LAB 4 - MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION

LONG REPORT

STUDENT’S PARTICULARS

Name : Siti Maisarah Binti Rusidin

Lecture’s Group : Miss Munirah Binti Mostapa Kamal
Student ID. : 2019212762
Date : 7 October 2019
Lecturer : Miss Nor Naimah Binti Ashaari
Lab Group : Group 4

GROUP MEMBERS

1. Fariez Syahmie Bin Hishamuddin 3. Syaza Nur Afrina Binti Hanif

(2019419718) (2019401848)
2. Syafiqah Nabilah Binti Suhaimi 4. Siti Maisarah Binti Rusidin
(2019238818) (2019212762)
Title
Motion in One Dimension

Objective
To determine the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration during free fall

Apparatus
Meter ruler, golf ball, squash ball, tennis ball and timer switch

Theory
The object that falls from a high rise position is influenced by the gravitational force. An object
is released from the position above the earth will move towards the ground and this motion is
called free fall. The falling object will experience a gravitational acceleration and it its
considered as a constant over the time. Since, all those kinematics equation is useful to solve
for free fall problems.
For a given time, the height from where the object is released can be determined by using
linear kinematics equation at constant acceleration.
1
ℎ= 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2 + 𝑣𝑦𝑜 𝑡 (1)
2

Where 𝑎𝑦 refers to the gravitational acceleration and 𝑣𝑦𝑜 is the initial velocity of the object.
Supposed the object is released from rest, the equation (1) will now become
1
ℎ= 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2 (2)
2

Rearranging equation (2), the gravitational, acceleration can be determined where

2ℎ
𝑎𝑦 = 𝑔 = (3)
𝑡2

𝑔 = 2 × slope of the graph (h versus 𝑡 2 ) (4)

Procedures
1) The meter ruler are put up straight from the floor.

2) The tennis ball are hold from the meter ruler at h,0.1m and released.

3) The time taken for the ball to drop was recorded using timer switch.

4) Step 2 and 3 are repeated at height of 0.2m, 0.3m, 0.4m, 0.5m, 0.6m, 0.7m, 0.8m, 0.9m,
1.0m.

5) Recorded the height and drop time in Table 1.

6) Repeated the experiment with the squash ball and golf ball at different height.
Data
 Tennis Ball

Height of the ball, Time, 𝑡 (s) Average 𝑡 2 (𝑠 2 )

ℎ time, 𝑡 (s)
(m)

𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3

0.1 0.14 0.18 0.16 0.16 0.026

0.2 0.16 0.13 0.21 0.17 0.029

0.3 0.23 0.26 0.23 0.24 0.058

0.4 0.25 0.23 0.26 0.25 0.063

0.5 0.26 0.26 0.23 0.25 0.063

0.6 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.084

0.7 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.31 0.096

0.8 0.31 0.33 0.35 0.33 0.109

0.9 0.35 0.33 0.35 0.34 0.116

1.0 0.41 0.36 0.43 0.40 0.160

Average time,t (s) and 𝑡 2 (𝑠 2 ) :

h,0.1m
0.14+0.18+0.16
t= 3

= 0.16 s

𝑡 2 =0.026𝑠 2

h,0.2m
0.16+0.13+0.21
t=
3

=0.17 s

𝑡 2 =0.029𝑠 2
h,0.3m
0.23+0.26+0.23
t=
3

= 0.24s

𝑡 2 =0.058𝑠 2

h , 0.4m
0.25+0.23+0.26
t= 3

= 0.25s

𝑡 2 =0.063𝑠 2

h, 0.5m
0.26+0.26+0.23
t= 3

=0.25 s

𝑡 2 =0.063𝑠 2

h,0.6m
0.29+0.29+0.28
t= 3

=0.29 s

𝑡 2 =0.084𝑠 2

h,0.7m
0.33+0.31+0.28
t=
3

=0.31 s

𝑡 2 =0.096𝑠 2

h,0.8m
0.31+0.33+0.35
t= 3

=0.33 s

𝑡 2 =0.109𝑠 2

h,0.9m
0.35+0.33+0.35
t= 3

=0.34 s
𝑡 2 =0.116𝑠 2

h,1.0m
0.41+0.36+0.43
t=
3

=0.40 s

𝑡 2 =0.160𝑠 2
  Squash ball

Height of the ball, Time, 𝑡 (s) Average 𝑡 2 (𝑠 2 )

ℎ time, 𝑡 (s)
(m)

𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3

0.1 0.08 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.01

0.2 0.20 0.12 0.19 0.17 0.03

0.3 0.33 0.31 0.35 0.33 0.11

0.4 0.35 0.40 0.32 0.36 0.13

0.5 0.47 0.46 0.44 0.46 0.21

0.6 0.49 0.45 0.43 0.46 0.21

0.7 0.50 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.26

0.8 0.54 0.58 0.52 0.53 0.28

0.9 0.54 0.57 0.55 0.55 0.30

1.0 0.56 0.57 0.65 0.59 0.35

Average time,t (s) and 𝑡 2 (𝑠 2 ) :

h,0.1m
0.08+0.11+0.09
t= 3

=0.09

𝑡 2 =0.01𝑠 2

h,0.2m
0.20+0.12+0.19
t= 3

=0.17s

𝑡 2 =0.03𝑠 2

h,0.3m
0.33+0.31+0.35
t=
3
 =0.33s

𝑡 2 =0.11𝑠 2

h,0.4m
0.35+0.40+0.32
t= 3

=0.36s

𝑡 2 =0.13𝑠 2

h,0.5m
0.47+0.46+0.44
t=
3

=0.46s

𝑡 2 =0.21 𝑠 2

h,0.6m
0.49+0.45+0.43
t= 3

=0.46s

𝑡 2 =0.21𝑠 2

h,0.7m
0.50+0.52+0.52
t=
3

=0.51s

𝑡 2 =0.26𝑠 2

h,0.8m
0.54+0.58+0.52
t= 3

=0.53s

𝑡 2 =0.28𝑠 2

h,0.9m
0.54+0.57+0.55
t= 3

=0.55s

𝑡 2 =0.30𝑠 2
h,1.0m
0.56+0.57+0.65
t= 3

=0.59

𝑡 2 =0.35𝑠 2
  Golf ball

Height of the ball, Time, 𝑡 (s) Average 𝑡 2 (𝑠 2 )

ℎ time, 𝑡 (s)
(m)

𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3

0.1 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.023

0.2 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.026

0.3 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.032

0.4 0.18 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.029

0.5 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.026

0.6 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.026

0.7 0.19 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.032

0.8 0.21 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.032

0.9 0.18 0.23 0.21 0.21 0.044

1.0 0.25 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.048

Average time,t (s) and 𝑡 2 (𝑠 2 ) :

h,0.1m
0.15+0.14+0.16
t= 3

=0.15s

𝑡 2 =0.023𝑠 2

h,0.2m
0.16+0.16+0.15
t= 3

=0.16s

𝑡 2 =0.026𝑠 2

h,0.3m
0.16+0.18+0.19
t= 3
 =0.18s

𝑡 2 =0.032𝑠 2

h,0.4m
0.18+0.16+0.16
t= 3

=0.17s

𝑡 2 =0.029𝑠 2

h,0.5m
0.18+0.15+0.16
t= 3

=0.16s

𝑡 2 =0.026𝑠 2

h,0.6m
0.16+0.15+0.16
t= 3

=0.16s

𝑡 2 =0.026𝑠 2

h,0.7m
0.19+0.16+0.18
t= 3

=0.18s

𝑡 2 =0.032𝑠 2

h,0.8m
0.21+0.16+0.16
t= 3

=0.18s

𝑡 2 =0.032𝑠 2

h,0.9m
0.18+0.23+0.21
t= 3

=0.21s

𝑡 2 =0.044𝑠 2

h,1.0m
 0.25+0.20+0.21
t=
3

=0.22s

𝑡 2 =0.048𝑠 2
Data Analysis
I. Using a graph paper, plot h versus 𝑡 2 graph based on the data Table 1.

II. Calculate the slope of the graph.

III. Using the value of the slope, calculate the gravitational acceleration, 𝑔.

 Tennis ball
Centroid
(0.1+0.2+0.3+0.4+0.5+0.6+0.7+0.8+0.9+1.0)𝑚
y-axis = 10

= 0.55m
(0.026+0.029+0.058+0.063+0.063+0.084+0.096+0.109+0.116+0.160)𝑠2
x-axis = 10

= 0.08𝑠 2

∴ (0.08, 0.55)
1.1−0 𝑚
ii. 𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 0.16−0 𝑠2

= 6.88𝑚𝑠 −2
0.9−0𝑚
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.12−0.016 𝑠2

= 8.65𝑚𝑠 −2
1.0−0.1𝑚
𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
0.16−0 𝑠2

=5.63𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛
∆𝑚 = 2

8.65−5.63𝑚𝑠−2
=
2

= 1.51𝑚𝑠 −2

∴ the gradient is m=(6.88±1.51) 𝑚𝑠 −2

iii. From the gradient of graph, m=6.88𝑚𝑠 −2 by comparing to the equation (2)

g=2×𝑚

= 2× 6.88

= 13.76𝑚𝑠 −2
 Squash ball
Centroid
(0.1+0.2+0.3+0.4+0.5+0.6+0.7+0.8+0.9+1.0) 𝑚
y-axis =
10

= 0.55m
(0.01+0.03+0.11+0.13+0.21+0.21
+0.26+0.28+0.30+0.35)𝑠2
x-axis = 10

= 0.19𝑠 2

∴ (0.19, 0.55)
1.0−0 𝑚
ii. 𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
0.35−0 𝑠2

= 2.86𝑚𝑠 −2
0.9−0.1𝑚
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.30−0.05 𝑠2

= 3.20𝑚𝑠 −2
0.7−0.15𝑚
𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26−0 𝑠2

=2.12𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛
∆𝑚 = 2

8.20−2.12𝑚𝑠−2
= 2

= 0.54𝑚𝑠 −2

∴ the gradient is m=(2.86±0.54) 𝑚𝑠 −2

iii. From the gradient of graph, m=2.86𝑚𝑠 −2 by comparing to the equation (2)

g=2×𝑚

= 2× 2.86

= 5.72𝑚𝑠 −2
 Golf ball
Centroid
(0.1+0.2+0.3+0.4+0.5+0.6+0.7+0.8+0.9+1.0)𝑚
y-axis =
10

= 0.55m

(0.068+0.090+0.120+0.130+0.170+0.240+0.240+0.35+0.34+0.34+0.37)𝑠2
x-axis = 10

= 0.2148𝑠 2

∴ (0.19, 0.2148)
0.98−0.13 𝑚
ii. 𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
0.375−0.050 𝑠2

= 2.62𝑚𝑠 −2
1.0−0.25𝑚
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
0.370−0.105 𝑠2

= 2.83𝑚𝑠 −2
0.8−0.26𝑚
𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
0.350−0.050 𝑠2

=1.80𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛
∆𝑚 = 2

2.83−1.8𝑚𝑠−2
= 2

= 0.52𝑚𝑠 −2

∴ the gradient is m=(2.62±0.52) 𝑚𝑠 −2

iii. From the gradient of graph, m=2.62𝑚𝑠 −2 by comparing to the equation (2)

g=2×𝑚

= 2× 2.62

= 5.24𝑚𝑠 −2
 Graph for the low uncertainty
Discussion
I. Calculate the relative error of gravitational acceleration.
∆𝑔 ∆ℎ 2∆𝑡
= +
𝑔 ℎ 𝑡

II. Calculate the absolute error of gravitational acceleration.

∆ℎ 2∆𝑡
∆𝑔 = ( + )𝑔
ℎ 𝑡

III. Gravitational acceleration from calculation,

( g + ∆𝑔)

IV. The standard value of gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81𝑚𝑠 −2. Calculate the percentage
difference between the calculated value and the standard value of g.

|𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|

Percentage Difference (%) = × 100%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

V. The result of the experiment is acceptable if the percentage difference between the
calculated value and the standard value is ±5%. Discuss the factors that most likely
contribute to the difference between the calculated value and the standard value of g.

VI. Discuss how to overcome the factors mentioned in (v).

  Tennis ball

0.1+0.2+0.3+0.4+0.5+0.6+0.7+0.8+0.9+1.0
I. ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 10
= 0.55m

0.16+0.17+0.24+0.25+0.25+0.29+0.31+0.33+0.34+0.40
𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 10
= 0.27s

∆𝑔 0.1 2(0.01)
= + = 0.26
𝑔 0.55 0.27

II. (0.26 × 13.76) = 3.58

III. ( 𝑔 + ∆𝑔) = ( 13.76 ± 3.58 )𝑚𝑠 −2

|13.76−9.81|𝑚𝑠−2
IV. x 100% = 40.27%
9.81

 Squash ball

0.1+0.2+0.3+0.4+0.5+0.6+0.7+0.8+0.9+1.0
I. ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 10
= 0.55m

0.09 + 0.17+0.33+0.33+0.36+0.46+0.46+0.51+0.53+0.55+0.59
𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 10

= 0.41s

∆𝑔 0.1 2(0.01)
= 0.55 + = 0.23
𝑔 0.41

II. (0.23 × 5.72) = 1.32

III. ( 𝑔 + ∆𝑔) = ( 5.72 ± 1.32)𝑚𝑠 −2

|5.72−9.81|𝑚𝑠−2
IV. x 100% = 41.69%
9.81
 Golf ball

0.1+0.2+0.3+0.4+0.5+0.6+0.7+0.8+0.9+1.0
I. ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 10
= 0.55m

0.15+0.16+0.18+0.17+0.16+0.16+0.18+0.18+0.21+0.22
𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 10

= 0.21s

∆𝑔 0.1 2(0.01)
= 0.55 + = 0.28
𝑔 0.21

II. (0.28 × 5.24 ) = 1.47

III. ( 𝑔 + ∆𝑔) = ( 5.24 ± 1.47)𝑚𝑠 −2

|5.24−9.81|𝑚𝑠−2
IV. x 100% = 46.6%
9.81
Discussion
There are several factors that contribute to the difference between the calculated
value and the standard value. This might cause by the error that occur throughout
this experiment . One of the error that occur is parallax error. This error occur when
the eye not looking at the exact scale or not perpendicular to the scale. To avoid this
error, make sure put the eyes perpendicular while reading the value to get the exact
value without misreading. Furthermore, the next error that occur is calibration
error. This error occurs when the instrument is not calibrated correctly. Thus, to
avoid this error from occur, make sure to use the instrument that already have in
laboratory. In addition to that, the other error that may be one of the factor is the is
environmental error. This is because, the experiment was conducted in a room with
air conditioners. Therefore, the wind from air conditioner might affected the time
for the ball to reach the floor. To avoid this error turn off the air conditioner and the
data will be more accurate. Lastly, the other error that contribute the value is
because of percentage error. This is because the absolute error in this experiment is
differ from the theoretical value. Thus, to prevent this the error should be
determined and then subtracted from all the values to get an accurate value during
the experiment.

Conclusion
Based on this experiment, the standard value of gravitational acceleration is g =
9.81𝑚𝑠 −2, the percentage difference between the calculated value and the standard
value for the tennis ball, the squash ball and the golf ball is 40.27%, 41.69% and 46.6% .
The objective of this experiment is to find the magnitude of the gravitational
acceleration during free fall is can be determined. Thus, the objective is proven.