1.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Design a Circuit that yields the sum and difference of v01 and v02 where
v01= -2*(v1+1) and v02=3v1+2, where v1 is a 2 V P-P sinusoidal input and
Vs = v01+v02 & vd=v01- v02 is the output voltage

2. CIRCUIT OPERATING CONSTRAINTS

Op-Amp:-
 The input current isn't exactly zero.
 The input offset current isn't exactly zero either.
 The input impedance isn't infinite.
 There is a limited common mode voltage range.
 The output impedance isn't zero.
 There are voltage gain limitations including phase shifts.
 There is a finite input offset voltage.
 There is a finite slew rate.
 There is some temperature dependence.
Also the resistors have some temperature coefficient which may further change the value of
resistance.
Due to these factors, we may deviate from the accurate output that we have calculated.

3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND.

a) INTRODUCTION

Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp): -

Operational amplifiers are linear devices that have all the properties required for nearly ideal
DC amplification and are therefore used extensively in signal conditioning, filtering or to
perform mathematical operations such as add, subtract, integration and differentiation.

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 An Operational Amplifier, or op-amp for short, is fundamentally a voltage amplifying
device designed to be used with external feedback components such as resistors and
capacitors between its output and input terminals. These feedback components determine the
resulting function or “operation” of the amplifier and by virtue of the different feedback
configurations whether resistive, capacitive or both, the amplifier can perform a variety of
different operations, giving rise to its name of “Operational Amplifier”.
An Operational Amplifier is basically a three-terminal device which consists of two high
impedance inputs, one called the Inverting Input, marked with a negative or “minus” sign, (–)
and the other one called the Non-inverting Input, marked with a positive or “plus” sign (+).
Here, third terminal represents the operational amplifiers output port which can both sink and
source either a voltage or a current. In a linear operational amplifier, the output signal is the
amplification factor, known as the amplifiers gain (A) multiplied by the value of the input
signal and depending on the nature of these input and output signals, there can be four
different classifications of operational amplifier gain.
 Voltage – Voltage “in” and Voltage “out”
 Current – Current “in” and Current “out”
 Trans conductance – Voltage “in” and Current “out”
 Trans resistance – Current “in” and Voltage “out”

Summing Fig.2 A 741 Op- Amp IC amplifier using op-amp

Summing amplifier is a type operational
amplifier circuit which can be used to sum signals. The sum of the input signal is amplified by
a certain factor and made available at the output .Any number of input signal can be summed

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using an op-amp. The circuit shown below is a three input summing amplifier in the inverting
mode.

Summing amplifier circuit

In the circuit, the input signals Va,Vb,Vc are applied to the inverting input of the op-amp
through input resistors Ra, Rb, Rc. Any number of input signals can be applied to the
inverting input in the above manner. Rf is the feedback resistor. Non-inverting input of the
op-amp is grounded using resistor Rm. RL is the load resistor. By applying Kirchhoff’s
current law at not V2 we get,
Ia+Ib+Ic = If+Ib
Since the input resistance of an ideal op-amp is close to infinity and has infinite gain. We can
neglect Ib & V2
There for Ia+Ib+Ic = If ………. (1)
Equation (1) can be rewritten as
(Va/Ra) + (Vb/Rb) + (Vc/Rc) = (V2-Vo)/Rf
Neglecting Vo,
we get Va/Ra + Vb/Rb + Vc/Rc = -Vo/Rf
Vo = -Rf ((Va/Ra) + (Vb/Rb) +(Vc/Rc))
Vo = -((Rf/Ra) Va + (Rf/Rb) Vb + (Rf/Rc) Vc) ……..(2)
If resistor Ra, Rb, Rc has same value ie; Ra=Rb=Rc=R, then equation (2) can be written as
Vo = -(Rf/R) x (Va + Vb +Vc) ……………. (3)

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If the values of Rf and R are made equal, then the equation becomes,
Vo = -(Va + Vb +Vc)

b) BLOCK DIAGRAM
The figurative Block Diagram of this Project is as follows.

Summing amplifier
generating v1 Summing amplifier
generating Vs

Summing amplifier Differentiator

generating v2 generating Vd

c) MATHEMATICAL MODELLING / ANALYSIS

v01= -2*(v1+1)
vout= (-Rf/R1 * v1 – Rf/R2 * v2)
vout= (-2/1 * v1 – 2/2 * 2)
vout= -2v1-1
vout = v01
so, resistors used to generate v01 are 2k and 1k

v02= 3v1 + 2
vout= (-Rf/R1*v1 – Rf/R2 * v2)
vout= (-3/1*v1- 3/3 (2))
vout= -3v1-2
= -(3v1+2)
Inverting [-(3v1+2)] = 3v1+2
Resistors used to generate it are 3k and 1k

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vs=v01+v02
vs= -2*(v1+1) + 3v1+2
= -2v1 – 2 + 3v1 + 2 =v1
Vd=v01-v02
Vd= -2v1 – 2 – 3v1 – 2
= -5v1 - 4

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The Circuit Diagram is as follows: -

Fig.7 Circuit Diagram

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5. DESIGN SPECIFICATION
Sl. No. Component Name Specification No. of units Price Per
Unit (₹)
1. Op-Amp LM-741 IC 6 30
2. Resistor 1kΩ, 25 1
3. Bread board BB400 1 80
4. Connecting Wires 16, 23 SWG 5 meter 7

6. HARDWARE SETUP

Fig.8 Front view of the Circuit

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Fig.9 view of the Circuit Implementation

7. RESULT (Show Waveform Pictures / Photograph / Simulation Result if exist)

Hence, the output of the Circuit was as expected. We found out the V01 and V02 and using
summig and differentiating circuit we recorded the output using CRO

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Fig10. IMPLEMENTATION OF EQUATION 1

Fig 11. Output of Equation 1 from CRO

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 Fig 12. Implementation Of Equation 2

[Grab your reader’s attention with a great quote from the document or use this space to emphasize a
key point. To place this text box anywhere on the page, just drag it.]

Fig 13. Output of Equation 2 from CRO

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Fig 14 Implementation of SUMMING Circuit

Fig 15 Output of SUMMING (Vs)from CRO

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8. COMMENTS

The Output of the Breadboard was as expected came out . The summing is performed at the
negative input terminal in current domain due to the virtual ground property (note that the
positive input is grounded). The negative input terminal thus is often referred to as the
“summing node” in such context. The weight for each parallel input is solely determined by
the resistor connecting this input to the summing node. The output voltage is a linear
combination of all the input voltages.
Overall the Output from the Vero board and Breadboard meets the expectation and calculation
that we got virtually with the MULTISIM and calculations.

9. REFERENCE
 http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/op-amp-multivibrator.html
 http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_1.html
 http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_6.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier
 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Electronic/opamprac.html

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10.DATASHEET

A) LM 741
The 741 IC was designed by Dave Fullagar of Fairchild Semiconductor in 1968. The 741 IC is the
successful predecessor of the LM 101 IC, and the only difference between the two was that an
additional 30pF internal compensation capacitor was added for the 741 IC. But, this simple addition
has made this IC evergreen in the electronics world and is still manufactured by different companies
in different versions and specifications, and is made recognizable by adding the famous number 741
in the series.

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B) RESISTOR

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance

as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust
signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among
other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat,
may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for
generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or
operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume
control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical
activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be
composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated
circuits.

The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial

resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal
value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.

Resistance (Ohms) 1K
Power (Watts) 0.25W, 1/4W
Tolerance ±5%
Packaging Bulk
Composition Carbon Film
Temperature Coefficient 350ppm/°C
Lead Free Status Lead Free
RoHS Status RoHS Compliant

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