NOTES

UNIT ONE
Dividing Polynomials

②
⑤
④
Steps I Example 2 .

,
I .

I' 3
'

① set up in form '

3×2-4×+5
=
( ,

Divide term I I X' toctl 3×2-4×+5 3×2-4×+5

70
by first
'

one term of divisor txt

=3
. .

.
, . -

←
Multiply quotient by devisor .
4. I3×2+3×+3 x
z
+ , + , after -
I

Subtract from Line above = -

7×+2

Repeat until
you
can 't divide into remainder

⑥ Write out in full .

The
factorial function

! !
x and n are the factorial buttons .

5! =

5×4×3×2 I
-
n ! =
nxcn -
1) Cn -

2km -3 ) ect
, .

120
=

Permutations

I
(

P is the
possible amount of arrangements of numbers when order doesn't matter ( can have 1,2 and 2,1 )

I
On a calculator npr is used ( he available r=
required ) .
Note
:
npr =
C n -
r ) !

Example

and 4
Using 1. 2,3 ,
how
many
two
didgit permutations could be made .

a- 4 ,
r
-

-
2
:
npr =
402=12 .

Combinations

" '

C is the Gant )
number of possible outcomes when order matters have 3,4and 4,3 .

Cr ncr
On used ( required ) ) !
=

a calculator
"
is he available r= .
note : r ! Cn -
r

Example

I
2,3 4 how 2 made
Using ,
and
,
many didgit combinations can be .

a- 4 r=2 i
n Cr =
4C 2=6
,

Binomial Theorem

Pascals Example
'

: '

Triangle
' '
cxty5-n.IE/nr)ocn-ryr
I
2 I "
Ex and
:
Get 3)

3 3
I I
Use to find coefficients
35 (4) x"3°t( 4) of (E) of 32
(5) 33 ( 41×034
4
' '
'
4 b 4 ' Get =
3 t t x' t
when
expanding brackets
\ 5 10 10 S I = "
+12×3+545 t 108 t 81
theorem
x
binomial
x

using .

for (7) use

ncr .
 Partial Fractions

Used to split fractions so

they're easier to use .

Steps Methods

① ① '
② It
Facto rise C if possible ) If denominator has theres repeated function in the denominator
denominator .
only a a

② Choose method

Solve
.

=¥)
expression A
=o¥
expression
x#b
Write fractions for
out
partial each factor .
-
+ t
%¥b)2
b)
2
④ be a) Get b) ( ax t
Multiply through by original denominator
-

⑤ to find constants .

③
"
⑥ Write If demoniator has x
in
full .

expression =A_ Bxtc

+

Get a) Caztbxtc ) Gota ) Get boat c)

Examples
xt4
0

-A
② ③ K -3 I Bxtc
=G¥) GIFT +

xGdt3 )
= +

od -

7×+10 Cx -
25 x coat 3)

xt4 4- ACK 2) B 3=AGdt3)tCBxtdGc )

2)
= A B x -
-
- t x -

= -
t -
,
when x -2 yet ,←o

( x -
S ) Loc -

2) Gc -
s ) B =
-2 -
3=3 A

Got
xt4 -
AGC -
S ) t BGC 2) x 4= AGC 2) t B
,c=s
- -

o
- -

when when c-
-

.
, ,

9=3B -2A =
-2 x-3=ACx2t3)tCBxtcXx )
,cee×= ,

B =3 A =/ -
2=-41 -
Btc
-

Btc -

2
-

xt4=ACx ) t BGC 2) i
€4
¥2 ¥27
-
S -
when x=2 =
, -

6=-3 A Coc -252 x -

3=AGdt3)tCBxtdGd Let .cz

B +2C
A 1=-7+4
-

b -

4Bt2C
-

2×2-7×+10
xt4 =-3
I

.
.

IBB
-64
Ifc } Be
!I
5 2

%¥-zj #
x
¥
x - -
: -

use simultaneous i =
t
-

xftKt2
Approximation

for
-
I < a a I
as n - 00
,
arts O .
We can use this to make approximations .

Example

Calculate I -
044 to 3
significant figures using approximation

"
I -044=(1+0.04)
=( %) 14 (
)°t( 4) 130.04
( ) 120.042
( ) I' 0.043T
( 4) 100.044
'
0.04 t 42 t 43

= I t O -
Ib t O .

009+0.000256 t O .

00000256
- -
= I -17
= ignore as don 't affect answer .

Complex Numbers

I i' is it is
imaginary I i =/ i
=

numbers
.
= -
= - .

, , , ,

C is the set of complex numbers

Z - attb is the
general form of a complex number ,
where a and b are real .

I
Examples .

② =St3i 4- 6i=Z
add Z=St3i and Z 4 bi
Multiply Z and
-

.
-

( Sts the -
Gi ) ( St 3 C4 -
6L )
=
=
38-18 ,
 Improper Rational Functions
.

A function it They be simplified polynomial function

is improper the numerator has a
higher power . can
using algebraic division to make a and a proper

rational function .
The proper function can then be split into partial fractions .

I
Steps Example

① Ocs 2x
"
of +5 of
Break

⑤
-

+ too
division
up Using algebraic .
=

② 3-
2K 't 2 od Zodiac 2×5-2×4
3
S
fractions
a
leave
a
and remainder partial
-

quotient
+ +
split
-

into x +
-

ustoes
"
Solve
2x 2£ i :
fractions to find
-

partial unknowns
- -

④ write in 2x
'
toots
full .

A
2 .

2x
'
toe t
S A Boat C
= -
+ -

of -2×4×-2 a -
2 Coat I )

3-
2×2 + x +
S = A Gatt ) t CB > at Gc -

2)
let so
-

-
2 ,
IS = SA

Let x
-

- I
,
8=7 -

B
B = -

I
Li -

as toast
2×4 oats
of 3- ¥
-

= + -
Let x
-

- O
,
S =3 -
2C
x 3-2×2 too
-
2 K -

2 £+1 C = -

I
#

Differentiation

Chain Rule

!
do cos3Gx ) C 3×5
dy dy
cos
note
=

}
doc doc
sink → Cossa
derivatives
Cossa → -
gin , ,

Examples

0=053×5--2
② Sin ( )
y=co53x
① C 2x 3) 0=2×+3 £+3 ③
0=62+3 )
t
-

y y=
-

u '=2× =Ccos3x5 u
's -

sink
dy dye
DI
=
¥ x
I dx= I ×
DF U2
y
=
no
y
d¥=d¥×ddF
"
=
1012×+3 ) us =2xcosGc2t3 ) '
cosu
'
=
Zu
y
-

y= y
.

' -

Su
"
=cosGEt3 ) = -

bsin3xcos3.sc =2cos3x
y
50×+35
'
-
-

Product Rule

It gtfg
' '

functions f
-

this in two terms

-

use with a

Examples

① ②
y=x" Get )
"
od 3
y=xZsLnx f sine f 8=22+3
-

x x
-

g
-
-

,
- -

f.
1=4×3
' '

g'f
' '
2x
f f 'gtg f 2×+3
'

f- g
'

t Lose
g g
=
-

- -

2xsinxtxeos.sc 4x3Gc2t3x)tx" (2×+3)

3×4 ( Ects )
.

-
 Quotient Rule

y=gt
'

Use when have dy fig -

fg
you DI

t.gl/Examples0y--sTnf=x3
'
g
' sins ,
②
y=s f- I
g
-

-
sink

t izz f'
'

g gZ=sin3a
-

cosy so
-

'

sink
case
-

gZ= g
-

dye COSI
dd¥=3x2sknxtx3cos#
sink doc
=
-

F
t
s¥
xK3sinx ) tease
= = -

cotxcosecsc

Essential Derivatives

sede -

I thank =
cosecoc
'
=
-

cosecoccotx see cost cos 2x= Toc sink

y y
-

=
-

I 2sin3e
'
=
secxtanx
-

=
seek
-

y
-

y
Cote x= y
-

Cota
'
= -

cos case e=s¥ = 2053C -

I
y
-

seen
'
tank
=

y y
-
-

sink task =L sin C AIB ) =

sinAcosBtcosAsinB
cos C AIB )
=
cosmos B Isin Asin B
sink
tank Tosk
-

Derivation of Exponential and Functions

Logarithmic

ear
'

f- Cx ) =
f Go =
dead

f- Gc )
-
-

Ink t Go
'
=L

Examples

① 5K¥
EZ ② Inxs ③
"

'=2 u=x3 0=3×2 f= 5×2 f-

10x
u
-

.
2x u

dy
dFT=a¥×adI '
I '= I dTc=5xe"Gtx )
" ' "

y=eu Inu
-

y y y g=e g e
- -
-
-
-

÷ ¥3
-

=
2e2K
-
-

else =
=

=
I
=
x
=

The Complex Conjugate

This is multiplied it real

what an
imaginary number must be
by to make .

E Z=4tSi E- C opposite
sign )
is the complex 4- Si
conjugate .

e.g .
,
ZZ=a2+yz

Examples
-
b±F4ac
① Gt3 CG Zi ) ② 151-121 b ? Ta

ZI
'?¥
calculate
-

✓ stab
Ft .
stzioa
-

os.to#f
"
P 's atbi -
.
= =

Eat
'D ? t.bz
←
denom
( BE

2abi=s+
atb 5+122 4 b- 9
y
. -

a -_ =
-

or

Gt3DC6t2# E3 b=±2
aztzabitb2.cz STILL b ¥ Fg
=
=
=

16-21×6+2 -
-

az.bz
§+g¥q¥ 2¥ crow ,
+

.
=
a , ,
real
imaginary
.
.

Zg t i
l
az.bz -
. S

⑦ 2-5=5
3£ -
41=5
36 -

b2=Sb2
b4tSb2 -36=0
 I Argand Diagrams
A expressed
•

number be
Ima
complex can as an
diagram
P argand
real
°

and the and of the

y imaginary complex
x are components number

OF

position
the
is
The Cr ) is the AZD
°

vector of
r
complex number
length modulus
-

y
I a .

§
OF d
rotates I
.

from the axis is the amplitude of Z

x , argument .

IR
OT
I
TKOER C- 180<0480 )
ArgZ= principle argument
.

The value of Arg 't on the position of Z within the

argand diagram .

using trig lpythagoras ,

we can find .

,
.

* ,
x
+ we
Arg
IZI tacky 0= tan EE) y=rsin0
'

r roost
-
' -

= x
- -

I
x -
T
X

-
ve
Arg
I

I
Examples

radius
① For 2=2+51
, plot on an
argand diagram ,
then find the modulus and
argument
NIM
IZI -

1¥ Arg Z= tariff )
g
=
1¥ = tan
(E)
- '

f argand
=
529 = 68.20
T a for
modulus argument

68.20
SIR
2

Polar Form

polar form
= rccosoltisin d)

Examples

① ①
write from
argand diagrams in polar form

Z =

rccosoltisind )
-529C cos 68.2'm 68-20
tis )

② 2- I -3L
plot argand diagram find the modulus then write
form
=
and
argument
in polar
-

, on an , ,
.

HI
Arg Z
-
- tan
'
( I) Arg 0=71-6-180 -
I
Instr
( I)
,
tan
'

rccosoltisind )
-

= =
108-4
-

:
- polar
s
-

yo
-

=7 diagram ) To ( C- LOS 4) tis C- 4)

'

C look at 108
cos
.

=
in
.
 Loci On A Complex Plane

Locus is that
a set of points satisfy or are determined
by a specified condition . In each example , complex

numbers Z
are in form xtiy
-

-
.

/
Examples

① For 12-1=6 ④ Draw the locus argand

find loves
diagram
on an
,

Im
6
12-1=6
radius = 6
,
circle centre CO ,
O )
lxtiy 1=6

fFy- = 6

2=36
⇒
softy
SIR
-6 6

remember :
equations of circles
'

6
~
Gc -
a) Ztcytb ) ? r2
Cca b )
,

salty Cfg
'

t2gxt2fx
O
f )
-
te
-
-
-

x2tyZ=r do ,
O )

De Moines Theorem

Z
n
= rn ( cosh
t
Isin nd ) To Use this the complex number must be in polar form -

Note .
cos C- ⇒ =
Cossa

sin C- so ) = -
sink

SAT

Example
#

① Z = It if
2-4 ⇐ TD
find
arg
,

IZI -
First
Arg
Z -
-
tan
-
'

(F) Z = 2 ( cos 'T tis 'm )

TJ 2-4=24 ( 4¥ 4¥ ⇒ 2
.

=
2 = cos tis in 7Th subtract IT
,

2-4=16 C cos C- F) tis in EE )

2-4=16 C cos -

Isin )

Roots of a Complex Number

fz=Z{
( cost +2kt ) t Isin 'zC¢t2KR)) how roots ? if 2-2 then k 0,1 i two roots
many
-
- .

, ,

4
2- k i
four roots

2k¥
2kt
O, I 2,3
-
.
-

, ,

The position vector of the solution divides the centre of circle radius into
r n parts .

Example

Find roots in polar form of 2-3=4 t i4f3

⇐ I -
-

M¥4535 Argz3= tan

-
'
( 45 ) k=o
, 1,2 ,
he o
,
Z -

Keos 's (F)tis 'm }

I
=
8
=
=
3
=2dos tf tis 'm

2-3=8 @
Os
tis 'm
II )
k -

-
I
,
z .
-

260 ( Iz +21T ) tis in

} ( If tzt )
2- =
85 ( ICIJ x ) t Isin 'z( It
=
2C cos tis in
cos .

he 2
,
Z=2( costs ( It +41T ) tis 'm } t 4h
)
=
Ceos # -
is in ⇒
 Roots Of A
Polynomial

It polynomials rcoscf
'

E
'

roots aren't real then 't O also A with real

,
where ,
is a root .
polynomial of degree n

coefficients can be reduced to a

product of real linear factors and real irreducible quadratic factors . It a root R ,
is real
,

then it leads Eo linear factor CZ D If its not real then non real linear factors CZ D CZ E ) The
get
-

you
- -
-

.
.
, ,

these factors is factor This

product of non real a real quadratic of the polynomial quadratic has no real factors
-

C irreducible ) .

Examples

① ZZ -

42-+5=0 a) show theres no real solutions b) Find complex roots

-
b±⇒E
I bZ4ac z
Ta
=

a- -

4 It
16
=

b = -

4 -

20 T

S 4 Ceo no real roots ) Z=2

Z=2
'

c
- -

= .
.
-

② 2-3=2-4-22-3
Show 2=2 ti is a root of f C -2-722-+10

4
f (2+1)=(2+2) -
2Gt 'd
3
-

( 2 )2t ti 2Gt TIO

( Zt 2=3+42 7+242 (2+112)-(3+42) +2Gt

fczt 2 I ) IO
-

t
= -

( 2T 3=2+11 's = O -

Oi

4
(2+2) = -7+241 = 0
remainder
'

-
O .
.

. 2- =2tL is a root

Properties Of functions

Function to
fGd=y assigns one value of y
each value otoe

Possible x values
←
domain

Possible values
←

range
y
-

It is
possible for Ha ) =
fcb ) but a # b

I Notation

2)
natural numbers { I
,
2
,
3
,
4 }
whole numbers
{ O
,
I
,
2
,
3,4 }
integers
{ -2
,
-
I
,
O
,
I
,

rational numbers
{ any fraction }
?
real numbers ( any number
}

/ Examples

① €2
domain of fcx )
-

any
real number of x 22
-
'

{ KEIR
,
x > 2 }

② domain of gcy )
-
-

{y ER
,
y
# o
}

③ of Hod Ic domain IN
range
-
-

{ f Cx ) EIR
,
O cffx ) El }
 | Modulus Function

The absolute of is bat It is

modulus value
always tire
or x . .

I
Examples

modulus
① 161 ② I -101 ③ Sketch -3×+1 and its modulus
y
-

= 6 =
10
= I

Inverse Functions

It G )
'

Hood is a lil correspondent value of x →

one value f Go the functions inverse can be denoted as f- Gc )
,

(
The of inverse is reflected
graph an on se
-

y
-

My
µ
nx
-
sin - '
x
y
-

-
21T -
IT IT 21T

✓
. .
. .

;
'
area is

where the
I
is
I graph always

s
,

increasing
I
I or

I I

- - - -
s - . - -

decreasing .
I
Graphs

And Points Inflection

Concavity of

A minimum t.p.is concave up

C U )
A
.

maximum E.p is down

minimum
f
if
concave .

it Gd -

-
O
,

'

f Ge ) is C
gradient )
it
rate of change function ( )
"
' '

of a .
f Gd > O
,
its concave up

f'
'

)
' '
Gd Ge ) C
'

is rate of change of gradient

.

t < 0
,
its maximum concave down .

f to
' '

Gd O
function is point from another is
when the
stationary concavity type
where i
changes
-

a one a
p o
-

. .

,
.

in
Changes concavity can be shown in a nature table .

I Example (

Find the
poi 's for 2×3-3×2
y
=

3-
(E) 3C I )Z= I I)
d2
d#z=0 I I (I
y=2x3 -3×2 poi
2
for poi to exist : I 2x 6 at
- -

x=
y
-
.
=
x=
-

,
.

, ,

adf.ec -
-

6×2-6×417=12×-6
=L bad
2

atx ,
data = - 3
,
=3z€ 0.iatx-I.LY#0

.
: non -

horizontal poi .

x → I → :

change
in
concavity from
.

( I I)
"

f Gc ) -

O t
down → at
-

up ,
.

down
-

Con C .
up

I
Asymptotes

Vertical :
where undefined
asymptotes a vertical line

Cy m )
-

Horizontal horizontal the function too This

gets
:
line
asymptotes where closer to m as x → .
occurs when

numerators is E denominators
degree .

Gc )
Rotational functions :
f will
=

,
h Ge ) be one
degree higher .

'

higher
Slant line
asymptotes
a of form y=mxtC
occurs when numerator is one
degree
i

I Examples

① Ic
Asymptotes of
-
-

2=0 #
when x=0
,
y
is undefined vertical asym .
at ooo

±
: horiz
y=o
at
when asym
-

-0
.
.

y ,

② of 3¥
asymptotes

x= I -

undefined
:
Vert at
-

I
y
-

x
asym
- -

,
.
.

horizontal asymptote present as toplbottom have same

degree

⇒
1¥ :
.
=
I t
# } as x→a

,
# → o
, y
→ I i. nor .

asy .
at
y
-
-
I

-0€
2
| Odd and Even Functions

Even functions
:
symmetrical about ) f Cx )
y-axis Occur when f C-
°

x
-

Odd functions :
half turn
symmetry ftse )
-

- -

f Go ) .

Sketching Graph
I

Find °
Coddlevenlneither)
symmetry
:

Intercepts
.

.
S.P.'s { f Gd -

-
O
}
{ }
"
•
P .
0.1 .
's f Cx ) -

-
o

Asymptotes

I
Example

Scetch fcx ) - x
-

~
f C- ⇒ =
-

at ¥ intercepts int
: O ¥ C undefined )
symmetry
-

:
-

y y
-
.

f Gd = -
Cx -

¥ ) x.int
:
x -
¥c=0 x=±2
,

= -

set ¥
fGx)= f Cx ) :
half turn Codd)
symmetry
: .
-

S.P. 's
~

f' Gc ) = It ¥2 pal 's .

fi
'
Cx ) = -8×-3
S.P.'s
'

f' real f God €0 P 0.1

"
Gc ) -0 non
.
.
no i .
no .
.
.

asymptotes
¥ :L
at
If; moinaasgatgx .

First and Second Derivatives of Parametric Functions

y=yCt) f
'
If ) and Gc )
"

x=xCt then f Ge )
,
and can be found using chain rule .

First Derivative Second Derivative

u n
f
'
=
8¥ IT =
-31¥ ) f
' '
Go ) =
Y'
'
(E) x' C t ) -

x'
'
(E)
y'
Ct ) remember f
' '
Gc ) co
f
' '
Go > O

( x' Ct ) )3

Example

Find "

f
'

f Gc ) and Gc ) x=3t2t and

'
when S ft
-

y
-
-

x=3t2t S GET f
'
Go
-

1¥ f'
'
Gd
-

¥ =-3=
y
-
-
-
- = -

'
=2
'
=
12T =
-

lot
y
-

x
=
"
O
'
'= 12
y
- -

so
-
 Derivative Of Inverse Functions

: ① ③
Steps )
'

find f Cf
=f¥⇒
'

f'
adz find Go ) Go )
-

f- Gc )
'

②
find f-
'
Cx ) ④ find fig

Example

'

fGd=xZt2xt3 in
pcxtq )
'
write form tr , find the derivative of f- Ga )

fGd=x72xt3 f
'
Gc ) =
2×+2
f Cf
' -
'
Go ) ) -
-

ZEE .
'

.
z¥E
'
'
k =

Gatt ) 1+3 Cx ) Cx 2) I
f
= '
=
-
- -

=
Gatt ) 't 2

Quotient Rule Cinverse functions )

cost
Derive 2x
y=

f Get
'
cos
'
'
C 2x ) cos
- '
C 2x ) u=2x
-

cos
- '

cu )
g
-

2x
'

f Gd
=
¥2x-2co
y
-
-

'

FE
40C

¥-2
g '=2
' '
t
-

2
=

ys
o
-
-

=
-

✓ gZ=4xZ
ugh
-

¥7

Product Rule -

Inverse Functions

Find derivitave of basin

'
'
Croc )
y
-

ft
sin-rxesin.ir#
-

g
-

g
'
u=rx
y
- sin
-

to u
y
'=zE
's
u '=E× y
' -

.
s .¥
#
f' gtg f
' =

si -

=2sin-
'
Croc )
=2sin"FxtI

Derivative of Inverse
Trig (

Incl
sin
'

Go ) )

0=1
'

derive .
-

Note :
learn f- Go
-_
see
- '
Gc ) f 'Gd⇒x
ay
-
sin
- '
Cx ) Inu doc
-

Faz CZ sin
- '
GI
y=
-
-
.

¥2 I
litany
-

' '

y seedy
u I
-
- .

.
-
=

=L
)
'
2- sin Gc
-

Derivatives of Implicit Functions

y=3xH is explicit as
y
is subject
2yt3x=l is implicit .

When Fe terms
differentiating
to
,
multiply y .

/ Examples

①
3x2tyZ=6x ②
3y=2x3t cosy
2yad¥=t #
3%7=6×7
Get sing ,

Zyadtf =6 -

ox dd¥(3ts' my
) - 6×2

¥c=E Fz=ej
 UNIT TWO
Standard
Integrals

All standard formula

integrals are on sheet .

Examples

① II doc ② ftanxt 3x dx
( secs -
- I t tank
=

6) Ia doc =
Stank dat 31K dx tank = season - I )
=
61hL / t C =fseEx -
I doc t
3¥ to

=
Ink 's)4 to =
tame -
x t 3¥ to

/ Integration By Substitution
.

Using substitution and differentiation ,

we can reverse chain rule to find the
integral of a composite function

fgffcx ) )
f' Go ) dx -

fgcu ) doc

I Examples

f f2xe£
"

O 5×4×3-4 ) doc
u=x3 .
4 ② u=xZ ③ 12 doc
u
-
-
oof I -

to 5 ←
du 3×2 de
=
& do de 2x doc
=
If dx
du 2x dose
geese
-
- -

dux
- -
-

,×

Fdu
'

If %
.

: .
-

- Soo =
eu t c
=
U doc dzd =
x doc

f Fu Ed It
"
du = + c
= to

I 1-
=
t C tc
30312
=

IS

=
¥ to

=
KII + c

Change Limits

④ ftanx do , ⑤ fcossoc doc ⑥ 14k¥ doc o

-
-
se -

a x=5
,
u
-

-
5-9--16

SEIJI doc Ecosse =) cos 'kcoSK

doc du
-
-
2x doc x
-

-3,0--32-9=0
=
f 'T
-

du der .
-

sink da
.
-

I @
Masse ax I! 2T do
2du= Lbc doc

= -

lnlultc -

du
-
-

sink doc
-

ICI -
sink )
'
eosxdx u= singe
-
-

[ "J Job

=
-

lnlcosscltc = SCI -

u 'T du
ducos , dx
=
2¥
=)
=

Itc
"
=
In I -2oz tu du

=
u
-

¥ t to

=
sink -
Zsjnec $in + + a

If integral has a term in the form ¥2 then x=asin0 be substitute it

a¥ Katan u be used
may may
a
,
.

, ,

I!

9¥
① 1125.72 doc of -

25 ② doc

Ifs
33¥21
¥c2
asinu a
-

5
'
-

J? doc

0--125050
x=
-

=
55mV -

Iff doc at =3 53 x atanu =

sect
f
a-
-

F-
-1

o3tf3tanuT
Scosu fan edu
=

doc
=
doc
-
, de

doc
-
- Scosu do =
I Itza ×f3seEu du

JET , Scosu du =

If } du ←
( lttanx '
- seek ) limits .
when a =3 ,
3=53tanu
=) Susu do
-
-

JJ} du
u
-

tan
'

#
fscosufzsi-zss.int
-

-
- -

Edu
-

If } =
Is
51¥ ] :B
=fscosufEinI)d% o
-

-
-

fscoso) du =3 ( FYI ) [ ] -

o
Ottavio u= tan
. '

du
Cos2u=2co5u -
I =
7¥ = O
-

If ) Gs{
=

-
-
Cos Zutl do
cosy =

=
2£ ( Sind to
) to

=
2455in Zu t
2¥ tc
| Special Common Forms

ffcaxtb tafcaxtb ) tc
)d×= .

f doc
=
lnlfcsdltc -

If 'c⇒fGc ) doc
=L Cf Gotta

I =¥s(3xt2)stC 1¥74 If IET tzlhbczthiltc

4
(3×+2) =

,
= fc2.sc t 3) Get 3×+4 ) doc =
I Get 3×+4 )ZtC
=
its (3×+2) Stc

Inverse Trig Integrals

inverse
trig integrals on formulas !

Examples

③fj£¥
127¥
① Jtif a- Hb a= 4 ② a =2 a- .
E
=
sin
. i
(E) to =
¥ tan (E). '
to
=fj4f¥⇒
=/ 239¥52 a=¥
-

Ifj a- . FE -

I
=
It sin f⇒ ) . '
to

Isin ( ¥3)
'
'
= to

Rational
Integrals Of Functions

If numerator is its improper ( use

algebraic division ) partial fractions first I
'

higher power .
May need .

fate =
ytlnlatbxltc 1¥47 doc =
lnlfcsdltc
.

/
Examples

fcx.LY#)

A=2=
① -
Partial fractions → 10 =
AGCTDTBGC -4 ) ② J dye
-

partial fractions →
¥j§4 )
=

GIT, t

¥4 ) =J¥ ¥I
¥1 ¥
SB 4) LB
)Cxtl )
-

9- AGE
-

10
-

t
I t
=

d sci xtc
- -

×=
, ,

=
21¥ , -

, B =f¥ ¥74 +

¥4 doc so
-

.
-
I
,
10
-

-
SA
=
Zlnlx -41 -

21h both to =
Zlnlxtll -
In 1×2+4 It I tan
- '
(E) + a

lnkx -
451 -

lnkxti ) 't to
x=z 10=3 A +4
=
In t
Etan .
'
(F) tc

= In to
A x
-

-
O 9=8 tc
,

x =/ ,
8=10 t 2B

Parts
Integration By

It fg 't
'

g fg
-
-
-

I
Examples

① fxsin3x fins
② Jock X
f
'
?
ax ;n3× Cossa
g=x
'

}!
-

XC0s3×
xx -

I -

ESE f. .
.
0532 Gg =x2sinx -

fhxsinx f
-

- sins
g
'
-

-
2x

= -

3-
-
tta sink to
Isin ,

t2xcosx-f-2cosx-xsinxt2xcosxt2sinxtcf2xs.mx
'

f ink
g 2x
-

Get 2)
'
sinxtrdxcosxta f- COSX
g -2
-

-
= -
 Area between curves and axis

Jbafcx) doc
I! top -
bottom doe fbafcy ) dy /! right -

left
dy
area

between cuaiveaoend
x-axis area between two curves in between and area between two curves

y.gyyy.es
x direction in direction
y
-
.

I Example

①
find shaded area

sµ⇒y=x74
.

.is subject
rearrange so

EIj.lt?IfEtII'ggI?Idgg
425 units
-

Volumes Of Rotation

V-efbatyzdx.me
÷÷÷÷÷
:

. . . . .

Examples

① "
thx ② 2×2 I about I =3
y-axis from
volume enclosed when →
y
-

y=x y
-

y
-
-

rotates around x-axis from ← o to " 2

2×2-1 # ¥ t
I
y
= =

✓ =

JITC 2+4×5 x
dx

ITS!⇐t4xKx2t4x) J? TLC Itt )

V
dy
-

da
.

RJ! ITS ? Itt

-
-
x 4+8×3 t 16×2 doc v= dy
=
it [ +2×4 t
To =
IT
[ IT t
I ]?
=
IT ( ¥+2634 t
1¥ ) =3 IT units

121617
=
Ts units '
Separable Differential Equations

when
ddjf -

fcxsgcy ) gd§T ,
=
HH doc
integrate both sides to find solution .

Examples

3¥ dd#=e¥ Y
#
"
①
-

② Particular
=

general Solution when Solution for when x=0 ,

g=0

ydy=3xZdx d¥=eIk×eT y
= 1h12 t at
Sy dy -13×2 doc ee =
O
-

-
In 12£ to )
'
x3 Koe I
I y
'
=
to EY de Ztc
dy =
@

Zeta
2×3
y=lnl2e¥× It
'd
YE I
to = to C= -

e
-

ITE
g-

③ Particular solution when x # 2=29

-

3d# when set =-3

,
y

xdd¥-t3ddYz=2t2y
dd¥Cxt3)=2t2y
data -

III

Iffy
-

It's Intel
-

1h14 Itc
tzlnlytll -

lnlxtsl -

In 2

lnlytil.tn/Cxt35l-ln4Eln1ytil=lnbct3ltc
-

⇒ f¥=I⇒
'

zln4=ln4tc

lnlytll - general solution .

-

In 4
-
- C =
In 167¥
⇐ -
In 2
yH=Gct#
Gaff ,
y=

First Order Linear Differential Equations

(dd¥tpGdy)eSPc⇒d×= yet
d ' '

Q Gd
# ,
+ pcx )y= adz ←
general solution .

general form

Examples

① dfa -

Zoey =3 x

e-xf-ddfe-2xyf-3.sc

so
'M
'

) 2x xei "

pox
f
= -

Jp Gd doc =
-
KZ
⇐ ye =3 × e-

e.si/nte9rfatIfhor
13×5
←
✓
,
efpcocsdx
.

'
doc
'

ye du 2x doc
= -

cmy.it#sgbbg..th u
-
x
-

,
- -

- K' =
Efe "
do xdx =
¥
ye ⇒
KZ
Zz
-

e + c
-

ye "

Zz

Ce
"
-
t
=

y complimentary
particular
integral
I Second Order Linear Differential equations

a¥z
b Form
# general
t O
Cy
=
t

'd ?
Aem em
'
b
y=
t am t m t C

general solution Auxiliary Equations

B.
I when roots are real and coincident Equal

This means value of mis produced

.

only
one .

Example

' '

general
'
solution
+9g
O
when
y by
-

- -

m2 -

Gmt 9=0
( m -
3) Cm -

3)
m=3_ a solution ) .
→
y=Ae3×tBe3K

Zeal and Distinct Roots

Example

staff
dd¥e

-6=0by
-
t -

O
solution
general when
-

MZ -

Smt
Cm -33cm -

2)
m=3
Bek
"

m=2 y=Ae3 t

y=Aem×tBxem
on
-

Real Roots

M
ptig p iq y=
EP
cosgxttdsinqx )
'

me
- -
-
.

Example

-
6 Fac t
By =
o
general solution of
y=e3KCCcos2xtDsin2sd
'
-
b ± Eac
m -
6mi -13 a- I me
-

-
Ta

Gt
Fb
( doesn't facto rise ) b= -6 ,
I

⇐ 13
=3t
6±4#
=
z

-
.

"

Non Homogeneous Second Order Differential Equations

This is when Q Gas =O .

y
=
Complimentary Function t Particular
Integral

Example

"
't P I
y Sy by =L Sx 7
given of form gGd=PxtQ
-
-

.
,
.

C. F. MZ : Sm
+6=0 pl : Q
i Isoc 7- =
-

Sp tbfpxt Q)
y=px
-

+
-

( m -

3) C m -

2)
y
'
=p 6pct GQ -

Sp = 15×-7 6p= IS
, p
-

- I
m=3
' '

O GQ -7 Q=
Sp
=

y
-

- -

A- 2
→

iy-Aext.BE
' :
y=Ae"tBe3KtIx t I
g.
s .
 Form Of The Particular

For homo isn't Its Q Ge ) I

non the form of the particular integral always given Usually the same
form as unless
-

: Use Q Gc ) forms
Option I
option 2: If Q Cx ) form is C- F.
,
in
use xQGc ) .

Option 3 : If XQGC ) is in C. f.
,
use x2QGc ) .

Examples

"
① ' ' "

t9y=
'

y by e
option I
-

}
1664k 6C4e4k ) 9 Ce )
" "
P I Cease t

y
.
=
.

MZ Gmt 9=0 '

= 464K →
Ce
" "
=e4K
g
-

C. F
Cm -35 "
1664 ,

Pe4×
.

=
a
Y

m
→
y=Ae3
"
t
Bocek

y=Ae3×tBxe3x+e4K
- :

②
'
't 3
'
=2leZx
y toy
-

P.l-3.sc#m--2
Option 2

YEE
?I
Ife
10*27212
d 3CGce↳t2xe )
"

MI BEZK "
"
3m I 0=0 Ae Sx

)
C. F t
-

-
.
= t -

Cmtskm 2) p , :
Gcezx
,
o
=y
-
-

,
-
.
.

'
Coconut =3
m= -
S = 2xe2x C →

y
' '
= 462 "
t 4xe2K
y

's "

y=Ae
' '
't Be t3xe2×

Madaurain Expansion

F- ! tape
'

And do t a. x
Maclowrain is a series in the form
:
power

To find mad in expansion and constants differentiate the function

If that
toIt
"
aura -

x = + is

Example

f Csc ) =
sink

) Sino
f C o O
-
-
-
-

'

f co )
'
f- Cx ) cosx O I
-

cos
-

-
-
=

f
"
Go ) = -

singe f'
'
Gd
-

-
o sin ,c=
of t
¥+977 -

3¥ tO t
I
Is
f-
' "
Gc ) = -

Cossa f
' ' '

Cx ) = -

I
= F -

Ist
⇐ E
Sino C 03=0
f Gc ) t
-
-

Arithmetic Sequences

'

to find the nth term -

To find the sum of first n terms

Examples
Un
-
-

at dcn -

I ) Sn -
-
In ( Zatdcn -

D ) a= first term

D= common
difference .

① 4,7 10,13 What is loth term ? ② i 915,21 27

, . the sum of first 8 terms .

40=4+3 CLO -

1) Sg=tz8( 2×9 t6C8 -

I )
=
31 =
240
= =
 Geometric Sequence

for nth term

for sum of first n terms

)
axrcn
sn=a
I
Un
-

:
first term
-

( I -
r )
r : common ratio

Examples

① sum of first 5 terms a=6 , r=3 ② for 2,4 8,16 whats the Isth term
, , ,

C 14 )
Ss
-

943357 45-2×2
= 726 =
32768
= =

Notation
Sigma

& notation 's on formula sheet Got them ) .

Examples
S

①
Ifr ( same as 1. 2,3 ,
4,5 ) ②
express x +4×2+9×3 +16×4 in sigma
③
r
I -

I
4 rt I

* terms

!q=ncz=scz=€ r.IE?irmber ÷qr+?q , =

445k¥ ) t s = cos
=

Composite Functions of Maclaurin series

eat -

Ioannina eaxtb-nqoeban.cn
.

Example

f- Cx
) =
es
"
=
t
t5ts¥t{4
= Its ,c + 237-2+125×36

Proofs

'

:
Notation therefore
. i

for all values of x

Fx

Usc
there exists a value of K

7 not

^
and
✓
or

⇒
implies
⇐
implied by
⇒
is equivalent if and
only it
/ Direct Proof

All true Walid The originals true Walid

( given A ⇒ B ⇒ C ⇒
D. )
arguments are . atement is .
prove Dis true .

Examples

① ③

1×2=452
of ② '
Prove nZt3n divisable Z Infill
if if odd odd is
by
is is x is is
prove prove
x even even .
x
, ,

x=2k x= 2kt I
goal
: # + 3h An EN

xZ€2k5 xZ 4474kt

=2Ck2t2k ) t I
n could be odd or even

?
zczkz )
=
Za t I ⇒ of is
×
odd .

⇐ Za i .

x is even .
REZKH n= 2K

N3t3n=4k2 ' -
10kt 4 n2t3n=2Ckt3k )
=zC2kZ t She t 2) .

2g
even

=2a_
even )

Proof By Contradiction

Make an assumption which is the opposite of that to be proved Prove your assumption
wrong
.

Examples

① Show the root of

any prime
is irrational .

atb
: assume root of ② 2- 3 Tab
prime is rational
prove
.

it D= I ? KJ
Cp this contradicts assumption
: atzb Tab ⇒ atb c2Tab
pb

p=b¥ Cat b)
2
Hab
?
PZKZ
L

pb our assumption

pbZ=aZ bZ=pkZ fp # I a2t2abt2b -

Hab LO
showing .

( b) C b)
b-
is co
a a
AZ
-

Proving
-

is drivable by p durable
by p

P* Ca b) 2<0
is divisible b is devisable p* statement untrue
-

a
by by .

, as

Cx±a5zo
any
Proof By Induction

Steps ① Obtain Goal

② Show true for n=l C unless otherwise stated n= a) .

③ true
assume for a- k
④ ② ③ to
goal
t
use
prove .

/ Examples

① Prove 1+2+31-4 . .
.tn
=hCh ② Prove !fC -4T ) -

- HC -
2- 2n )
goal
:
-
htt )
-
-
Chet DC -4 -2k )

goal
: 1+2+3+4 tktktl = Ck"¥ let a- I LHS =

IF '

" t = -

"

)LHs=RHs for
true n=1 .

true
( for I
)
a-
I Itt
I LHS C-
n=l RHS )
=
I 2 2 4
let I RHS
-
=
- = - -

!E
KCKTD
C -4 KCE) 2K 2 )
1+21-31-4
=

nek the -2
-
-

assume . . .
=
assume n=k

let hektl LHS : 1+2+3+4 the tktl

!€
. . .

C lt2t3t4 thdtktl -4T ) = -4T ) t 4th =

KC 2K 2) tcktl ) 4
let new ,
- -
-

. . . -

KCKH )
2-
t
KEHL =
-

ZKZ - 6k -

=
¥{# i.
goal true
=
Chet 1) C- 4 -2k )
statement true for n
-
- I
,
assumed true for a- K

assumption true ktl

by for a- .
 UN WO

Redundancy and
inconsistency

2×2
two equations ,
such as
2xt3y=21 and
3×+29=19 would
give a unique solution .
This is called a system

N' of equations
24
'
N variables
↳ 2x

Examples

20/0=0
next ,
take either equation :
xs

① 2xt2y=4 10×+19=20 redundant

'

"
. .

Sxtsy 10 10x +
toy 2×+25-4
=
-
-

2y=4 2x
-
(X ,
2- x ) ← solution

= 2- x

x 3

}
② xt3y=8 3×+95-24
12=0 Untrue -
'

. inconsistent
,

3×+99=12 3xt9y= 12

For a 3×2 system : solution

① ② it
③ then ③ is irrelevant
If satisfies that
-

is and
redundancy found using and
a we
say
.
,
,

3
equation
2 Variables -

If the ① ② doesn't ③ ③ is No solution is

Inconsistency solution for and
satisfy ,
inconsistent . available .

The
Augmented
Matrix

42C -

2g
can be written as ( Y}I ) ,
always denote matrix es with capital letters
A=(gz )
All 912
← general form
zy azz
× .
,

A
system of written Ax=bform
%
equations can also be in , for the equations above

( Y }I )( 5) YI ) or in shortened form ; ( Y :} I ? ) ←
augmented
matrix

Examples

'
write
2xt4y= 42 in i
) Ax=b form
( 7 4)( J ) ( If ) -

& at
Sy = 57

I )
"

ii ) Augmented form (? s }

② write
(? III ) in fun

2xty=7 ,
Xt
3y=6
 Elementary Row Operations

These that find

are the
changes can be made to an
augmented matrix to Solutions for x and
y .

Interchanging
.

rows .

constant
Multiplying
.

a row
by a
.

Adding / Subtracting from eachother

-

rows .

Examples

①
Given 2x -

y = -
I
, 3×-55--4
i ) express in
augmented form ( 23 I

ii ) Reduce to form
C make Az =0 )
triangular
,
upper

( . I's3 III )
ftp.?o/?g ) Go )
Rz Rz
(
r

:{
R

?g
→ 3rd →
triangular form
, . -

,
I upper
Rz → 2 Rz

) be =-3
7y= -3g
iii solve
-
-
S

=
I 6x= -
3+3 (E)
y I
x = -

② Solve ERO 's

using

III
3*25-4
Betsy
= -
I
I :3 :) ::
:3 I 's: :) . .
.
. . .
.
. ( : )
( f })
'

To solve in different to ① make

I
way
a o
, .

1:11 .nl it:) 't i:t

'm
: 18.4.71
" " "
:L
" "

. ÷
.

Note :
Identity matrix = ( FI ) .

symbol I .

Guassian Back Substitution

: ~

Steps express as an
augmented matrix
~

Reduce to upper triangular form

~
Use back substitution to variables
get .

Examples

① Given (I 4K¥ ) (5) -

-

find x. y
Elz .

t:} ) }7
'

(I It } ) .
rn -

zrztrz ( ¥ & I Rs →
Rs - R , ( t.SI/R3-s-7R3t2Rz
82 ( & I -241¥ ) ←
upper triangular form .

y
7 S
217=42
7g 2x tz
= =

y
-
- -

I 2x = St C I ) C 2)

=3
- -
-

x
=
 Note :
The 3×3
identity matrix
:
/ &?
I / ?)
.

② Use
guassian elimination and the
identity to 2x
3ytZ=t 4x
ytZ=I7
Kt
3g 2- 4
-

matrix
-

solve =
-
- -

,
,
.

( ! ,
11¥
,
) Rz→Rzt2R ,

/ ?}I ,
/
!! ) Rs → Ritter , ( !§R3→7R3t3Rz
If} ( ,
I
{3/1}
§ )

&
Rs → Ers §I( :} Rz → Rz -
3rd ,
! I Rz → -

Era
o
1¥
?! ) R ,
→ Ri -

Rs (-0278/7)
O O I 4

I! Er ( o&
§f ) 4
=3 I
(
z
1¥
=

/ R,
y=
-

R .
→ Rit3Rz → , x , ,

3×3 I
Redundancy Inconsistency

Redundancy

e.
g .

( tog
§!
-

I if ,

theres
when

an
trying
intimate
to

N
reduce

'
of
into

solutions
upper

.
triangular , a full row of zero 's is produced ,
then it's said to be redundant .

; =-3 H
-3g
Z
2yt2z
t
-

so Kt
-

3tzZ 2 ( 3¥ ) -

It redundant as different values of z will produce different

2g
t
-

t
y=
x
27 -
8 Z
'
3- ← solution Values of x
andy
general
x .
.

Matrix Arithmetic

(4) is a 3×1 (9 2 3 ) is a 1×3

Adding

YEH :Ht : ¥ I f? ;)
'

Atac 's a =
I I o :3 . .
-

:3
=

I Scalar Multiplication

2/5f) =/ fI )

Subtracting
-1(
I :3 ) f: -

.
I

Transposing

AT
73
I ) !)
'

symbol ,
A or
,
is created when A-
f AI .
(¥
rows and columns are switched i -
-

I
Symmetry

symmetrical if A- A
'

if ¥ IT ÷ f !! →

AT

It ¥I;
f of
'

:( To
%
At
-

)
A-
)
skew if
symmetry
-

,
 Matrix Multiplication

his form of multiplication only work it the NE of columns in A matches the N '
of rows in B .

To eachirow each column

t
Multiply
x

Examples

or :* :, :¥H÷::
i÷÷¥÷÷÷i÷÷÷i÷i÷:÷i÷÷i÷÷
IKE
's: )
)
O ))
② lb (1×5)+(2×7) ( Ix tl8xC -211 (1×91+(104-2))
.on.ca#ic3xas+aoxtud= ( IfI
's
C -

I cashews an

Powers Of Matrices

( 9)
'

:
o
AB # BA .

ACB C) =
CCAB ) -
-

ABC .
I =
Laws o

( AB ) I BTA I
§f )
=/ o&
'
.
-
A ( Btc )
-
- AB t AC .

Examples

( 32 's ) ( JK
} 5)
} ( : af 3
}) 9)
( to ( 25
:b satay )
'

① is Q ! of
=
E- show that aQtbI .

z
=
t b =

if I -4=125
said
:b
seteauai ' 2atb= I
,
b-

: . QZFQ -
BI
I

Ii ) Show that 0,3=360 -

9 II
Q? -
QZQ =
Q (7 Q -
BI )
= 70,2 -
13 QI

= 70,2-13 Q IxQ=Q

= 7C7 Q -
13 ) .
-

13,0

= 36 Q -
91 I
=

Determinant (2×2)

if A- ( taf ) ,
then detA= ad -
be .
A solution to a
system of equations only
exists when det Ato .

Examples

①
find det A ,
A -
-
( §{ ) ② Given
3×+29=0 ,
5×-9=23 , express in ax -
-

b form and use det to see if a solution exists .

detA= ad -
be
( 7/(51--69)
} detA= ad -
be
=
C sK3 ) (6) (2) ( 3K D GKS )
-
-
= -

=3= =
det 't O -
:
solution exists !
 Inverse of a Matrix (2×2)

Determinant

If D= ( %)
I A solution exists det Ato
detA=ad -
be
only when .

Adjoint

( ba
ca ) Adj A ( Icab ) # Adj A
-

: '

If A
-

A= then
-

: =
-

and

Examples

Note : If DeEA=O then

,

( 23
Y )
" '

① Find A
'

A A is said to be
singular
=
.

Ef zig
'
'

a- =

sf.LI )
'
= -

tis .

: write Axt b
system of equations using inverse
-

in
Solving a
form
"
-

Find A

If X comes 2nd both sides A

"

,
pre multiply by
If 1st
"
X is
-

post multiply by A .

Examples

① Solve 4x 3y=S
when l4xt2y=5
-

tofu
I#ll
,

off 'm
.

? ; )
-
-

? 114
? )
.

3)) =/ § ) =s¥f -74

-
( ,I (; A-
'
x is 2nd ( so
pre multiply ) .
( o.o I
'

-
-

stfu: )
:
I 9k¥
: -

shot
:o)
:O
:

I ;) 'd
shots
-

(g) -

-
I ?'t ) * I , y=
- I

Inverse Matrix
from a
squared

Examples

① ¥ IA
'
? I
if A HA -
3I
show A- = -

(Multiply ) ( A- )
'

A= I
"

A
all
by

'

A- ( AZ )
'

A 3A I
' - -

HA
-
-
-

"

(A) A 3A
'
A- =
HI -

"

IA
-
-
HA -

3A
"

3A
=
HI -

IA
'

A- = I -
 Determinant Of a 3×3 Matrix

!
aetaga = a
lentil -

'd +4841
bldg detest :!I)
Minor is
entry aij denoted
by Mig .
Minor
entry
is the determinant of the
remaining entries of a matrix once row i and j are ruled

out .

f %}!:
I

e.
g .
A
-
-

31 932 933
) M =
I Aaj
aaj
:,
/ =
an an -
arias , Co -

factor of Aij (signed minor ) of adj Aij =L - I )

Mj

Examples

① If A
-
-
( &!I -

) ,
calculate the Minori ,
the cofactor of Are
,
and del A
.

Mz , = / }} / = (2×3) t C 2x 1) =
§

' +2

Co .

factor Are = C -
1) Miz = C- ?
173/42 / = ( -
1) C- 4tC3xC -
2 :D
) =
1€

Yi ? I -442.7+4 y:
' -

Deen -
.

1×3 ) 214×-1 ) (4×1-2×-2)

= ( -
2x - I - -
-
2×3 t

= 27
=

Inverse Of A 3×3

: Put I after the matrix to

you're
°
invert
Using Guassian Elimination trying .

the
.
Do same row
operations on both

'
'
1st
Stop matrix I
=
when
°

Example

=/ ! § ! )
'

Inverse A

SIKE
9)
! EIKE! :o)
' '

( ! rear .
- r
. r .
-

srs.ua/8oYasIdfoIIIlrsusrz+n-rf&iI&H.'os.I
:X so
tfI
E) 4)
! !
ftp.Ig.gg/rz=iEra/&I?o/f.a &
'

r .
-

( Ers / (
O O I
-
o

17 25 IS
r .
- roar , risk .
-
zr ,
9/1%7578)
-17 25 IS

msn.nl !: nasal : :*
¥÷ : Ia
'
me
 Transformation Matrix es

Linear transformations

( ) (
axtby cxtdy ) ER
x
.

→
,
y , for
a , b. c
,
d .

point PG ) has
'
,
y , image p Gc
'
,
y
'
) .

( Ibd ) Caxtby coctdy )

-

Is the matrix associated with the transformation C x.

g) =
, .

Examples

① A triangle has vertices ( 2,7 ) BC -2,3 ) C( s ) Find associated matrix

?
( & )
it 's
image transformation with
I the
under
-

, , , . .

Todo this : write cords assosiated matrix

vertically
co
and
multiply by
-

, pre

( ?4/(3-53)=(38%7) image
a' C
20,30 ) b' Como ) id 3. is

The transformation be the inverse the

can reversed
by multiplying position vector
by of transformation matrix .

'

If
'
A transformation matrix transpose its inverse it's called
Orthogonal
=
es ,

② A has vertices Pcl ) QC 2,0 ) R C 2,1 ) and SCI I )

square
0 It reflection
unger goes y⇒c
, , ,
, . over .

a) write B
matrix
,
associated with the transformation • ( 0,1 ) ( 1,0 ) → C 0,1 )

( 10,1 ) → C 1,0 )
ts

B ( FL ) ( 1,0 ) o

( 1,01

b) find
image of PQRS

'

( 9'd ( of ?
E
'

;) )
'

? =L z ,
p.co.il Q Co ,z ) R' a. 2) 54,1 )

c) Find area of i ) pgrs Area ' Units

it ) it's Area knits C look at )

trans Length
-

.
.

transformation
'

If
'
under
point is it 's it's Invariant transformation
image
a
,
,
own ,
under the .

③ A- ( ? L) ; find invariant points associated .

a ik 'd .
⇒ : 3¥75
:

invariant for values of and that make =O !

any
a
y xty

I Rotations about
origin

Clockwise Anticlockwise

( O 1) → ( Cosa
-
sino )

SQ
it-0
EH ,it
, ,

.
since , . . . .

/ ✓
( 1,0 )
I I

0 → , , → ( Cosa Sino )
cos
Sino
,
, cos I
¢
i
y

I ( 1,0 ) ( sino ,cos0 ) I

Yd
I
→
cos .

! C 0,1 ) → ( -
since ,
cos )
. since
I

\
I

assosiated matrix C ) associated

learn .
matrix C learn .
)

" in :L toilets :L
.

:S
: : :
:S
/ Transformation of Loci

Examples

① Find the
egn of the
image of the curve with eqn y=3xZ under transformation with

associated matrix A
-

-( I} ) .

Ge
let ,
y ) be the
image of any point Ca ,
b ) on the curve .

kill :H :L
fait :L
I stay ;) ⇒

faith:c Kis
-

-
: a
=2y -3k → x
component for a
point on the curve .

b. 2x
y →
y component for point the
+
= a curve
-

on
.

?
From eqns of curve
=
b=3a

C from question ) ( 2x -

y )=3C2y -
3×5

2x
y=3C2y -3×32
-

Compositions Of transformations

By capital ( usally not I or P ) denote transformation

by reflection axis line Points ( 1,0 ) C 0,1 )
using over
we can or
any any . are

considered under reflection

Pf ab) :
y-axis ( 1,0 ) turns into C- 1,0 ) ( 1,0 )
!
denotes reflection in is
y
taking unchanges
-

point

#
.

-
w denotes reflection in
y=
-

x '
( 1,0 ) turns into (O ,
-
I
) .
( O ,
, ) turns into C- so ) i

want
=/ 9) ( ab )
- '

P : YCP )
It you
to reflect over
y-axis first ,
o

( ?I )( I9K£
'

then WYP -

WY =/ ? )

WY is a composite transformation matrix w/ associated matrix ( 9I ) .

The asso stated matrix for composite transformation depends the order of multiplication
any on .
 Vectors

Vector Product

This is the two vectors multiplied eachother

product of by .

/axb/=/a//b/sin0
0 is
where the
angle between vectors .

:
If A B O
-

Note that
=
axb O
-
-

or ,

If A O laxbl O
.

AND B
-

and
-

a b parallel
- -

,
, are .

If taxa 1=0 lax ( ka parallel

'

Kal O to a
-
-

,
or

lixj 1=1 ill 's Ising

lilljlsinao
-

= K
=

To work out products ,

we can use the
diagram .

If going backwards ,
the vector
product is -
ve .

JxI=
-

k
t
¢
-

e.g
)
.

IxJ=k
-
Jxk=I
K J
kxI=J

I
Examples

b
^
a
① ! b=3 Find laxbl
laxbl =
3×53 sin 60
.

i I
a -53 =

,
2
,

normal I
Goo 0=60
! i
a
,

" ' '

i n is upwards .

Note
: lbxal -
-
I but
I
a×bl= lbtal -

so n is downwards .

Component form -
Vector Product

i j k

(&
!) b= ( !) bbb a AZ as
If I
' '

then )
'

Carbs
'
a and to :
multiplying
i and subtract asbz after
-

use
get term cover colum
-
-

b , be b '

diagonally .

/ Examples

① If a
-

f-} ) and
b
-

I }) find laxbl .

i j K

9) =/ C- 13ft 2
2 I 3 C- 4- i C 8- 6) j ( lot 2) k / axb / C- 2) 82
'

t t
- -

. .

2 3 4 axb =
-
Bi -

2jt8k =/ 237

② Find the area of triangle with vertices All ,

-
I
,
O ) ,
BC 2
,
I
,
-
I ) ,
CC -

1,1 ,
2) .

Tabs 'M0
AT

-2/6762
Area = -_
c- a i j k

=
I IATHABT since =/ I I -

( to ) =/ I ) Atx Apf o 2 2 =
f- 2 -

4) i - C o ) Jt folk

or
=
tzlAT.AT/ I 2 -
I =
-
bi -
6k
B C
,
=
ART -

.
b -
a

=
352
=
=/ ? ) -

Hoff ! )
 Scalar Triple Product

The triple The triple

scalar
product is when we put the scalar product and the vector product together . scalar product is
usually
used to
find
the parallelepiped ( 3D
parallelogram )
volume of a .

Scalar triple product .

a. Cbxc ) = b. C cxa ) =
ccaxb )

Examples

① Cbxc ) =-3 :c
Evaluate a.
when a
+2J the b Lictsj -2k
2it3j 4k
- -

c=
-
-

, ,

's i k

b×c =
4 s -

2 = C- 20 -

C -
0 )) i -

( -
16 -
C -
14 )); t ( 12 -
C- lol ) K
a. c b , c) =
( ? ) / ¥) .
=
42+40+22

-2 3 -

4 = -14 's +20J +22k

② It
Find the
parallelepiped e=3it2jtk I 3J e=2It2jtSk
=
bound
of the
by
-

area , ,
.

i j k

✓ ×w=
-
I 3 0 = l IS -

Di -

C -
S -
O )j tf -

z -

ok u .
( v × w ) =/ } )
,
/ .
-
45+10-8=47 units

Isi
2 2 S
Sj 8k
=
t -

Equations Of A Plane

: 3 points plane
A identified
'

on a
plane in space can be if we know

2 lines
-

on a
plane
I
point
'

on plane and a normal to the

a
plane .

The normal at
any point on a plane is perpendicular to
every point line on the
plane that
passes through that point .

: If ( &) / ! )×¥)=k
If 1 a-
) then first
-

have point and the normal we have point Cx and normal scalar
you , Y,
z
,
we do
product .

Use find
tonormal equation
axtbytczk
:
.

/
Examples

① Find the 4
'

Oj +7k Df 40,7 )
equation
'
-

the a = l
of
perpendicular
-

the vector the point

-

to
through
and
plane
.

f ¥ ) 'f¥)
'

D= 16+301-49=101 4kt
by +72=101
= :
a.
-

eqn .

If 3 : Find 2 2
pairs points ( have
using must
point
'

vectors of a common
you have points on a
plane .

product ( gives )
and
Use the two vectors
find the normal
-

vector .

' '

Find R
by scalar ( Using
-

product normal and common point ) .

I Examples

① Find AC 1,1 0 ) B ( 3,3 3) C( 2 )

equation of plane passing through -1,2
-

,
, .
, .

AT
'
ART B A
-

c- a
-
- =

=/ }) -

IIt }) } ) -

IifIt =
H His common point '

i j k

: AT AT 4 2 3 =
(4 C o )) i ( 8- 9) j t ( 8-0 ) K
Product
= - - -

ector x

2 IOI 14k
3 2 =
tj ← Normal
-
-

Scalar Product :/ ! ) -

( To ) =
-
10+1 .
'

10x t
y
-

142=-9

= -

9
 Angle between Plane and vector

i Find
Steps to ( in
.

normal each component form )

plane .

( tab )
"
a cos
Use scalar to find angle
-

product .
.

Examples

① Find the
angle between planes with equations : -

22=11 2yd
3xtSy and 4K -
-32=15
,

a
=/ } ) ← b =/ §) ← Normals .

a. b = 12 -
to +6 a =
3757C -
25 b 42 t C -
2) Zt C- 3)
Z

cos
=
a .
b

I b
38g 29
=
= a

= 8
-

538529
0=76.10
= 0.24

②
Planet , contains vectors Zitj and 32 t
2K .
The plane H2 has vectors it
3J
-
K
and
Ltj
-
k
, find the
angle between planes .

i j k

t
,
: Vi =/I ) ,
Vz =/ & ) a- = V. xvz
=
2 I 0 =
Zi -

4J -
3k =
}
( I )
3 O 2

i j k

Tz .
'

V , fI) ,
Vzf ! ) be =V,Vz= I 3 -
I = -

Zi .

2K =/ )
I I -
I

= ( 2x C -
2) It (-4×0) t C 2x C 3D =
2 a = 27C -
45 t C- 35 cos =
a. b
b
-
-

a. -

=
29 a b

-
2

2 2
b ( -
2) t C- 2) 29 8

8
= 0 .

13

0=82.35

Equations Of A Line

For :
A
-

the equation of a line in space ,

we need point on the Line

A to line C Direction )
parallel
.

vector the vector .

Consider ACK ) )
aitbjtck point Pcxz is Line :
Z direction
point y and vector I if also the then
-

a
yz Zz on
-

, , ,
, , ,

AT =
the

P A - -_ the

D= E D= At the
Atty vector ean .
of line
symmetric form
it

I I E)
:# ttf ! )
'

:It
) 5-
a-
ZEZ
" " ' '
parametric
' '

ears ⇐
= =

u
Zz = Ztct

If the form
'

of
any component direction vector is zero
,
use
parametric
Each
-

point line is associated with the direction

uniquely vector
on a

The
-

egn of a line is NOT unique .

 Equations Of A Line

For !
A
-

the equation of a line in space ,

we need point on the Line

A to line C Direction )
parallel
.

vector the vector .

Consider ACK ) )
aitbjtck point Pcxz is Line :
Z direction
point y and vector I if also the then
-

a
yz Zz on
-

, , ,
, , ,

AT =
the

P A - -_ the

D= E D= At the
Atty vector ean .
of line
symmetric form
it

II :#
It ttfabc ) :It
) ZEZ
5-
a'
' " " ' '
parametric
' '

ears e=
= =

u
Zz = Ztct

If the form
'

of
any component direction vector is zero
,
use
parametric
Each
-

point line is associated with the direction

uniquely vector
on a

The
-

egn of a line is NOT unique .

Examples

Give the of the line

passing point PCI -2,8 ) is parallel 1=3 itsjtllk
eqns
through ,
and to

=/ f)
'

( I -2 8)
-

p= a
'

,
-

parametric
,

equations
it
(E) =/ t
tf ? ) .

x=lt3t t = =
-
Y
=2
T
.

y
-
-
St -

g symmetric
.

Z =
Stilt equation
vector
equation

② Does the point C- 2

,
-7
,
-

3) lie on the Line :

E=° =
=
Z

-3-83
t2
x -
l y Z -
8
=t t t
-

g-
=

3- I
-

as t=t point lies

,

c- t= t=
It
=
S on line when E = -
I
.

= -
I
= -

I = -
I

③ Find the line a ( 2 3) b ( 3,4 )

passing through
I
egn . of
point , , and ,
S .

( use AT as direction vector C as we aren't

given one ) .

AT -

b a
:
VIC 1,3 2) use
point
any
- -
,

LEHI ) x

TH
( I ) (5) ttf } ) ?
" '

9-3 33
-

x=ztt =
-

=
.

e =

y=lt3E
.

z=3t2t
Angle Between A Line and plane

to
sin = tall ul

OE 0£90

Where 0 is the & I direction

angle between the line plane ,
is the vector of the line ,
and a- is the normal vector of the plane .

Steps
: Find PO I
of line and plane
.

Change egn 's the line to parametric

.

and
of plane form .

Sub and into

-

x Z
,
y plane egn .

Solve t
find point
-

for ,
and use t to

Examples

① Given the line t =

IT =

-Y¥=Z¥ Sx 28
6xt4y
-
-

and plane
-

a) Find P .
0.1 .

x I YI 2- +3
It t
-

z=t Goatley Sx
-

-
2-
-

x=4ttl t=3tt2 E- Zt 3 6 ( Litt ) +4 ttz ) SCztt3 ) -28

-

I -

E = -

IT
y=¥f
ziff¥
=
: =
so

Potti 's IT , ,
-

b) Find between Line and

plane
angle .

1=41+33+2
C from denom of line eqn )
a-
= bit
4J
-

Sk C from
plane ean . )
1a ul
( Is) ( I )
.

26 lakh
-

since
-

a.
.

u
-
-
-
-

26
-
=

A 62 t 42T C- ST u = 42+32+22 577529

77 .
-

29 = 0.5502

33.380
'

0 must be 290
always
= t
 The GCD

general form

The divisor two

GCD =PKt9y where P&g are
integers
greatest common of integers

Find GCD of P & g

Use to work back to &

.

rows x
y .

Examples

GCD of 1260
,
2095

2695=211260 ) t 175
GCD 35
(17-5)+35
-

1260 = 7

175 =
935 ) to

② ( ) Steps 2nd
'

1260
Find to
satisfy GCD 1260,2095 +2095g Start w/ last
=
x
-

xty row
.

remove remainder

( 1st
form 35=1200×+209
Sy )
answer -

work back toward row .

1260=7-(17-5) +35 35=1260 -

(7-(2695 -

24260))
①
1200 -

7-(17-5)=35 35=1260 -

7 ( 2095 ) t
144200 )
35=154200 ) -76095 )
2695=24260 ) +175
②
2695-24260 ) -
175
¥5 y

③ Find
integers p
and
q such that 231
p
t
17g = I

=L GCD I 231=131177+10 ZG ) =/
'

7
-

. . - -

17 = I ( 10 ) +7 3=10 -

(7)
10 = I (7) +3 1=7 -
240 -
7)
7 = 2C 3) t I 1=7 -
2 CIO ) t 2 (7)

3 = 34 ) t O I =3 (7) t 240 )
d

proven GCD -
-
I

7=17-40 )

1=347-10 ) -

24dg
I =3 ( 17 ) -
SCIO )

10=231 -

17113 )

1=347 ) S C 231 1347 ))

-
-

I =
231 Cs ) t 1768 )

p=S =
9=68 I
 Eulicidean
Algorithm

87 ' '

For -6=14+3 87 is the dividend

rewritten as
87=(6×14)+3
e.g
.

'
6
'

is divisor
'

14
'
is quotient
'

is
'

3 remainder

Given
integers b Cat b ) there exists unique
any
tve a and integers qandr ,
such that

a- bgtr division
algorythm .

The GCD b is denoted ( a. b)

and
by Repeated division
a
of when the has
context a
single meaning .
use of the
algorythm
allows the GCD to remainder O GCD
-

be found When is found

-

.
, .

Examples

① GCD of 133 and 99 133=11997+34

99=20343+31 GCU -

- I
=

34=11317+3

31 = 1013 )tl

3=34 )

Intersection of 2 Lines

Two lines in space can be .

parallel
.

Intersect at a
point
-
Skew ( don't meet but not parallel ) .

To show if lines intersect not

: -

Express each Lines in terms t and tz

or of ,

Equate expressions
involving x. and z to have 2 unknowns in each
y
.

Use equations 's

to
find t
.

Sub 's in to C if POD

-

t POI is found not

check for satisfaction they
do
,
, if ,
no
.

Examples

9
III Z Kitt 7=-75102
at
=
I Show that Lines 3-
= = -

intersect to find Pol

and

line ① xt3t
-

4 Line ⑦ x=tz -
3 3T -

4=4-3 Sti -
7 = -
tz Set , -12=3 Ez -
IO
=
t 3T Ez I Stittz 7 8T 3 Ez Z
7 y
=
- -

St
-

?
-

y
,
-

,
-
=
- -

① -
② -
③
z=8t -
12 2-
=
3tz -
to

3 t Ez I 3T tz I 8T -34=2 2=32--4 -7 Z 8T -72

yest
-
-
- -
-
- =
, , .
, ,

I Z
8cL )
K=
Ez 7 3G )
=
Stt (2) 4
-

Ez I 3
-

=
-

=3
- -
- -
- -

2=2 CRO
true ! .
exist )
(
.

til Ez 2 I -2 4)
-

.
-
-

, ,
- -

⑤ Angle between lines

e =/ } ) e
-
-

( I I
'

cos
= 17¥ v.v =3 -
Stu , lol -

at Irl -

fi
22

# 22
= =

= 0-07

0=47.90
=
C) find ears of defined
plane by Lines above .

'
Find vector product of direct .
vectors ( gives Normal )

find K
using D. 0.1 at
point that the
plane is
passing
.

the
throng
.

i j K

( §)

e=
a .
-

exe
= 3 S 8 =
( 1St 8) i -
Ca -
8) j t C- 3 -
5) k = 23L -

j -
8k

3
e-
I -
I

f -

's )
Pot ( I -2 4) 23C D C 2) -8C 4) It 23K 82=11
y
-

:
-
=
- -
=

plane
- -
-
-

, ,

C from part at ) .

Intersection Of Planes

Two in either to be
parallel The line intersection the found
planes space are
going ,
or intersect .
of of two planes can be

direction vector point it

using any
and a on .

To : Line Must through the plane

find point
.

the pass as O
y or be parallel to it .
so Z can be set to .

If it simultaneous
'

crosses both planes 's to find &

z= o
using
x
on
, can
y ears

If
-

parallel to axis then set O in both egn 's same method

-

and use
y y
x
-
-
.

:
To Line of intersection
get direction
must ice both planes
.

vector on

Direction
)
-

Vector is parallel to vector C find

product of both normals from each
plane .
vector product using normals .

Examples

① Find Line intersection

3×-29+32=32 2x Zz 8
'

of of planes and
try
=
.

-
s

3x -

Zy
+32=32
Zxty
-22=-8
zxty
= -

8 so Pol =
(¥ ,
-

¥ ,
O )
3x -

2g
t 307=32
Zxty
-
263=-8
2(¥)ty= .

3×-25-32 2x+y=
8 -

¥ e =/ § ) I =/
y=
.
.

s . i
-16
4xt2y=
7 x - If

x
-

- I
7-
=

i j k

UXV
-

-
3 -2 3 C 4. 3) i -
l -
b -

0
)jtC3t 4) he uxv = (¥ '
)
2 I
-

2 =
It l2jt7k

10/7
-1=9+8,82172 I
x -

: ⇐ =
L.io .
7-
,
Transformation Of Loci

Examples

'
Find assosiated matrix
A =
( k} )
the equation of the
image of the curve with equation y=3xZ under the transformation with .

Let ( x
,
y) be the
image of
any point
Ca
,
b) on the curve .

K'
31151=64 a =

:÷
:
HEH ;) =
-

t.IT )
lad -
.

ay ;)
late HE)
( ) a=2y component point
-3×+2 -3K for on a curve

( )
→ x a
y
ab =
.

Zy y
b
y Zoe →
point
.

component
t
for
.

y
curve
-
-

a on a

?
From
: b=3a
the
eqn .
of curve C in
question)
(
y)
342
2x
312g
-
- -
-

eqn of transformed curve .

Compositions Of Transformations

( I P) denote axis C 1,0 ) ) considered under each

By using any capital letter ,
not or
,
we can transformations by reflection over
any
or line .
The points and Co
,
, are still

reflection .

Take point
:
p
-
-
() ab : Y denotes reflection in
y
-

axis .
W denotes reflection in the
y=
.
x axis My = -
x

Ill I ( fI )
'

over axis
) becomes
-

y
y
.
,

Ill? ) )
O I

(
-

becomes W
-

, o
x-axis
.

over

P
first
YCP ) =
( 9)
I ( ) ab
e .

g .
It
you
want to reflect over the
y-axis ,
then

"
I ( )
? )( 9)
=/ to
"

Wdypecp )
-

ab
, f depends on order of transformation ( multiplication )

( 9I ) ( 9 )
-

this is transformation matrix with associated matrix

Note Wy = a
composite
 Diophantine

These have intimate number solutions at all

an of or none

Act
by =L
exists : If the
highest CHCF ) divides equally )
°

to start
,
we must know if a solution common factor of a and b C no remainder

int C ,
then solutions exist ( if not ,
no solutions )

If
' '
GCD divides
°

the
equally into C
,
then solutions exist C
if not , no solutions ) .

I Examples

Does
4xt2y=7 have
Iz (
solution
HCF =3 )
a
a 4 2 I no solution
- -

. -

b- 2 -

② Find solutions of 90kt

129=18 ( if they exist )

) 6=1 ( 90 ) 742 )
90=7427+6
¥ =3 ( no remainder solutions exist GCD in terms of 90 and 12
' -

. . !
-

12=20 )
A
GCD
(I)
'
18=3190 ) 2142 )
find multiply by k =3
-

to first sol .

x =3 =
-

21
=
,
y =

co
. efficient first
of Y solution
d -

xytbn
yn =
y an
-

In
-
-

coefficient
first
solution
of X
for first Solution n O
-
.

,
-
.

solution
:
Let I =3 t 12cL ) =
-21 90
SO
y
x
-

one n
-

,
more -

, ,

=
IS = -

Ill
=
=

There
just in
' '

are N solutions ,
so keep sobbing different n values .
 The and Number Bases
division
algorythm

'
written in E At
Every number can be
uniquely in
any
base where n ,
and n 32

473,0=4×102+7×10 't 3×100 400+7013 2

=
base
Binary
e. Note : →

g
.

Hexadecimal → base 16

we start with
power 2 as there are 3 digits in 473 .

Examples

't
① write 2357g in base 10 2357=2×8 5×10+7

126310
=

to
Express 314210 as base 4
3142,0=301012
785=4 ( 196 ) t I

3142=4×785+12
196=4149 )

49=442 )t I

12=4 (3)

3=4 ( O) t 3

3 1728g as a base 7 ( need to make it base 10 first ) .

1728
= 1×83×7×82 t 2 (8) t 8 984=79403+4 1728g
=
984,0=26047
s
-
-

=
512+448+16+8 140 = 7 (a) to

= 984,0 20 = 7 (2) tf

2 = 701+2

hexadecimal Not 's This is Ok 0-79 310

didgit I place value for remainders but not
Note :
for each
for
only of
can
occupy
.
.

, ,

D= 10 B
-

-
It
,
C- 12
,
D= 13 E- 14 F- IS
, , ,

④ Find hexadecimal 29804710

form of

298047=1648627 ) t IS
(F) 29804710=48 f

18627=1641043+3

1164=16 C7 2) t 12K )

72=16441-8

4=161071-4