EUROPEAN HISTORY

SECTION I

80 Questions

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers
or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding oval on the
answer sheet.

1. Martin Luther initially criticized the Roman Catholic church on the grounds that it
(A) supported priests as religious teachers
(B) sponsored translations of the Bible into vernacular languages
(C) reduced the number of sacraments
(D) used indulgences as a fund-raising device
(E) formed close associations with secular rulers

2. “Religion supplies the pretext and gold the motive.”

This statement was a contemporary characterization of
(A) the launching of the Spanish Armada
(B) the execution of Charles I
(C) the posting of the Ninety-five Theses
(D) new religious orders such as the Ursulines and Jesuits
(E) Spanish and Portuguese expansion in the New World

3. During the great witchcraft persecutions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, those most often
tried as witches were
(A) young girls
(B) young boys
(C) older women
(D) members of the clergy
(E) members of the aristocracy

4. During the early Industrial Revolution, the leading industry was the manufacture of
(A) steel
(B) textiles
(C) machine tools
(D) electronics
(E) chemicals
5. The painting of Napoleon shown above portrays him as which of the following?

(A) A chivalrous hero

(B) A compassionate humanist
(C) A competent bureaucrat
(D) An imperial ruler
(E) A ruthless military conqueror

6. In On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin addresses the

(A) bases of the British constitution
(B) need to protect endangered species from extinction
(C) transmutation over time of plant and animal life
(D) effect of gravity on the orbits of planets
(E) inevitable disappearance of human beings

7. Which of the following was a major demographic change in Western Europe between 1850 and 1914?
(A) A dramatic shift of population to urban areas
(B) A rapidly increasing birth rate
(C) A rapidly increasing death rate
(D) A pronounced trend toward larger families
(E) A marked decline in emigration

8. Which of the following is one of Sigmund Freud’s most significant contributions to 20th-century
thought?
(A) Spontaneous affection is harmful.
(B) Unconscious psychological energy is sexual energy.
(C) Dreams are unrelated to waking thought.
(D) Family life has little to do with mental illness.
(E) Each individual’s personality is predetermined by genetic characteristics.
9. On the map above, the shaded state is
(A) Poland
(B) Hungary
(C) Greece
(D) Serbia
(E) Bulgaria

10. Which of the following best describes the Nazi party’s ideal role for “Aryan” women in Germany?
(A) They were to be mothers, wives, and homemakers.
(B) They were to serve in equal numbers with men in state and party bureaucracies at all levels.
(C) They were to enjoy economic power equal to that of men.
(D) They were to have no political or legal rights.
(E) They would be a reserve military force, available for frontline duty when there was a shortage of
male soldiers.

11. AGE COMPOSITION OF THE BRITISH POPULATION

1841 Age in Years 1967

4% over 65 13%
5% 55 - 65 11%
8% 45 - 54 13%
12% 35 - 44 13%
16% 25 - 34 11%
22% 15 - 24 15%
18% 5 - 14 15%
15% 0-5 9%

The table above supports which of the following statements?

(A) In the 1840’s the majority of Britons did not live past fifteen years of age
(B) The British infant mortality rate was lower in 1841 than in 1967
(C) The average age of Britons at first marriage was lower in 1967 than it was in 1841
(D) The change in the age composition of the British population between 1841 and 1967 resulted
primarily from emigration
(E) The average age of the British population was higher in 1967 than in 1841.
12. “In conformity, therefore, to the clear doctrine of the Scripture, we assert, that by an eternal and
immutable counsel, God has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation,
and whom he would condemn to destruction.”
The idea expressed in the passage above is most closely associated with the theological views of
(A) Erasmus
(B) Pope Leo X
(C) Thomas More
(D) John Calvin
(E) Ignatius Loyola

13. Which of the following is true of the German Peasants’ Revolt of 1524-1525?
(A) The revolt led to the emancipation of the German serfs.
(B) The revolt was organized by Martin Luther to break papal power in the German states.
(C) The peasants were supported by French armies during the revolt.
(D) The revolt was the first in Europe in which economic egalitarianism was a major rallying point.
(E) The revolt resulted from a combination of new religious ideas and peasant demands.

14. Which of the following explorers, sailing under the flag of Portugal, reached the west coast of India in
1498 after rounding the Cape of Good Hope and crossing the Indian Ocean?
(A) John Cabot
(B) Vasco da Gama
(C) Bartolomeu Dias
(D) Amerigo Vespucci
(E) Ferdinand Magellan

15. Which of the following was an important consequence of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689?
(A) Limits were put on the power of the English monarchy.
(B) The franchise was expanded to members of the lower classes.
(C) French influence in England was expanded.
(D) Roman Catholicism was reintroduced into England.
(E) England gained control of Spanish colonial possessions in the New World.

16. The Russian woodcut above (about 1698) symbolizes Peter the Great’s
(A) victory over the Swedes in the Great Northern War
(B) elimination of the Cossacks as a political force within Russia
(C) imposition of Western values on the Russian nobility
(D) initiation of the partition of Poland
(E) struggle with his son, Alexis, for control of Russia
17. Couples in early modern Europe generally put off marriage until they were, on average, in their mid-
to late twenties because
(A) sexual maturation was delayed until the mid-twenties because of poor nutrition
(B) they were concerned about scarcity of housing
(C) they needed to acquire land or learn a trade before they could support a family
(D) the customs and mores of a society dominated by religion promoted sexual restraint
(E) laws prohibited marriage without parental permission before the age of majority

18. “The law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have a right to concur either personally or by
their representatives in its formation. The law should be the same for all, whether it protects or whether it
punishes.”
The quotation above is a formulation of the ideas of
(A) Frederick the Great
(B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
(C) Adam Smith
(D) Condorcet
(E) Voltaire

19. Madame de Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV, became the center of public attention because of her
(A) extensive charity work among the Parisian poor
(B) participation in politics and use of the monarchy for personal gain
(C) proposal for reforming the economic structure of the monarchy
(D) role in the rebuilding of the center of Paris
(E) writings for the Encyclopedia and other Enlightenment publications

20. Which of the following was generally supported by the mercantilists?

(A) Formation of new guilds
(B) Destruction of factories
(C) Creation of a universal monetary standard
(D) Development of colonies
(E) Decentralization of government

21. The lists of grievances, or cahiers de doléances, brought by the members of the Estates- General
to Versailles in 1789 called for
(A) the immediate overthrow of Louis XVI
(B) universal adult suffrage
(C) tax equity
(D) the separation of church and state
(E) renewal of provincial and city charters

22. Which of the following was a common theme among nineteenth-century Utopian socialists?
(A) Support of organized religion
(B) Rejection of the institution of marriage
(C) Advocacy of social and economic planning
(D) Revolutionary overthrow of the existing order
(E) Promotion of mass political parties

23. Which of the following statements accurately describes the Napoleonic Code?
(A) It was Europe’s first written law code.
(B) It prepared the way for the Bourbon Restoration.
(C) It institutionalized the corvée.
(D) It protected private property and the authority of husbands within the family.
(E) It determined the shape of European governments until the First World War.
24. In The Communist Manifesto (1848), Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels asserted that
(A) technology was evil and would bring more suffering than benefits to the working class
(B) capitalism was a necessary stage of economic and social development
(C) a socialist revolution was most likely to occur in Russia
(D) the goals of nationalism and socialism were inseparable
(E) the working class was so oppressed that it was unable to help itself

25. Claude Monet is associated with the beginnings of the artistic movement known as
(A) Romanticism
(B) Impressionism
(C) Realism
(D) Dadaism
(E) Cubism

26. “No prudent master of a family ever attempts to make at home what it will cost him more to make
than to buy. If a foreign country can supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make
it, better buy it from them with some part of the produce of our own industry.”
The quotation above was used to justify
(A) the establishment of Utopian socialist communities in early nineteenth-century Great Britain
(B) free trade in early nineteenth-century Great Britain
(C) the social legislation proposed by Bismarck in late nineteenth-century Germany
(D) European imperialism in Africa in the late nineteenth century
(E) economic integration of Central and Eastern Europe in the early twentieth century

27. After unification in the late nineteenth century, the new state of Italy faced all of the following EXCEPT
(A) hostility from the Vatican
(B) an inequitable taxation system
(C) a continued rift between the north and the south
(D) heavy government debt
(E) a labor shortage

28. Which of the following was a result of Einstein’s publication of the special theory of relativity in 1905?
(A) The quantum theory of Max Planck was disproved.
(B) The accomplishments of Pierre and Marie Curie were rendered obsolete.
(C) Basic assumptions of classical physics about space and time had to be revised.
(D) Nations of the world immediately began an intensive research effort to create an atomic bomb.
(E) Physicists concentrated on developing a method of traveling faster than the speed of light.

29. Which of the following best characterizes European art and literature in the 1920’s?
(A) Questioning of accepted values and practices
(B) A rejection of atheism and socialism
(C) A reaffirmation of human beauty and goodness
(D) A resurrection of Victorian sensibilities and styles
(E) Adherence to classical rules of composition

30. The purges carried out in the Soviet Union during the 1930’s resulted in
(A) the protection of ideological diversity within the Communist party
(B) improvements in military preparedness
(C) a decrease in the size of the bureaucracy
(D) elimination of the old Bolshevik elite
(E) an enhanced Soviet image abroad
31. The purpose of the British poster shown above was to
(A) shame able-bodied men into volunteering for military service
(B) encourage fathers to remain at home with their children
(C) discourage enlistment by white-collar workers
(D) commemorate those who had died in the First World War
(E) highlight the differences between the First and the Second World Wars

32. “.... we are for a socialism that is proper to a highly developed country and is devoid of those repulsive
features imposed upon our country by a handful of narrow-minded, dogmatic, power-hungry careerists
and unscrupulous despots. We have no reason to assume an anti-Soviet attitude insofar as the Soviet
Union’s internal policy is concerned. We object only to brutal interference in the affairs of other nations.”

This passage reflects the attitude of

(A) an Italian fascist in 1925
(B) a German communist in 1929
(C) a Spanish anarchist in 1936
(D) a British Tory in 1937
(E) a Czech dissident in 1969

33. Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration from

(A) religious asceticism
(B) classical languages and literature
(C) the curricula of medieval universities
(D) political reforms of the Holy Roman Empire
(E) the ideas of Dante’s Inferno

34. Major Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders of the sixteenth century condemned the
Anabaptists because Anabaptists
(A) rejected the Bible as the source of religious - truth
(B) favored government enforcement of morality
(C) advocated a complete separation of church and state
(D) restored the privileges of the clergy
(E) tried to reconcile Protestant and Catholic teachings
35. Ferdinand and Isabella supported the expulsion or conversion of Muslims and Jews in Spain
because
(A) Ferdinand and Isabella were hostile to religious faiths other than Christianity
(B) Ferdinand and Isabella feared that if they did nothing many Christians would leave Spain
(C) Spanish Muslims and Jews were believed to hinder the economic development of Spain
(D) Spanish Muslims and Jews outnumbered Christians in most large cities in the kingdom
(E) Spanish Muslims and Jews were protected by foreign powers hostile to Spain

36. René Descartes & Francis Bacon contributed to scientific development in the seventeenth century by
(A) making observations of planetary movements
(B) perfecting the metric system
(C) conducting experiments about gravitational forces
(D) introducing logarithms
(E) articulating theories of the scientific method

37. The leadership of the Dutch revolts (1566-1648) sought all of the following EXCEPT
(A) an alliance with the English Catholics
(B) the end of the inquisition
(C) the end of excessive taxation
(D) the elimination of the rule of foreign officials
(E) an alliance with French Protestants

38. “The pasturing stock is allowed in peace to eat up the food on the pastures to its utmost limits, thus
the stock returns more ample profit to the farmer. In managing arable lands, the farmer derives other solid
advantages, such as security against trespass and adoption of correct crop rotation.”

The eighteenth-century British quotation above is a justification for which of the following?
(A) Enclosure of common lands
(B) Strip farming
(C) Sharecropping
(D) Collectivization
(E) Terracing

39. The long-term effect of the Thirty Years’ War on the German states was to
(A) restrict Lutheranism to southern German states
(B) initiate a long era of peace and rapid economic recovery
(C) encourage unification
(D) devastate the German states’ economies
(E) increase the power of the Holy Roman Emperor
PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN THE POPULATION OF GERMANY, 1816-1914
40. The map above best supports which of the following statements?
(A) Religious affiliation explains the growth in population.
(B) Immigration to the Western Hemisphere decimated the population of central Germany.
(C) The Franco-Prussian and Austro-Prussian wars left Germany divided and depopulated.
(D) The population of industrial regions grew most rapidly.
(E) The influx of Russians and Eastern Europeans made Germany the largest multinational state in
Europe.

41. The Prussian victory over Austria in 1866 resulted in

(A) intensified efforts by the British to defeat the Prussian army
(B) the greater involvement of Austria in German political affairs
(C) the consolidation of Prussian authority among North German states
(D) popular uprisings in Austria against Prussian interference
(E) an alliance between Russia and the Ottoman Empire against Austria

42. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the first European country to experience a dramatic
decrease in its birth rate was
(A) France
(B) Italy
(C) Russia
(D) Spain
(E) Germany

43. In the 1930’s one of the effects of the Great Depression in Europe was
(A) a reconciliation between communists and fascists in France
(B) a strengthening of efforts to facilitate international trade
(C) a rise in the production of consumer goods
(D) the increased effectiveness of the League of Nations in international relations
(E) the broadening of popular support for the Nazi party in Germany
44. Which of the following was a major achievement of Soviet society during the Khrushchev years?
(A) Soviet space successes exceeded those of the United States.
(B) The Five-Year Plans achieved their goals.
(C) The virgin lands program resulted in Soviet agricultural self-sufficiency.
(D) Construction of new housing units equaled that of the United States.
(E) Press censorship was ended.

45. Martin Luther believed that the most important role for a Christian woman was to
(A) minister to the sick and poor
(B) preach the word of God in church on Sunday
(C) become a wife and mother
(D) lead a life devoted primarily to prayer and contemplation
(E) teach reading and writing in a religious school

46. John Calvin established the center of his reformed church in

(A) Lyon
(B) London
(C) Wittenberg
(D) Geneva
(E) Basel

47. The primary purpose of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) was to

(A) end the wars between the Hapsburgs and the Valois
(B) end the civil war between Lutherans and Roman Catholics in the German states
(C) end the Thirty Years’ War
(D) create better trade relations among German princes
(E) facilitate diplomatic relations between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Turks

48. The Scientific Revolution overturned the accepted ideas of which of the following?
(A) Aristotle
(B) Vesalius
(C) Copernicus
(D) Galileo
(E) Euclid

49. Which of the following best expresses Voltaire’s views concerning religion?
(A) Catholics should obediently follow the dictates of the pope.
(B) Protestants should be excluded from French government service.
(C) Religious unity is fundamental to enlightened monarchies.
(D) Organized religion perpetuates superstition and ignorance.
(E) Criticism of religious doctrines and authorities should be condemned.

50. The repeal of the British Corn Laws in 1846 was most strongly opposed by
(A) factory owners
(B) wage laborers
(C) wealthy landowners
(D) religious dissenters
(E) shopkeepers
51. The Crystal Palace, shown above, was built in London in 1851 primarily as a
(A) private summer residence for the royal family
(B) memorial to those who fought in the Crimean War
(C) celebration of British technological and economic dominance
(D) performance hall for musicals and opera
(E) museum for artifacts from Africa and Asia

52. Between 1870 and 1914, the heavily industrialized nations of Western Europe earned the loyalty of
their citizens by all of the following EXCEPT
(A) extending the right to vote to almost all adult males
(B) acquiring colonies to promote economic expansion and national pride
(C) dividing farmland equally among peasants
(D) increasing the availability of public education
(E) legalizing trade unions

53. The constitution of Weimar Germany helped to undermine the republican form of government by
(A) providing for rule by a single individual in cases of national emergency
(B) favoring the Left over the Right in the political spectrum
(C) committing Germany to support all decisions made by the World Court
(D) denying some citizens the basic civil rights of a modem democracy
(E) using complicated legal language that few people could understand

54. Which of the following was a result of the Marshall Plan?

(A) European colonies in Asia and Africa achieved independence.
(B) Eastern Europe joined the Common Market.
(C) Germany was divided into four zones, each zone controlled by one of the Allies.
(D) The boundaries of European nations were redrawn along ethnic lines.
(E) United States political and economic influence increased in Western and Southern Europe.

55. Which of the following describes a major difference between northern humanists & Italian humanists?
(A) Italian humanists focused on human intellect and achievements, whereas northern humanists
concentrated on nature and emotion.
(B) Italian humanists focused on national consciousness, whereas northern humanists rejected politics.
(C) Italian humanists viewed human nature as corrupt and weak, whereas northern humanists viewed
human nature as generally good.
(D) Both concentrated on spiritual concerns, but northern humanists also focused on secular matters.
(E) Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources.
56. The system of intendants was established in seventeenth-century France primarily to
(A) empower the French nobility
(B) implement royal policies locally
(C) make the peasantry return to the land
(D) collect taxes from the towns
(E) improve France’s ability to fight foreign wars

57. The acquisition of which of the following territories during the mid-eighteenth century helped to
establish Prussia as a great power?
(A) Bohemia
(B) Bavaria
(C) Brandenburg
(D) Silesia
(E) Saxony

58. “These writers extolled, often in an exaggerated form, the expression of human emotion and the
search for realization of one’s own identity.”
The writers described above were associated with which of the following?
(A) The Renaissance
(B) Realism
(C) Classical liberalism
(D) Utilitarianism
(E) Romanticism

59. The print above, commemorating the women’s march on Versailles in October 1789, shows that
(A) lower-class women opposed the convening of the Estates-General
(B) lower-class women were defenders of the aristocracy
(C) women helped the progress of the Revolution
(D) women wanted to leave their homes to join the work force
(E) women supported pacifism and the status quo
60. The rebuilding of Paris during the 1850’s and 1860’s resulted in the
(A) reduction of open spaces for recreation
(B) improvement of military fortifications
(C) prevention of popular uprisings in the city
(D) destruction of much working-class housing
(E) concentration of population in the central area of the city

61. Which of the following best describes Lenin’s New Economic Policy?
(A) The first systematic application of Marxist principles to the economic life of a state
(B) The First Five-Year Plan for Soviet economic development
(C) A state plan for the collectivization of agriculture
(D) A compromise with capitalist economic principles
(E) An important element of Lenin’s “April Theses”

62. The French and British policy of appeasing Mussolini and Hitler can be partly explained by
(A) France and Britain’s eagerness to cooperate with the Soviet Union
(B) France and Britain’s confidence in the League of Nations
(C) France and Britain’s desire to maintain foreign policies independent of the United States
(D) the belief that the terms of the Versailles treaty were unjust
(E) a general loss of faith in the effectiveness of diplomacy

63. In early modern Europe, which of the following most directly undermined the guild system?
(A) Entrepreneurial expansion of manufacturing into the countryside
(B) The increased demand for products from the Far Fast and the New World, such as spices and silk
(C) The imposition of high tariffs on imported goods
(D) The use of credit in business transactions
(E) The expansion of the supply of precious metals

64. The sculpture by Bernini shown above celebrates

(A) a new interest in secular themes
(B) Lutheran veneration of the saints
(C) the Calvinist cult of beauty
(D) the reconciliation of the papacy and the English crown after the Council of Trent
(E) Catholic Reformation mysticism
65. “I will allow that bodily strength seems to give man a natural superiority over woman; and this is the
only solid basis on which the superiority of men over women can be built.”
The passage above best reflects the argument of
(A) John Locke
(B) Thomas Hobbes
(C) Mary Wollstonecraft
(D) Jane Austen
(E) Emily Brontë

66. The policy of extending the French Revolution beyond France’s borders was most closely associated
with the
(A) Estates General
(B) royalists
(C) Thermidoreans
(D) Girondin party
(E) Convention

67. On which of the following did Cavour and Garibaldi agree?

(A) Once united, Italy should be a republic.
(B) Italy should be independent of foreign control.
(C) Italian unity should be achieved in one way only, by revolution.
(D) The pope should lead any new Italian state.
(E) Foreign assistance was necessary to drive Austria from Italy.

68. Which of the following resulted from the Russian Revolution of 1905?
(A) Emancipation of the serfs
(B) Legalization of the Bolshevik party
(C) Universal suffrage
(D) A free press
(E) The creation of the Duma

69. Which of the following resulted from the close relationship between science and government in
industrialized nations during the Second World War?
(A) The pace of discovery and invention noticeably slowed.
(B) Specialization decreased.
(C) Much scientific research became financially dependent on military funding.
(D) Fewer students were interested in scientific training.
(E) The benefits of scientific advances were no longer questioned.

70. After Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453, which of the following cities claimed to be the “third
Rome”?
(A) Moscow
(B) Budapest
(C) Madrid
(D) Geneva
(E) Warsaw

71. Which of the following was an economic policy of Louis XIV’s finance minister, Jean- Baptiste
Colbert?
(A) Raising money through internal tariffs
(B) Encouraging international competition through lower tariffs and free-trade policies
(C) Establishing detailed manufacturing codes to improve the quality of French export goods
(D) Opening France’s colonies to foreign merchants and trade
(E) Reducing military spending

72. Just as the reign of Louis XIV of France is often cited as an example of absolutism, the reign of
Joseph II of Austria is often cited as an example of
(A) liberalism
(B) theocracy
(C) mercantilism
(D) enlightened monarchy
(E) the divine right of kings

73. In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Prussia, the Junkers supported the monarchy and served in
the army in return for
(A) the right to sell their lands
(B) control of an independent national parliament
(C) toleration of their religious diversity
(D) exemption from all taxes
(E) virtually absolute power over their serfs

74. Prior to the expansion of the factory system during the Industrial Revolution, which of the following
contributed to the increase in production of manufactured goods?
(A) Importation of silk and cotton cloth from the Far East
(B) Expansion of the guild system in urban centers
(C) Expansion of cottage industries in the countryside
(D) Cultivation of formerly fallow lands
(E) The completion of the railway system

75. Which of the following was the most important factor behind the Price Revolution of the sixteenth
century?
(A) Steady population growth and rising food costs
(B) The massive emigration of Europeans to the New World
(C) The militarization of society and massive war taxes
(D) Governmental control of the economy
(E) The rapid growth of manufacturing and the depopulation of the countryside

76. The gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire which occurred during the nineteenth century created the
most serious diplomatic and political tension between which of the following?
(A) Austria and Prussia
(B) Austria and Russia
(C) France and Prussia
(D) Russia and Greece
(E) Russia and Prussia
77. The shaded areas on the map of early eighteenth-century France shown above represent
(A) lands controlled by peasants revolting against feudal obligations
(B) territorial acquisitions during the reign of Louis XIV
(C) land controlled by foreign rulers within the kingdom of France
(D) Huguenot strongholds that still existed after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
(E) former Spanish territories on the border of France

78. Which of the following advocated an evolutionary, as opposed to a revolutionary, theory of Marxism?
(A) Eduard Bernstein
(B) V. I. Lenin
(C) Rosa Luxemburg
(D) Joseph Stalin
(E) Leon Trotsky

79. Metternich would have been most in sympathy with the political philosophy of
(A) John Locke
(B) Robert Owen
(C) Charles Fourier
(D) Edmund Burke
(E) Giuseppe Mazzini

80. A major goal of the European Economic Community was to

(A) promote ethnic autonomy within the member countries
(B) prevent the reassertion of German industrialism
(C) achieve the industrialization of Africa and Latin America
(D) stop labor migration within Western Europe
(E) coordinate industrial and agricultural policies of the members