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EE319 – PRP Assignment 1

EE319 – Probability and Random Processes


Assignment 1
Spring 2018

Maximum Marks: 150 Due Date: 26 February 2018

Instructions:
 Partially or fully copied assignments will be marked as zero.
 Only handwritten solution on A4 page will be accepted.
 Late submissions are not allowed.
 Clearly indicate all the calculations in your solution. No points will be awarded in case of
missing calculations.
 You can submit your assignment before 5:00 PM on/before due date.

Question Number 1 (8 marks)

i. Consider a random experiment of tossing a coin three times.


a) Find the sample space S1, if we wish to observe the exact sequences of heads and tails
obtained.
b) Find the sample space S2, if we wish to observe the number of heads in the three
tosses.
ii. Find the sample space for the experiment consisting of measurement of the voltage output v
from a transducer, the maximum and minimum of which are +5 and -5 volts, respectively.
iii. State every possible event in the sample space S = {a, b, c, d}
iv. An experiment consists of rolling a die until a 6 is obtained.
a) Find the sample space if we are interested in all possibilities.
b) Find the sample space if we are interested in the number of throws needed to get a 6.
Question Number 2 (4 marks)
Consider the switching networks shown in the figure below. Let A1, A2, and A3, denote the events that
the switches s1, s2, and s3, are closed, respectively. Let Aab denote the event that there is a closed path
between terminals “a” and “b”. Express Aab in terms of A1, A2, and A3, for each of the networks
shown.

National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences – FAST, CFD Campus 1


EE319 – PRP Assignment 1

Question Number 3 (2 marks)


Consider a telegraph source generating two symbols, dots and dashes. We observed that the dots were
twice as likely to occur as the dashes. Find the probabilities of the dot's occurring and the dash's
occurring.

Question Number 4 (6 marks)


Consider the experiment of throwing the two fair dice; you are then informed that the sum is not
greater than 3.

a) Find the probability of the event that two faces are the same without the information given.
b) Find the probability of the same event with the information given.

Question Number 5 (10 marks)


A lot of 100 semiconductor chips contain 20 that are defective. Two chips are selected at random,
without replacement, from the lot.

a) What is the probability that the first one selected is defective?


b) What is the probability that the second one selected is defective given that the first one was
defective?
c) What is the probability that both are defective?

Question Number 6 (10 marks)


A number is selected at random from (1, 2, . . . , 100). Given that the number selected is divisible by
2, find the probability that it is divisible by 3 or 5.

Question Number 7 (15 marks)


Suppose that a laboratory test to detect a certain disease has the following statistics. Let
A = event that the tested person has the disease
B = event that the test result is positive
It is known that
P(B|A) = 0.99 and P(B|Ā) = 0.005
And 0.1 percent of the population actually has the disease. What is the probability that a person has
the disease given that the test result is positive?

Question Number 8 (10 marks)


A company producing electric relays has three manufacturing plants producing 50, 30, and 20 percent,
respectively, of its product. Suppose that the probabilities that a relay manufactured by these plants is
defective are 0.02, 0.05, and 0.01, respectively.

a) If a relay is selected at random from the output of the company, what is the probability that it
is defective?
b) If a relay selected at random is found to be defective, what is the probability that it was
manufactured by plant 2?

Question Number 9 (10 marks)


Three cards are drawn from an ordinary 52 card deck without replacement. Find the probability that

a) None of the cards is an Ace


b) 1st two are not hearts and 3rd is a heart
c) 1st is a spade, 2nd is heart and 3rd is spade
d) 1st is not a diamond, 2nd is a diamond and 3rd is not a diamond

Question Number 10 (10 marks)


Let A and B be two independent events in S. It is known that P(A  B) = 0.16 and P(A  B) = 0.64.
Find P(A) and P(B).

National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences – FAST, CFD Campus 2


EE319 – PRP Assignment 1

Question Number 11 (20 marks)


Consider the binary communication channel shown in the figure below. The channel input symbol X
may assume the state 0 or the state 1, and, similarly, the channel output symbol Y may assume either
the state 0 or the state 1. Because of the channel noise, an input 0 may convert to an output 1 and vice
versa. The channel is characterized by the channel transition probabilities p0, q0, p1, and q1, defined
by:
p0 = P(y1 | x0) and p1 = P(y0 | x1)
q0 = P(y0 | x0) and q1 = P(y1 | x1)

Where x0, and x1, denote the events (X = 0) and (X = I), respectively, and y0 and y1, denote the events
(Y = 0) and (Y = I), respectively. Note that p0 + q0 = 1 = p1 + q1. Let P(x0) = 0.5, p0 = 0.1 and p2 = 0.2.

a) Find P(y0) and P(y1).


b) If a 0 was observed at the output, what is the probability that a 0 was the input state?
c) If a 1 was observed at the output, what is the probability that a 1 was the input state?
d) Calculate the probability of error PE.

Question Number 12 (5 marks)


An urn contains 8 white balls and 4 red balls. The experiment consists of drawing 2 balls from the urn
without replacement. Find the probability that both balls drawn are white.

Question Number 13 (10 marks)


We have four boxes; box 1 contains 2000 components of which 5% are defective. Box 2 contains 500
components of which 40% are defective. Boxes 3 and 4 contain 1000 each with 10% defective. We
select at random one of the boxes and we remove at random a single component.

a) What is the probability that the selected component is defective?


b) What is the probability that the component is defective and came from box 2.

Question Number 14 (10 marks)


Box 1 contains 1 white and 999 red balls. Box 2 contains 1 red and 999 white balls. A ball is picked
from a randomly selected box. If the ball is red, what is the probability that it came from box 1

Question Number 15 (10 marks)


For three events A, B, and C, we know that
 A and C are independent,
 B and C are independent,
 A and B are disjoint,
 P(A∪C) = 2/3, P(B∪C) = 3/4, P(A∪B∪C) = 11/12
Find P(A),P(B) and P(C).

Question Number 16 (10 marks)


A box contains three coins: two regular coins and one fake two-headed coin.
a) You pick a coin at random and toss it. What is the probability that it lands heads up?
b) You pick a coin at random and toss it, and get heads. What is the probability that it is the two-
headed coin?

 Good Luck 

National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences – FAST, CFD Campus 3

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