Unit 3

Theories, principles and Models in

Education and Training
Assessor Name GODWIN OKPA:

Student Name SIATTA:

Student ID 18316:

Introduction
Learning or training is the process of acquiring knowledge by study, or sometimes from
experience. The professionals who are engaged to teach are supposed to manage
practical curriculum. Education and training are the way to update the existing
knowledge to students, and also to analyze pros and cons of subject matter. The
supportive educational system enables flexible educational and emphasizes on self-
motivation of learners. Creating interest of learners is a part of pedagogical approach
of the trainers. Managing communication between the learners and instructors matters
on how learners are concentrated to learning. The empowerment-oriented education
makes learners to break all the barriers in terms of changing attitude and personality.

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LO1 understanding the application of theories, principles
and models of learning in education and training

• Analysis of theories, principles and models of learning

Different theories, principles and models are used in College by me as a lecturer of it.
The theories, models and principles are analyzed below:

Procedural Vs. Declarative knowledge (Anderson)

Anderson (1981) introduced declarative and procedural knowledge. As a lecturer of

College I follow this procedure to enlarge the parameter of student’s knowledge.

Declarative knowledge refers to the specific and conscious materials to the experience
of learner (Alder, 2016). To say for example, London is the capital of United Kingdom.
No other answer is acceptable except “London”. Declarative knowledge answers of
“WH” question. There is no option to create something new. The students of
COLLEGE could answer of declarative question very easily with a simple word.

Procedural knowledge refers to indication of “how to do something”. To say for

example- “How to manage a business organization?” the answer should not be in one
word. The students of College acquire procedural knowledge from practical class.

While teaching the student, I always notice that the students are more interested to
procedural learning. Declarative knowledge can be gathering at moment but
procedural knowledge is not.

MacWhinney’s Emergentist model

Macwhinney depicted skills those are applied and not explained in the field of practical
experience. Procedural knowledge indicates path to apply existing knowledge to a
constructive way in case of decision making and idea generation. GCSE English is
applying the procedural education system so that the learners can avail their past
experience for better understanding and conceptual framework.

Vygotsky’s Social development theory

Vygotsky suggested a milestone method of social development theory; “more

knowledgeable other”. This option enables the learners work more independently with

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acquired knowledge. As a lecturer, I can suggest a comparatively dull learner to learn
from a comparatively better student; it is called “ zone of proximal development”.
specialized knowledge take places as “cognitive development theory” is applied for
assessment. The teachers are advantage learning technique than the learners.

Inductive (Bruner) Vs. deductive (Ausubel) approaches

As a lecturer of College, I also follow the inductive and deductive teaching approaches.
Inductive and deductive approaches are two contradictory teaching and learning
model for updated curriculum.

Deductive approaches of learning are to make the learners practical while at first, I will
introduce the topic. The approach is totally “teacher centered” while I, as a lecture will
introduce, explain and then let the learners practically do of earned knowledge. To say
for example, I will introduce the rule of “right forms of verbs” in the class and explain
those along. After that I will give homework to the students later.

Inductive approach is the total opposite way to teach the students. To say for example,
I will, at first, show the example of implicated rules of “right forms of verb” to the
students of College. Showing the implication first, I will then focus on “notice”, means
practical tasks come first and then the rules (Bauer and Liou, 2013.).

1.2 Explanation of ways in which theories, principles and models

of learning can be applied to teaching, learning and assessment.

Theory of personality

Theory of personality is introduced by Carl Roger and Jhon Dewey. This theory
discuses about the impact of behavior in learning. As a teacher, assessment over the
acquiring knowledge, the own way learners can acquire after the lecture, gathers
diversity in skills and personality development. To say for example, two types of
learners; dyslexic and non-dyslexic, both are quite different in terms of learning but the
teacher should arrange audio format for dyslexic learners so that they can write it.

Fleming VAK

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Fleming showed three most effective ways the learners adopt to acquire knowledge;
Visual, Auditory and kniaesthetic. the first type of learner, Visual learners, can acquire
any context only just seeing. Presentation slides, diagrams and videos are effective
way to learn. the second type of learners, Auditory learners, are capable to acquire
anything just listening, audio clips are the most effective learning resources for them.
Third type of learner, Kinaesthetic learners, can acquire anything observing the
movement; walking, taking and gesture of the teachers. Their own way to learn
encourages them to be diversified and skillful.

Linking aspects of existing practice with theories

As a lecturer of College, I try to coordinate practical examples with theoretical

knowledge. Theory effluents the existing knowledge of learners but practice makes it
live to the students.

Developing teacher’s personal theories of learning

The lecturers of College are required to manage curriculum as per student’s

competency. Besides, as a lecturer of it, I need to tackle the barriers those break
learner’s concentration while being taught.

Developing competency-based programs

UK College is required to arrange competency development programs to the learners.

The programs should present that knowledge is relevant and the knowledge can
actually be implicated while the learners apply it for innovation. Competency programs
will ensure finding problems, analyzing solution and drawing solutions by the learners.

Individual learning plans (ILPS)

The learners of College are trended to watch movie, mirror front practice and
assignment for developing personal skills of learning (Björck, 2010). Personal skills
increase knowledge gathering efficiency of learners.

Product focused learning outcomes

While College focus the learning process as a product, all the students are delivered
same examples and generally, it is afforded same supportive system for all in

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classrooms. The learners are assigned same homework or assignment; individual
performance is not measured.

SMART Target

Both the teachers and learners of College are to analyze SMART target: Specific,
Measurable, Achievable, Reliable and Timely. This is ultimate learning assessment
where the relationship of theoretical approach with practical approach gets exposed.

• Analysis of models of learning preferences

The models of learning preferences those are used in College are as follow:

Honey and Mumford model

Peter Honey and Alan Mumford invented a learning model where four learning styles
are discussed. Those are Activist, theorist, pragmatist and Reflector. As per activist
learning style, the learners go through a totally new environment; new experience is
also. Because of being a experienced leaders, activists get priorities in learning
method. learning class with more observatory powers is reflector who literally watches,
at first and, think over the matter with analytical aptitude. Third learning preference is
theorist. Theorists like to acquire the knowledge and draw a analytical conclusion step
by step. the fourth learning style is pragmatist. Pragmatist learners are realistic and
find what and why they are learning something new. As per John Dewey, “hands on
approach” is the best way for learning.

As per College, the learners should be properly known about their responsibilities and
then search for opportunities even in threats.

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 Figure: Honey and Mumford learning style

Source: Resources.eln, 2018

• Activist: In activists learning style, the learners of College have to get practical
experience by doing that work. The learners ought to be motivated and devoted
to knowledge gathering. As an example, the team members for group
assignment are activist. The team members get their skills developed while they
work co-operatively in a campaign.

• Theorist: The learners of College are hypothetical and analytical while

following this approach. Learners understand the theory, fact and actions to
justify it further. To say for example, the researchers of the college are theorist.
The researchers look for new style that removes learning deficiency and make
the teaching system easier.

• Pragmatist: this type of learners of College directly implicates learnt theory into
the practical field. They are challenge takers and put the theoretical knowledge
into actions until outcome is visible (Borthwick and Pierson, 2010). To say for
example, the educationist of the college is pragmatist. They are devoted to a
visible outcome.

• Reflector: This type of learners of College is found to observe the situation and
then analyze it thinking deeply. Finally, they prepare a statistic. To say for

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 example, the data analysts are reflector. They observe and elicit necessary
data from the scenario. Then, they prepare data sheet.

Learning preferences dependent on context (Entwistle)

Noel Entwistle (2001) explained the learning style where two types of learners are
found. First type those who think to “get the context into head and carrying marks to
exam”, another type; who think “realization of the context and being oriented to
outcome of the theory”(Gearing and Sangree, 2011). Further research takes place by
the learners of College here. Entwistle emphasized on the realistic understanding of
theoretical knowledge.

Figure: Entwistle Theory

Source: Leeds.ac.uk, 2018

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1.4 Explanation of how identifying and taking account of learner’s
individuals learning preferences enables inclusive teaching,
learning and assessment
The hardness or softness of learning style depends on how the learners take it; means
the attitude and efforts to learn will ease the subject matter. College gives flexible
environment of identifying and taking account of learner’s own style.

To challenge their dominant preferences to maximize learning

The modern learning system is avoiding the conventional teaching system where all
types of students are treated same. in course of time, a new idea, “I size fits all” has
been developed where teachers are suggested to bring diversity by assessing their
performance individually. Roger Carl emphasized on “student centered learning”
where the learners find them as a part of learning materials and the learning materials
are suitable for all learners. “Individual learning preferences” in the institution manages
assessment which notifies the learners of their limitations and level of knowledge.

Most of the human being is with them by-birth tendency. A learning style which is hard
to one is easier to another. As a lecturer of College, I always advise the learners to
pay heed to motivation and dominating preferences. To say for example, the learners
of College are given assignment to solve a business case, some of the learners are
eager to visit the company to collect information but some are eager to analyze it
depending on secondary data. As a lecturer, I should prefer the first one for the
learners will gain practical experience by it.

Enabling individuals to see and to question their long-held habitual behaviors

(Sadler Smith)

Sadler Smith (1997) argued on his paper named “learning style framework” that the
learners with intension to know, are trended to be potential researchers. The first
criteria to assessment, teaching and learning are to let the learners of College observe
the context and then to question what they have not understood (Björck, 2010). The
research also showed that while the instructors of College speech on, the learners
cannot have the time to think over it. Most of the learners avoid it and don’t ask later.

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So, questioning about the context will maximize the thinking parameter of the learners
and will finally drive to inclusive learning and teaching.

Advantages of the Theory

• Self-orientation is established

• Personal assessment takes place

• Skills are evaluated

Disadvantages of the theory

• No specific guideline found to assess

• Instructors need many times for monitoring

• Less behavioral change is noticed

LO2 Understanding the application of theories, principles

and models of communication in education and training

2.1 Analysis of theories, principles and models of communication

Theories, principles and models of communication those are used in College are as
follow:

Language linked to stage of development (Piaget)

Jean Piaget (1936) introduced the cognitive development theory where the children
were survey population. Piaget did not agree that intelligence is fixed; rather, the
learners have to develop their intelligence engaging with flexible environment. The
stage of communication development is as follow:

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 • Sensorimotor stage: in this stage, the learners are inventing that object exists
but it is hidden but the learners of COLLEGE could not present their thinking in
a synchronized way.

• Preoperational Stage: The learners of College are found that they just see
what is appeared in front of them; no competency to analyze the hidden fact is
found there.

• Concrete operational stage: In this stage, the learners of College start to

understand and think about something logically which drives them to collect
data and information in support of the logic.

• Formal operational stage: In this stage, the learners of College trends to

ultimate maturity, analytical hypothesis and drawing conclusion of it. At this
stage, the learners feel need to communicate effectively.

Elaborate or restricted language code (Bernstein)

Basil Bernsteinn (1971) argued about the elaborated and restricted language code.
There, the elaborate code does not mean enormous vocabulary and restricted code
does not mean limited vocabulary (Evans, 2012). Bernstein found it quite interesting
to shorten the language to express many words. So, the learners of College will be
quite beneficiary while the lecturers say some words but the learners get a lot. The
lecture will never be verbose; rather learners will get more and be interested to listen.

Advantages of language code

• Short form but expresses a lot

• Acquired learning value is created

• Constraints to hearing is less

Disadvantages of Language code

• Language code is not formally usable

• It does not express matters as whole

• Both instructors and learners are to be fully concentrated

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 •

2.2 Explanation of ways in which theories, principles and models of

communication can be applied to teaching, learning and assessment
Initial assessment refers to an assessment process where both learners and teachers
becomes alive to their skills and knowledge. Initial assessment renders Strength,
weakness, opportunities and threats for the learners. To say for example, the teachers
will arrange for “I to I” interview session where the learners will write a short story about
their life and the teachers will discuss reasons why they have chosen the topic to learn.
Two factors will matter here, “experience” from the teachers and “aptitude” from the
learners.

The ways in which theories, principles and models of communication can be applied
to teaching; learning and assessment of College are as follow:

Verbal Communication

Verbal communication is the most effective communication methods for both lecturers
and learners of College. The forms of verbal communication those are applied to
teaching, learning and assessment are as detailed:

• Use of Video to review session: The teachers of College use video to review
the session. Using video is more effective than a lecture sheet. The substance
of video is more realizable rather than the lecture notes.

• Use of Voice: Lecturing over voice is the most common method of learning,
language is used while this procedure is followed.

• Physical space: in case of verbal communication, the instructors of College

keep space between lines which lets the learners think and set lecture in mind.

• Feedback on process and product: It is quite easier for learners of COLLEGE

to give instant feedback on process or product (Glatthorn, 2011).

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 • Empowering learners: Verbal method empowers the learners of College to
ask any type of question and to justify the answer of the teacher.

• Responsive: The learners can quickly response to the issues raised for
personal opinion of learners of College. Verbal method is comparatively easier
to response.

The advantages of verbal communication

• Messages is delivered within short time

• It is easy to make learners understand comfortably

• Verbal communication is bold way to pursuit learners directly

The disadvantages of verbal communication

• Loss of control in emotion results worse situation sometime

• Verbal communication does not work as permanent documentation

• Pronunciation barrier mostly make speech irritating to learners

Non-verbal Method

Non-verbal method refers to gesture, attitude and expression of teacher to the

learners. Non-verbal communication method is followed occasionally by the
instructors of College. The forms of non-verbal communication those are applied for
teaching, learning and assessment are as follow:

• Awareness of body language: body language is fact of appearance while the

instructors are in front (Gordon, Wolfinger and Wolfinger, 2016). It indicates
along with the verbal lecture and adds extra attractions for concentrations of
learners of College.

• Impact of emotion: Emotion is not expressible, sometimes, with verbal

language. The instructors can tear in case of utter emotion which is only show
able by attitude.

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 • Positive written feedback: After learning session is expired, the lecturers of
College creates feedback portfolio for learners. The written feedback is one kind
of non-verbal communication.

The advantages of Non-verbal communication

• Instructors can represent subject matter easily and deliberately

• Non-verbal is the best alternative to verbal in case of distance and interruption

• Non-verbal communication method is easily understandable to handicapped

and lessens wastage of time

Disadvantages of non-verbal communication

• Non-verbal communication is quite abstruse and informal

• Long, deep and meaningful conversation is not possible by this type of

communication

• The actual meaning of non-verbal communication might be distorted

LO3 Understanding the application of theories, principles

and models of assessment in education and training

3.1 Analysis of theories, principles and models of assessment

The theories, principles and models of assessment those are followed in College are
as follow:

Learning needs analysis

LNA, a development tool, is used by the learners to find out the requirements of
learning by congregated skills, knowledge and behavior. The gap between learning
and teaching is bridged through LNA. To fill up the knowledge gap, the teachers will
prepare a action plan for the learners. Gap filling method works in terms of
“individualistic approach” rather than “generalized learning system”. Geoff Petty
indicated the negative role of the learning assessment and introduced “medal and

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mission” system. In which prospect the learners are specialized is “medal’, and how
they will fill the gap in learning is their “mission”.

Learning needs analysis a theory of assessment where the instructors of College

assess the gap between concept and tasks of the learners. The instructors of College
assess the individual performance, attitude and skills through learning needs analysis.
Learning needs analysis is supposed to be the first step toward individual development
plan. The instructors identify the gaps and then discuss informally with the learners of
this college.

The advantages of learning needs analysis

• It specifies what types of skills are required to

• Ensures the best resources utilization

• Learning needs analysis helps to increase productivity and service quality

The disadvantages of learning needs analysis

• It takes huge time to determine the specific problem

• The respondents are reluctant to respose

Medal and Mission (Petty)

The instructors of College use Medal and Mission model of assessment introduced by
Petty. This model is called “formative assessment”. Here, “Medal” means the review
of exactly the learners have done well (Hinrichs and Wankel, 2011). To say for
example, the lecturer of College writes in the right margin of learner like “your
sentences are defect less”. It is not to award mark or grade. Mission is the
recommendation what to be done by the learners in future to rectify the mistakes. To
say for example, the instructor of College wrote “show logic more precisely in favor of
your topic choice”.

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 Image: Medal and Mission Model

Source: edu.glogster.com, 2018

Advantages of medal and mission

• This theory shows specific outline of action plan

• It defines relationship between learning and implementation

Disadvantages of medal and mission

• It crates confusion between mission and vision statement

• Imaginative objectives reduces sustainability of acquired knowledge

Integrated or holistic approaches

In the integrated approach of assessment, the instructors assess the performance of

all classes of learners. In this integrated system, the instructors of COLLEGE are
supposed to be aware of their personal knowledge, attitude and experience. On the
other hand, in holistic approach, the instructors of College are learners also. The
perception works that even learners could possess concrete knowledge about subject.

The advantages of integrated or holistic approach

• Common training needs is identified

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 • Brings diversity in course-plan

• The approach is easily comprehensible to the learners

The disadvantages of integrated or holistic approach

• Less opportunities is found to assess individual performance

• It creates problem while every learners is not with same aptitude

• Forces learners to digest what is not preferable by him

3.2 Explanation of ways in which theories, principles and models of

assessment can be applied in assessing learning
Assignment is the system of assessing the individual skills on analysis and decision
making. Here, the “medal and mission” of Geoff Petty is applicable. This approach is
applicable in time of writing the assignment brief for the students. the teachers have
to determine success criteria and reasons to referral. Petty said this method will work
as a guideline to the assignment be more analytical and informative.

The Qualification and curriculum Authority (QCA)

Qualification and curriculum authority is an UK education body who set standard of

learning. they set assessment criteria for primary, secondary, college and University
level learners. The teachers have specific assessment planning based on which the
learner’s assignment will be graded. As a teacher, I think a generalized standard of
learning will drive learners to a constructive action plan.

Holistic assessment

An integrated process in the assignment criteria which details learners what type of
skills and knowledge is required to achieve pass, merit and distinct mark is called
Holistic assessment. As a teacher, I have notification on if the learners can analyze
the context the module I have prepared. I am a business teacher. So, I should follow
VASCR principles of assessment and it will ensure authenticity, validity and reliability
of the assessment. To say for example, I conduct a quiz session after the class. It is a

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valid way to justify the acquired knowledge by the learners. Another assessment
process is CADET which ensures that the assessment criteria is accessible, consistent
and transparent. As a teacher I should be assure of that the assessment criteria is
standard to the age and learning capabilities of student and it covers curriculum
overall.

The ways in which theories, principles and models of assessment can be applied in
assessing learning in College are as follow:

Link between initial and diagnostic assessment

As a lecturer of College, I, at first prepare myself to teach the learners. This is initial
task performed by every instructor. Diagnostic assessment refers to analyze the
Strength, weakness, skills and attitude of learner. Those are closely related with one
another. While I am not prepared or trained well how to diagnose the learners, then
how can assess the learners? At first, I have to be trained well.

Retention and achievement rates

Retention rate refers the College’s first time and first year’s number of students. Most
of the instructors of College use assessment model and its success rate are
satisfactory. In the last year, “Model and Mission” model got popularity to the learners
of College and the next year, number of learners increased (Hoyle and Megarry,
2015). So, College is trying to uphold the good will by providing quality assessment
and teaching.

Impact on planning and planning assessment Schedule

Assessment model directly impacts on the education and training system of College.
To say for example, following the Jean Piaget model, College could measure the
individual defects and thereby provided personal progress report. All the learners were
aware of their strength, weakness and skills. So, College decided to be released from
supplementary assessment model and the cost of assessment schedule reduced as
its result.

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LO4 Understanding the application of theories and models
of curriculum development within area of specialism

4.1 Analysis of theories and models of curriculum and development

Curriculum is the road map of education and training. College prepares curriculum
maintaining consistency with the practical and theoretical framework. The theories and
models of curriculum of specialism are as follow:

Learning related theories

• Humanist: The learners of College who are humanist are motivated by self-
perception. They use their creativity and thoughts to improve themselves. Their
curriculum covers self-assessment in maximum cases.

• Behaviorists: the learners of College who are behaviorist strongly believe that
only punishment and reward can conduct one self. The theory goes totally
opposite to humanists.

• Cognitive: The cognitive curriculum developers are totally self-centered. They

are busy always with them (Kass and Maddux, 2010). Their thoughts are
regarded as their analysis and so takes place in curriculum of College.

Learner centered theories

• Development or progress: The learners of College distinguish development

from progress. Development is the ultimate objective why being attended to
education or training session. Progress is the slightly to be developed.

• Academic of product based: Two types of intentions works in case of

learners; academic resource or product. College thinks learners are academic
resources, not product that will be used for profitability and fake satisfaction of
College authority.

• Models of curriculum or development

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 • Economic ideological: The main purpose of education of College is not profit
making. The main purpose is making every learner “human resource” from “Just
human”. Besides, precise assessment of learner’s performance is the
promising part of its curriculum.

• Apprenticeship: After finishing theoretical part, the instructors of College send

learners to different organizations and work there as apprentice which enriches
their experience and develops personal skills.

• Blended learning: Blended learning refers to both formal and informal class
where the instructors of College provide education with the help of digital media.
Before that, College trains specially both instructors and learners on digital
media usage.

4.2 Explanation of ways in which theories and models of

curriculum development can be applied in developing curriculum in
own area of specialism
The ways in which theories and models of curriculum development of College can be
applied in developing curricula in own area of specialism is as follow:

Specialist Curricula

• Applying curriculum theories to program design: College uses curriculum

theories to design competency development programs for the learners. The
programs are held on skill development, personification, public speaking and
analytical ability.

• Meeting requirement of awarding organization: to fulfill the requirements,

the learners have to follow the procedure and develop their skills. This is a great
opportunity for learners to compete with the most qualified.

• Study skills: study is the source of knowledge but this job should not be done
in haphazard way, depicted by College. Memorizing and analytical power
depends on the study strategy(Rustin and Bradley, 2013).

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 • Offering learner’s choice: College tactfully offers learners to choose the area
of specialism. It believes every learner has specialized skill on any topic or
subject. It creates great possibility to be successful.

Developing curricula

• Use of technology: Using technology has ease to develop curricula. In the age
of technological Advancement College is affiliated with different prominent
educational organization. From there, it is choosing worldwide demandable
courses.

• Interactive learning: integrative learning refers to course designing and

sharing with the different parts of world(Hartnett and Naish, 1978). College is
provided worldwide access to the learners and made the curriculum
customizable as individual’s choice.

• Supporting learner study: College supports the learners for study and
research. It provides online facilities like e-portal of lecture sheet, online
assessment and 24 hours online query. So, the learners get inspired to study.

LO5understanding the application of theories and models

of reflections and evaluation to reviewing own practice

5.1 Analysis of theories and models of reflection and evaluation

Theories, principles and models of reflection and evaluation adopted by College are
as follow:

Kolb’s learning cycle

Kolb’s learning cycle (1984) developed the theory of learning. The theory has four
stages being cycled every time. Those are concrete experience, reflective observation,
abstract conceptualization and active experimentation. The first stage is doing or
having experience on which College emphasizes. In second stage, the instructors of

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College review their experience. In third stage, the instructors conclude learning and
in last stage, they plan to reverse the planning. College follows the kolb’s learning style
to evaluate the learner’s performance and give feedback about what to be corrected.

Figure: Kolb’s Learning Style

Source: Simplypsychology.org, 2018

Advantages of Kolb’s learning theory

• Group learning is effective through this model

• Because of cultural diversity, parameter of knowledge increase

• The learning strategies varies here; learners can find best strategy

Disadvantages of Kolb’s learning theory

• Experimental learning style is not applicable for all purposes in education

• few factors are analyzed; the rest are not included in this model

• The model is not valid and reliable for the instructors

Theory of Murphy

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Murphy argued about the situation. He said “things will go wrong if you give only one
chance”. New situation arises new problems and thereby being competent of tackling
those problems is ultimate success, added by COLLEGE. In this theory Murphy
advised to be aware while taking decision in new situation because it will lead to next
step of experience. The learners of COLLEGE should identify, at first, why and
wheatear the knowledge is required for new situation. Finally, the learners manage to
identify the lacking and to analyze the perspective of new experience (Thompson,
Kilbane and Sanderson, 2012).

Critical incident approach

Critical incident approach refers to the abrupt incident like the learners of College have
done well performance which was actually required for the educational and training
institute. This matter is not subject to ranking of learners in the college. This is a self-
motivated approach where learners acquire knowledge personally to keep them
forward comparatively than other learners. The Management of College does not
record the incident as the final performance or award marks for it.

5.2 Explanation of ways in which theories and models of reflection

and evaluation can be applied to reviewing own practice
The ways in which theories and models of reflection and evaluation can be applied to
reviewing own practice of learners of College is as follow:

Reflection of own practice

• Scaffold questioning: Scaffolding refers to a technique by which the learners

are driven toward the better understanding and strength of
knowledge.Following this technique, the learners of College got freedom in
terms of acquiring knowledge.

• Analyzing personal experience: The learners of College focus on analysis of

personal experience. This is a self-generated skills and weakness report where
learners invent the way to progress in their capability (Varshney and Dutta,
2014).

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 • Formal course evaluation: The learners create a formal book where they
evaluate their performance in every course or training(Mayo and DuBois, 1987).
The accurate evaluation depends on learner’s efficiency and capturing power.

• Identifying way to adapt: The learners of College have to go thorough new

environment where they have to choose the adapting way because College is
the institution only which can show the path but cannot make the learners do in
favor of him.

Alternative approaches to reflection

• Recording through audio or video: before pubic speaking the learners have
to record his speech along with attitude in digital media. While reviewing that,
the learners could easily identify defects and lacking to him (Wormeli, 2010).
As a lecturer of College, I suggest this method as best for own skill
development.

• Blogs: Blogs writing practice increases writing accuracy and meaningful

sentence making. As writing is the formal part of job, blog writing will help the
learners rectify grammatical mistakes (Scarlett, 2005). The instructors of
College will review the mistakes.

• Professional learning network: The learners of College have the opportunity

to develop skill professionally. Many websites are available in internet those are
providing free course(Wortham et al., 2013). Acquiring knowledge and
gathering experience for professional purposes is more beneficiary for learners
in terms of knowing details of any subject.

• Collaborative approaches: collaborative approach refers to situation where 2

or more learners gathers and work as evaluator of one another. College has
created a platform where the learners could review own practice in front another
learner. This can also be explicated as student centered approach.

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Conclusion
To learn adopting diversified trends will result in improved articulation with knowledge
and efficiency. The trainers are responsible to create comfortable environment of
acquiring knowledge. Practical learning affects performance and self-motivation.
Instructors should not think expenses to education is expense only, it is investment.
Only at that case, the learners can implicate academic knowledge with professional
world. Learning is a continuous process and that is why, to budget time and to form
mentality is necessary. Educational institutions should furnish the academic
curriculum that carries out practical learning like internship, part time job and further
research.

References
Alder, A. (2016). Pattern making, pattern breaking. London: Routledge.

Bauer, K. and Liou, D. (2013). Nutrition counseling and education skill development.

Björck, U. (2010). Distributed problem-based learning. Göteborg: Acta

UniversitatisGothoburgensis.

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