Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Reference Books:
Concrete Structures by Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmed Siddiqi
Reinforced concrete mechanics and design by James G. Macgregor
Design of concrete structures by Arthur H. Nilson David Darwin Charles W.
Dolan
Reinforced Concrete by Edward G. Nawy
Code and Standard:
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI318-11)
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
 Bond and Development
Length

Reference:
Reinforced concrete mechanics and design
by James G. Macgregor
Bond and Development Length
 Bond and Development Length

In a reinforced concrete beam, the flexural
compressive forces are resisted by
concrete, while the flexural tensile forces
are provided by reinforcement.

For this process to exist, there must be a
force transfer, or bond, between the two
materials.

For the bar to be in equilibrium, bond
stresses must exist.

If these disappear, the bar will pull out of
the concrete and the tensile force, T, will
drop to zero, causing the beam to fail.
Bond and Development Length

Need for Bond Stresses

Relationship between change in bar stress and
average bond stress

If “fs2” is greater than “fs1” bond stress, µ, must act on

the surface of the bar to maintain equilibrium
2
πd b
( f s 2 − f s1 ) = µ avg (πd b)l
4
Bond and Development Length

Average flexural bond stress

Bond Stresses in an Axially Loaded Prism

Steel, concrete, and bond stresses in a cracked prism

Steel, concrete and bond stresses in a cracked beam
Stress distribution in a pull-out test
 Mechanism of Bond Transfer

A smooth bar embedded in concrete develops
bond by adhesion between the concrete and the
bar and by a small amount of friction.

Both of these effects are quickly lost when the
bar is loaded in tension, particularly because the
diameter of the bar decreases slightly, due to
Poisson’s ratio.

For this reason, smooth bars are generally not
used as reinforcement.

In cases where smooth bars must be
embedded in concrete mechanical anchorage in
the form of hooks are used.
 Mechanism of Bond Transfer

Although adhesion and friction are present when a
deformed bar is loaded for the first time, these bond-
transfer mechanisms are quickly lost, leaving the bond to
be transferred by bearing on the deformations of the bar.

Equal and opposite bearing stresses act on the
concrete.

The forces on the concrete have both a longitudinal and
a radial component.

The latter causes circumferential tensile stresses in the
concrete around the bar.

Eventually, the concrete will split parallel to the bar, and
the resulting crack will propagate out to the surface of the
beam.

The splitting cracks follow the reinforcing bars along
the bottom or side surfaces of the beam.
 Bond-transfer mechanism

Once these cracks develop, the bond transfer drops rapidly unless
reinforcement is provided to restrain the opening of the splitting crack
 Typical splitting-failure surfaces

If the cover and bar spacings are large compared to the

bar diameter, a pull-out failure can occur, where the bar
and the annulus of concrete between successive
deformations pull out along a cylindrical failure surface
joining the tips of the deformations.
 Development Length (ld)

Because the actual bond stress varies along the length
of a bar anchored in a zone of tension, the ACI Code
uses the concept of ld rather than bond stress.

ld, is the shortest length of bar in which the bar stress
can increase from zero to the yield strength (fy).

If the distance from a point where the bar stress equals
fy to the end of the bar is less than the development
length, the bar will pull out of the concrete.

The lds are different in tension and compression,
because a bar loaded in tension is subject to in-and-out
bond stresses and hence requires a considerably longer
development length.

Also, for a bar in compression, bearing stresses at the
end of the bar will transfer part of the compression force
into the concrete.
 Development Length (ld)
The development length can be expressed in terms of
the ultimate value of the average bond stress by
setting (fs2 - fs1) = fy in equation.
2
πd b
( f s 2 − f s1 ) = µ avg (πd b)l
4
2
πd b
( fy) = µ avg (πd b)l
4
f y db
= ld
4 µ avg
Here, µavg is the value of µavg at bond failure in a beam
test.
Basic Development Equation ACI318-11
Basic Development Equation ACI318-11

Case 1

Case2
Explanation of Cases 1 and 2
Basic Development Equation ACI318-11
Basic Development Equation ACI318-11
 Basic Development Equation ACI318-11
S = maximum center to center spacing of transverse
reinforcement within ld, mm

Bar Spacing Factor Cb

Cb is the smaller
• The smallest distance measured from the surface of
concrete to the center of the bar being developed, and
• One half of the center to center spacing of the bars or
wires being developed
Basic Development Equation ACI318-11
Basic Development Equation ACI318-11
Development of deformed bars and
deformed wire in compression
Development of deformed bars and
deformed wire in compression
Development of standard hooks in tension
Development of standard hooks in tension
Development of standard hooks in tension
Development of standard hooks in
tension
Development of standard hooks in
tension
Development of standard hooks in
tension
Standard Hooks
Standard Hooks
Development of Negative Moment
Reinforcement
Development length of headed bars
in tension
 Splices of Reinforcement
Splices should, if possible, be located away from points of
maximum tensile stress.
Frequently, reinforcement in beams and columns must
be spliced.

There are four types of splices:

Lapped splices,

Mechanical splices,

Welded splices, and

End-bearing splices

All four types of splices are permitted, as limited in ACI

Code Sections 12.14, 12.15, and 12.16
Tension Lap Splices
 Tension Lap Splices

In a lapped splice, the force in one bar is
transferred to the concrete, which transfers it to the
adjacent bar.

The transfer of forces out of the bar into the
concrete causes radially outward pressures on the
concrete these pressures, in turn, cause splitting
cracks along the bars.

The splitting cracks generally initiate at the ends
of the splice, where the splitting pressures tend to
be larger than at the middle.

Large transverse cracks occur at the
discontinuities at the ends of the spliced bars.

Transverse reinforcement in the splice region
delays the opening of the splitting cracks and
hence improves the splice capacity.
Tension Lap Splices
Tension Lap Splices
Tension Lap Splices
Tension Development Length of Deformed Bars
12.16 Splices of deformed bars in compression

12.16.1 — Compression lap splice length shall be

0.071fydb for fy of 420MPa or less, or
(0.13fy – 24)db for fy greater than 420MPa,
but not less than 300 mm.
For fc′ less than 21 MPa, length of lap shall be increased
by one-third.
Splices of deformed bars in compression

12.16.2 When bars of different size are lap spliced in

compression, splice length shall be the larger of ldc of
larger bar and compression lap splice length of
smaller bar.
Lap splices of No. 43 and No. 57 bars to No. 36 and
smaller bars shall be permitted.
Splice requirements for columns
 Splice requirements for columns
12.17.2.1 — Where the bar stress due to factored loads is
compressive, lap splices shall conform to 12.16.1, 12.16.2, and,
where applicable, to 12.17.2.4 or 12.17.2.5.
12.17.2.2 — Where the bar stress due to factored loads is
tensile and does not exceed 0.5fy in tension, lap splices shall be
Class B tension lap splices if more than one-half of the bars
are spliced at any section, or Class A tension lap splices if half
or fewer of the bars are spliced at any section and alternate
lap splices are staggered by ld.

12.17.2.3 — Where the bar stress due to factored loads is

greater than 0.5fy in tension, lap splices shall be Class B
tension lap splices
 Splice requirements for columns
12.17.2.4 — In tied reinforced compression members, where
ties throughout the lap splice length have an effective area
not less than 0.0015hs in both directions, lap splice length
shall be permitted to be multiplied by 0.83, but lap length
shall not be less than 300 mm. Tie legs perpendicular to
dimension h shall be used in determining effective area.

12.17.2.5 — In spirally reinforced compression members,

lap splice length of bars within a spiral shall be permitted to
be multiplied by 0.75, but lap length shall not be less than
300 mm.
Splice requirements for columns