity on multi-frequency and wideband antennas for various wireless applications such as
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) or WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access). In particular this paper, a great interest in wideband antenna for use in
wireless communication has been presented. The wideband antenna Preferred over narrow
band antennas because of the usage in various applications [3]. A Microstrip or Patch
Antenna [8-14] is a low profile Antenna that has a number of advantages over other antennas
it is lightweight, inexpensive, and easy to integrate with accompanying electronics. But use of
Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna alone is very difficult because of its low gain and
narrow bandwidth [15].
In this chapter, the proposed microstrip patch antenna is designed using CPW
technique [13-14] and find its application in the WLAN and WiMAX communication
standard operating at 2.4 GHz and 3.5 GHz. The proposed antenna is integrated microstrip
transmission line with rectangular patch as an antenna. The antenna is designed and
optimised by using the electromagnetic simulation tool ANSYS HFSS 13 which is based on
FEM respectively [11-15]. Details of the antenna design and the simulated results are
presented and discussed.
6.2 DESIGN OF ANTENNA

The rectangular patch is integrated to the transmission line so that two band of
frequencies are achieved. For the design of the rectangular patch we have some equations to
calculate the dimensions of the patch, they are as below equations 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4:
Patch Dimensions are (7.5x6.5x0.0035)mm

c
W= ………6.1
r 1
2fo
2
Leff =
c
2fr e
………6.2  

 
L=Leff  2hL 
where,  W 
…….6.3 and 6.4
    0.26h 
ε +0.3 h 1  
L=0.412  e  1 
W  
εe -0.258  0.8 
   
  h1   

Where,
W=Width of the patch=6.5mm
L=Length of the patch=7.5mm
6.3 DESIGN METHOD OF INTEGRATED MICROSTRIP

TRANSMISSION LINE WITHRECTANGULAR PATCH AS AN
ANTENNA:
The rectangular patch is by far the most widely used configuration. It is very easy to
analyze using both the transmission-line and cavity models, which are most accurate for thin
substrates. We used the transmission-line model because it is easier to illustrate.
Transmission-Line Model
It was indicated earlier that the transmission-line model is the easiest of all but it
yields the least accurate results and it lacks the versatility. However, it does shed some
physical insight. As it will be demonstrated using the cavity model, a rectangular microstrip
antenna can be represented as an array of two radiating narrow apertures (slots), each of
width W and height h, separated by a distance L. Basically the transmission-line model
represents the microstrip antenna by two slots, separated by a low-impedance Zc transmission
line of length L.

Figure 6.1: Integration of the Rectangular Patch With Microstrip Transmission Line
Antenna
6.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Microstrip Transmission line with Rectangular Patch Antenna structural
simulated waveform is shown in the figure 6.2 is graph of reflection coefficient with
frequency. The bandwidth of the antenna is 900MHz & 400MHz and resonance frequencies
are of 2.8GHz and 5.5GHz for two bands. For the transmission line the resonance frequency
of 2.8GHz is observed and for the rectangular patch the resonance frequency of 5.5GHz is
observed.
From the Figure 6.3 we can observe the radiation pattern of the design Microstrip
Transmission line Antenna for 5.5GHz.
Figure 6.2: Reflection coefficient with frequency of a Microstrip Transmission line

antenna.

Figure 6.3: 2D and 3D Radiation Pattern of a Microstrip Transmission line antenna for
5.5GHz.
6.5 CONCLUSION
In this chapter the design of the integrated rectangular patch with transmission line as
antenna which radiates at two resonance frequency bands were explained.

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
8.1 CONCLUSION
The Microstrip Multiband Patch Antenna design described here is simulated and
analysed using HFSS(High Frequency Structural Simulator) software. In this documentation,
we have seen the definition of antenna, types of antenna, antenna parameters and about the
design of microstrip multiband patch antenna.
A detailed explanation of Microstrip patch antenna is disclosed. The desired radiation

patterns, bandwidth of the antenna are achieved. Few noteworthy points regarding the design
of a multiband microstrip antenna are mentioned in this document.
By seeing simulated results, we can say that the single antenna is designed such that it
radiates at the desired multiband resonance frequencies which are suitable for the WLAN
&WiMAX applications.
8.2 FUTURE WORK

In this documentation, we have seen about the design a microstrip antenna for ultra-high
frequency range whereas; the innovative designs of antenna can be developed further.
Designing of a single antenna for multiple band of frequencies can be developed. Which are
useful in satellite communication systems, radar communications, medical applications,
military applications.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] K.-L. Wong, Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antennas, John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 2002.
[2] Z. N. Chen and M. Y. W. Chia, Broadband Planar Antennas Design and Applications,
John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 2006.
[3] R. E. Munson, “Conformal Microstrip Antennas and Microstrip Phased Arrays”, IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 74-78, January 1974.
[4] J. Q. Howell, “Microstrip Antennas”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 23, no. 1, pp.
90-93, January 1975.
[5] T. K. Sarkar, R. J. Mailloux, A. A. Oliner, M. Salazar-Palma, and D. L. Sengupta, History
of Wireless, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ (USA), 2006.
[6] D. D. Grieg and H. F. Engelmann, “Microstrip – A New Transmission Technique for the
Kilomegacycle Range”, Proc. of IRE, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 1644-1650, December 1952.
[7] R. M. Barrett, “Microwave Printed Circuits – The Early Years”, IEEE Trans. Microwave
Theory Tech., vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 983-990, September 1984.
[8] H. Howe, “Microwave Integrated Circuits – An Historical Perspective”, IEEE Trans.
Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 991-996, September 1984.
[9] G. Deschamps and G. Sichak, “Microstrip Microwave Antenna”, Proc. 3rd Symp. USAF
Antenna Research Development Program, Robert Allerton Park, Illinois, October 1953.
[10] J. T. Bernhard, P. E Meyes, D. Schaubert, and R. J. Mailloux, “A Commemoration of
Deschamps’ and Sichak’s “Microstrip Microwave Antennas”: 50 Years of
Development, Divergence, and New Directions”, Proc. 27th Antenna Application

Symp., Monticello, Illinois, pp. 189-209, September 2003.
[11] H. Gutton and G. Boissinot, “Flat Aerial for Ultra High Frequencies”.
[12] R. A. Pucel, D. J. Massé, and C. P. Hartwig, “Losses in Microstrips”, IEEE
Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 342-350, June 1968.
[13] E. J. Denlinger, “Radiation from Microstrip Resonators”, IEEE Trans.
Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 235-236, April 1969.
[14] R. Bancroft, Microstrip and Printed Antenna Design , Noble Publishing, Atlanta,
GA (USA), 2004.

[15] Xu, Y., Jiao, Y.-C., and Luan, Y.-C.: ‘Compact CPW-fed printed monopole antenna
with triple-band characteristics for WLAN/WiMAX applications’, Electron. Lett., 2012,
48, (24), pp. 1519–1920
[16] Wang, P., Wen, G.-J., Huang, Y.-J., and Sun, Y.-H.: ‘Compact CPW-fed planar
monopole antenna with distinct triple bands for WiFi/WiMAX applications’, Electron.
Lett., 2012, 48, (7), pp. 357–359

APPENDIX
FUNDAMENTALS OF HFSS
HFSS uses a numerical technique called the Finite Element Method (FEM). This is a
procedure where a structure is subdivided into many smaller subsections called finite
elements. The finite elements used by HFSS are tetrahedral, and the entire collection of
tetrahedral is called a mesh. A solution is found for the fields within the finite elements, and
these fields are interrelated so that Maxwell’s equations are satisfied across inter-element
boundaries. Yielding a field solution for the entire original structure. Once the field solution
has been found, the generalized S-matrix solution is determined.
The adaptive solution process is the method by which HFSS guarantees that a final
answer to a given EM problem is the correct answer. It is a necessary part of the overall
solution process and is the key reason why a user can have extreme confidence in HFSS’s
accuracy.
The computational volume, or solution space, is the volume within which HFSS
explicitly calculates all EM fields. Any field quantities that are outside this volume can be
derived from the fields within it.
There are six main steps to creating and solving a proper HFSS simulation. They are:
1. Create model/geometry
2. Assign boundaries
3. Assign excitations
4. Set up the solution
5. Solve
6. Post-process the results
Every HFSS simulation will involve, to some degree, all six of the above steps. While
it is not necessary to follow these steps in exact order, it is good modelling practice to follow
them in a consistent model-to-model manner.
HFSS BOUNDARIES AND EXCITATIONS

The concept of boundaries can be confusing to an HFSS user, they can be simply
thought of serving two main purposes. The first of these is to create either an open or a closed
model.
A closed model simply represents a structure, or a solution volume, where no energy
can escape except through an applied port. For an Eigen mode simulation, this could be a
cavity resonator. For a driven modal or terminal solution, this could be a waveguide or some
other fully enclosed structure.
An open model represents an electromagnetic model that allows electromagnetic
energy to emanate or radiate away. Common examples would be an antenna, a PCB, or any
structure that is not enclosed within a closed cavity.
While most HFSS simulations deal with models that are open, by default, HFSS
initially assumes that any given model is closed. HFSS assumes all outer surfaces of the
solution space are covered, or coated, by a perfect electric conductor boundary. In order to
create an open model, a user will need to specify a boundary on the outer surfaces that will
overwrite the default perfect electric conductor boundary.
The second reason why boundaries are used within HFSS is to decrease the
geometric/electromagnetic complexity of a given structure or model. These boundaries
should only be used internally to a model or possibly on a symmetry plane. They should be
applied to specifically created 2D sheet objects or to specific surfaces of 3D objects. While
boundaries can be very useful, a user should exercise caution when using them as they can
create unintended results if applied incorrectly. Every HFSS model a user creates will use
boundaries on the outer surfaces of the solution space. This is a direct result of the fact that a
user must specify whether a given model is open or closed. As a result, any given HFSS
model will always either have Conducting, Radiation, or Perfectly Matched Layer Boundary
on all outer surfaces.
Conducting boundaries are the perfect electric conductor, finite conductivity, or
impedance boundary.
Not every HFSS model, however, will use simplifying boundaries. When using
boundaries to create simpler models, users should take care to not create a model that has
unreasonable or inappropriate boundaries applied.
HFSS Boundaries
There are twelve boundaries available within HFSS. Boundaries are applied to
specifically created 2D sheet objects, or surfaces of 3D objects. The twelve boundaries are:
1. Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC): default HFSS boundary fully encloses the solution
space and creates a closed model.
2. Radiation: used to create an open model.
3. Perfectly Matched layer (PML): used to create an open model and preferred for antenna

simulations.
4. Finite Conductivity: allows creation of single layer conductors.
5. Layered Impedance: allows creation of multilayer conductors and thin dielectrics.
6. Impedance: allows creation of ohm per square material layers.
7. Lumped RLC: allows creation of ideal lumped components.
8. Symmetry: used to enforce a symmetry boundary.
9. Master: used in conjunction with Slave Boundary to model infinitely large repeating array
structures.
10. Slave: used in conjunction with Master Boundary to model large infinitely repeating
array
structures.
11. Screening Impedance: allows creation of large screens or grids.
12. Perfect H: allows creation of a symmetry plane.
HFSS Excitations
A Wave Port is the most commonly used type of excitation used in HFSS. This port
type is very useful for exciting microstrip, stripline, coaxial, or waveguide transmission lines.
It should be applied only to an outer face of the solution space.
A wave port represents the region or area where energy enters, or sources, the solution
space. This port, therefore, is ideally suited to sourcing structures that are good transmission
lines and should be applied only at outer faces of the solution volume. The wave port yields
S, Y, Z parameters, characteristic wave impedance, and gamma, the propagation and
attenuation constant.
The S-parameters that are produced by a wave port are generalized and can be viewed
as S-parameters that use the frequency-dependent characteristic wave impedance of the port
as their normalization constant.
Since HFSS calculates gamma during the port solution, results can be de-embedded
into or out of a port. This operation then will subtract or add transmission line length to the
model changing the S-matrix accordingly.
Results can also be normalized to any constant complex impedance.
Lumped Ports are the other commonly used excitation type in HFSS. This port type is
analogous to a current sheet source and can also be used to excite commonly used
transmission lines. Lumped ports are also useful to excite voltage gaps or other instances

where wave ports are not applicable. They should only be applied internally to the solution
space.
STEPS USED FOR DESIGN

Name Project – Project 1 is already created by default – Right click on Project
1Rename – Type a name of your choosing (hello HFSS, ECE451, tutorial, etc.) New HFSS –
Right click on your project Insert–> Insert HFSS Design–>Rename the HFSS Design as
microstrip.

4.3.1 Creating substrate
Select the Draw Box button
 Once you have selected the draw box, move your cursor into the window the 3D axis
shown.
 Click anywhere, move your mouse in the XY plane.
 Click again, move your mouse in the Z direction.
 Click a third time.
 You have now created an arbitrary sized box.
 A window will pop up in which you can define the dimensions and location of the
box.
 Fill in the location and dimension as shown below.

 You should have a box that looks like this.
 To change your view in 2D, hold Shift + left click and drag.
 To change your view in 3D, hold Alt + left click and drag
 To fit the view in the 3D modeller window: Ctrl+D.

 This box now has the dimensions that we want for our substrate.
 The next step is to define the material of our substrate.
 Double click on “Box1” and fill in the properties.
Creating ground plane
Draw another arbitrary sized box and fill in the location and dimension as shown
below. Make sure the ground height is negative.
• Alternatively, you could make the position 0,0,-gnd_H and keep the Z Size Positive. Now
we have our ground plane with the correct dimensions and location, but still need to change
the material.
• Double click on Box1.
• Change the name to ground plane.
• Change the material to copper.
• Change the colour.
• Make the transparency 0.8.
Creating the excitation

Our model for our micro-strip line is almost complete and ready to simulate. We still need to
define the excitation for our model.
• Change the Drawing Plane from XY to ZX.

Right click rectangle 2 Assign Excitation->Lumped Port
• Wave Port: General – leave the port number 1 and click Next.
• Wave Port: Modes – leave default settings and click Next.
• Wave Port: Post Processing – select Renormalize All Modes and leave the Full Port
Impedance
as 50 Ohms.
• Click Finish
Creating the air box

HFSS treats the space around your design that hasn’t been designated as a specific
material as PEC. Because of this, we need to define an airbox around our design.
• Change the Drawing Plane back from ZX to XY.

• Draw a box and fill in the values as shown below.
Double click on Box1

• Rename it as airbox
• Change the material to air
• Change the colour
• Make the transparency 0.8
Add solution setup

Click on HFSS->Analysis Setup->Add Solution Setup
General Tab:
 Solution Frequency: 10 GHz
 Maximum Number of Passes: 20
 Maximum Delta S: 0.02
Options Tab:
 Minimum Converged Passes: 2
 Order of Basis Function: Zero Order

Add frequency sweep
Click on HFSS->Analysis Setup->Add Frequency Sweep
 Select Setup1 and click OK
 General tab:
 Sweep Type: Interpolating
 Frequency Setup
 Type: Linear Step
 Start: 300 kHz
 Stop: 6 GHz
 Step Size: 0.1 GHz

Validations check and analyze all
Click on HFSS ->Validation Check

 If everything passes, close the validation check window and you are ready to run your
simulation.

HFSS SOLUTION SETUP
The solution frequency is used by HFSS to determine the maximum initial tetrahedral
size and is the frequency at which HFSS explicitly solves the given model.
The solution frequency is the frequency at which HFSS explicitly solves a given
simulation. It is also at this frequency that the adaptive solution operates, and it is the fields at
this frequency that are used to determine whether a model has converged or not.
The solution frequency should be set to the operating frequency of the device being
simulated.
If a frequency sweep result is desired in a simulation, the solution frequency should
be set to either the device operating frequency, the center frequency of the sweep, or to a
frequency that is between 60 and 80 percent of the maximum frequency desired. The
frequency that is used depends on what type of frequency sweep will be used.
On a practical note, for most antenna simulations, the solution frequency should be set
to the operating frequency of the antenna. For simulations of filters, the solution frequency
should be set to the center of the band pass frequency. The solution frequency is also the
frequency that should be used for any calculations the user performs when creating a model
that depend on a frequency. Examples of these types of calculations are air region size for
antenna problems, skin depth calculations, PML wizard input, etc.
HFSS has three distinct sweep types: the discrete sweep, the fast sweep, and the
interpolating sweep. Depending on the needs of a user, a particular sweep type may be
preferred. Generally, the solution times required for a frequency sweep type increase in the
following order: fast, interpolating, and discrete.
HFSS POST-PROCESSING
One of the most useful outputs from HFSS is the S-parameter. Once a simulation has
finished, S-parameters at a single frequency or over a frequency sweep can be plotted.
S-parameters are easily plotted using the HFSS results editor. However, depending on
the port type, S-parameters are either generalized or normalized.
The S-parameters for a wave port are, by default, generalized. Generalized S-
parameters do not have a normalization constant but rather are normalized to the
characteristic impedance of the corresponding wave port. As a result, when comparing HFSS
wave port results to measured data, it is important to re-normalize the HFSS results to the
normalization constant used when the measurement was performed.

If a given S-parameter is based on a lumped port, the S-parameters are normalized to
the value of Zo specified when the port was created. When comparing measured and
simulated data, it is again necessary to re-normalize the HFSS data if the user-specified Zo is
not equivalent to the normalization constant used in the measurement.
In addition to S-parameters, HFSS can plot a number of additional quantities of
interest in RF/microwave/SI design using the Results Editor. A partial list of these potable
quantities include gamma information, Y and Z parameters, TDR results, VSWR data, and
Group Delay.
Virtually any quantity of interest to an electrical engineer can be plotted in HFSS. The
standard output quantities can be enhanced by creating output variables based on
mathematical expressions. These output variables can be created by clicking on the Output
Variables button in the lower right-hand corner of the New Report Dialog.
Additionally, users can plot time-domain responses for a given simulation model by
selecting TIME as the sweep variable in the drop-down dialog in the upper left of the New.
Report Dialog. Once the TIME variable has been selected, the TDR options button
becomes active and a user can choose to plot a time-based system response such as a TDR
plot.
Also, if a user has performed a parametric sweep, the data families will be available to
be plotted if a user selects the Families tab in the top centre of the New Report Dialog.
Lastly, all reports can also be generated by clicking on HFSS in the menu bar,
selecting results, and selecting create modal (or terminal) reports. In the new report dialog, a
user can specify what data is to be plotted.

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ABSTRACT

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wi-Max) is a broadband

The aim is to design and analysis of multiband patch antenna operating at

CHAPTER 5: DESIGN OF MICROSTRIP TRANSMISSION

Figure No. Description Page No.

3.1 Transmitting & Receiving Antenna 7

Table No. Description Page No.

6.1 Equations for the calculation of dimensions 26

WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network

FR4 - Flame Retardant woven glass reinforced epoxy resin

CPW - Coplanar Waveguide

HFSS - High Frequency Structural Simulation

Antenna, Transmission Line, Rectangular Patch, Slot, CPW, Reflection Coefficient,

In this chapter introduction, problem statement, motivation, objectives, software

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Department of ECE, MRITS 1

1.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVE

i. To design the microstrip transmission line as an antenna of resonance frequency

1.5 PROJECT METHODOLOGY

Department of ECE, MRITS 2

structures. As a result, a theoretical relationship between strain and normalised frequency

1.6 SOFTWARE USED

1.7 ORGANISATION OF THE PROJECT

Department of ECE, MRITS 3

2.2 RESEARCH PAPERS

Department of ECE, MRITS 4

Department of ECE, MRITS 5

Department of ECE, MRITS 6

Figure 3.1: Transmitting and receiving antenna structure.

Department of ECE, MRITS 7

3.3 TYPES OF ANTENNAS

3.3.1 Wire Antennas

(a) Dipole (b) Circular (square) loop

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3.3.2 Aperture Antennas

(a) Pyramidal Horn (b) Conical Horn

(c) Rectangular Waveguide

Figure 3.3 Aperture antenna conﬁgurations.

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3.3.3 Microstrip Antennas

(a) Rectangular (b) Circular

Figure 3.4 Rectangular and circular microstrip (patch) antennas.

3.3.4 Array Antennas

Many applications require radiation characteristics that may not be achievable by a

Department of ECE, MRITS 10

(a) Yagi-Uda Array (b) Aperture Array

(c)Microstrip Patch Array (d) Slotted Waveguide Array

Figure 3.5 Typical wire, aperture, and microstrip array conﬁgurations.

3.3.5 Reﬂector Antennas

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(a) Parabolic Reflector with Front Feed

(b) Parabolic Reflector with Cassegrain Feed (c)Corner Reflector

Figure 3.6 Typical Reflector Configurations.

3.3.6 Lens Antennas

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3.4 BASIC ANTENNA OPERATION

It can be expressed as equation 3.1:

3.5.2 Reflection coefficient

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Fmax = maximum radiated energy

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Polarization of an antenna in a given direction is defined as the polarization of the

3.5.5 Input Impedance