Multi-Functional Bidirectional AC/DC T-type

3-Level Converter for Super UPS

Ye Zhu, Binci Xu, LingLin Chen, Dezhi Dong, Ping Lin, Dehong Xu
College of electrical engineering, Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, China
Email: zhuye@zju.edu.cn

Abstract- Multi-Functional Bidirectional AC/DC T-type 3-

Level Converter for Super UPS is investigated in this paper. The
AC/DC converter is used as the interfaced between DC Bus and
Energy Source or Load. According to the components (grid, gas
turbines, AC loads) connected in AC side, The AC/DC converter
operates at AC voltage source mode, Power source mode or DC
voltage source mode. A control scheme for the Multi-Functional
Bidirectional AC/DC converter is studied. Finally the design of
the AC/DC converter is verified by experiment on a 100kW
AC/DC converter prototype.
I. INTRODUCTION
UPS has been widely used in Internet Data Center,
Telecom, hospitals, industries and so on [1]. With the
penetration of Information Technology in the society, the
continuously power providing to the critical loads is more
important than ever before. There is a need for UPS to be
much more reliable with its continually increasing capacity
[2]. These authors proposed the concept of the Super UPS,
which is aim to increase the reliability, availability and
capability of the power supply [3]. Compared to traditional
UPS, Super UPS is composed of multiple energy sources.
Firstly, it is composed of two distinctive energy sources from
the common infrastructure, i.e., the electricity from the utility
and the gas energy from the LPG pipelines. Since these two
systems are generally independent, it is complimentary and
perfect redundant to the Super UPS. Besides, Super UPS have
other additional energy sources such as Li-ion Battery, Fuel
Cell (FC), and Renewable Energy Sources etc to further
increase the redundancy of the energy source. In addition,
redundancy is introduced to the power conversion system
(PCS) in Super UPS to further increase the reliability.
A typical Super UPS structure is shown in Fig. 1, which
using multiple energy sources (Grid, Gas turbine (GT), FC,
Li-ion Battery (LB) and Photovoltaic (PV)) to boost the
reliability of system and improve environmental friendliness.
The PCS for the Super UPS is composed of several DC/AC
converters (converter 1-3) and DC/DC converters (converter
4-7). The DC/AC converter is connected between the AC
sources (such as Grid, GT and loads) and DC bus. The
bidirectional DC/AC converter has several operating modes.
1. DC voltage source mode. When the AC side of
converter is connected with Grid or Gas turbine, the converter
may be expected to regulate the DC bus voltage. The power
flow between AC side and DC side should be bidirectional as
grid can supply power to loads and also receive extra power
National Natural Science Foundation of China (51277163), National Natural
Science Foundation of China key project (51337009), the Specialized
Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China
(20120101130010), Zhejiang Province Key Science and Technology
Innovation Team Foundation (2010R50021).
Fig. 1. Structure of a Super UPS system
from PV. Thus converter 1 could operate in inverter and
rectifier modes.
2. AC voltage source mode. When its AC side is
connected with loads, the converter regulates the AC voltage
and frequency while drawing energy from DC bus. Converter
2 operates in stand-alone inverter mode and should follow the
guideline given in the IEEE standard 519-1992.
3. Power source mode. When the AC side is connected
with energy source, and the DC bus voltage is already
controlled by other converter, the converter 1 and 2 are
expected to control the power injecting to the DC bus.
Traditionally, these DC/AC or AC/DC converters, which
are connected with Grid, loads and Gas turbines, are
developed independently because of different topologies and
control strategies. This leads to a long products’ development
cycle time and much higher cost. It is anticipated that a
modular multi-functional bidirectional DC/AC converter
should be researched to adjust several operating modes.
Bidirectional DC/AC converter is first developed for bi-
directional energy transfer, so that energy storage elements
can be readily charged and discharged [4]. A multiple
function bidirectional single phase converter is proposed to
meet renewable energy system application [5]. The proposed
converter could operate at several modes; however, it
couldn’t be used in three-phase system. The bidirectional
power flow of converter could be achieved by utilizing a dc
bus voltage regulator [6]. A bidirectional AC/DC converter
with high power factor is proposed [7]. Some bidirectional
converters consist of two stages and provide fast dynamic
response [8]. However, those bidirectional AC/DC converters
could be only applied in single operating mode. In this paper,

978-1-4799-6768-1/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE

 Fig. 2: The control system of proposed multi-function converter
a multi-function bidirectional three-phase DC/AC converter is
proposed to meet the three introduced operating modes for
Super UPS.
II. THE CONTROL DESIGN OF PROPOSED CONVERTER
The block diagram of the proposed control system for the
modular multi-function bidirectional three-phase DC/AC
converter is shown in Fig. 2. The proposed bidirectional
topology is a T-type three-level three-phase converter. The
DC side of T-type converter is connected to DC bus, while
the AC side of converter could be connected to grid, gas
turbine or AC loads separately, which is determined by the
circuit breakers. The magnitude and phase of three-phase
current (ia, ib, ic) and voltage sinusoidal signals (ua, ub, uc) can
be transformed into DC components by Park transformations.
The inner current loop is applied to regulate the ac line
inductor current iLa, iLb, iLc, in order to achieve a fast dynamic
response. The references of inner current loop id*, iq*, i0* is
generated by chosen outer loop, which is depended on the
three operating modes.
Mode 1: AC voltage source mode. When the converter is
connected to AC loads, the outer loop regulates the d, q, 0
axis components of AC side three phase voltages, which
represents the magnitude and phases information of voltage
(ua, ub, uc). The error between reference (ud*, uq*, u0*) and
sampled value (ud, uq, u0) is regulated by PI controller. The
output of PI controller is the reference of inner current loop.
Mode 2: Power source mode. When the converter is
connected to the Gas turbine, the outer loop regulates the
value of real power and reactive power injected to the DC bus.
The error between reference (P*, Q*) and sampled value
(ud*id, ud*iq) is regulated by the PI controller. And the 0 axis
component reference of current i0ref can be rated at zero.
Mode 3: DC voltage source mode. When the converter is
connected to Grid or other energy storages, the outer loop
could regulate DC bus voltage. The DC bus voltage reference
udc* is compared with the sum of positive bus DC voltage u+
and negative bus DC voltage u-, and the output of its PI
controller is the current reference of d axis component. In
order to minimize the error between the negative and positive
DC bus voltage, a DC bus error loop is applied. The error of
u+ and u- is compared with zero and its PI output is the
current reference of 0 axis component. The q axis component
reference of current can be rated at zero.
III. THE CONVERTER MODELING AND CONTROL
PARAMETERS’ DESIGN
A. Mathematical model of T-type three-level converter
As Fig. 3 shown, the IGBT modules of T-type three-level
converter in Fig.2 can be simplified to three 3-pole single-
throw switches Sa, Sb, Sc. Then the three switches compose a
switching network which connects AC side and DC side. It is
assumed that the parameters of the three-phase LC filter are
symmetrical, L = La= Lb = Lc, C = Ca= Cb = Cc, and the
capacitor value of positive and negative DC bus is equal,
CDC1 = CDC2 = CDC. In order to analyze the parameters’
relation of DC side and AC side, a switching function Sij is
defined as
⎧1, if i connects j
S ij ( s ) = ⎨ i ∈ {a , b, c}, j ∈ { p , o, n} (1)
⎩0, else
Take Sap as example, if switch Sa is in position p, then Sap=1,
if switch Sa is in other positions (o or n), then Sap=0. The
switching functions of each phase should meet the constraint
requirement
Sip +Si 0 + Sin = 1 i ∈ {a, b, c} (2)
The duty cycle dij is the fraction of time that the switch
spends in position j, and its value can be calculated as the
average period of switching function Sij. Regardless of the
switching frequency ripple component, the current and
voltage relations of AC side and DC side could be expressed
as
 iˆd ω LiˆLq L
S1 S2
ωCuˆq Ddnuˆ− Ddp uˆ+ dˆd I Ld dˆq I Lq dˆo I Lo
uˆd R C iˆLd dˆd udc 2 2 2 Ddp iˆLd Dqp iˆLq Dop iˆLo iˆbp
iˆq ω LiˆLd L
û
S1 S2 Dqnuˆ− Dqp uˆ+ CDC
uˆq ωCuˆd
R C iˆLq dˆq udc
û
iˆ0 L C DC

S1 S2 D0 n uˆ− D0 p uˆ+ dˆd I Ld dˆq I Lq dˆo I Lo DdniˆLd DqniˆLq DoniˆLo iˆbn

û0 R 2 2 2
C iˆL 0 dˆ0udc
Fig. 3. The switching network of AC/DC converter
Fig. 4. Small signal model of the T-type three-phase converter

⎧ ip = dapiLa + dbpiLb + dcpiLc ⎧d dp (t ) = Dbp + dˆdp , d qp (t ) = Dqp + dˆqp , d op (t ) = Dop + dˆo

⎪i = −d i − d i − d i ⎪
⎪n an La bn Lb cn Lc ⎪d dn (t ) = Dbn + dˆdn , d qn (t ) = Dqn + dˆqn , d on (t ) = Dop + dˆo
⎪ ⎪
⎨ una = d u
ap + - d u
an − (3) ⎪< iLd (t ) >= I Ld + iˆLd , < iLq (t ) >= I Lq + iˆLq , < iLo (t ) >= I Lo + iˆLo (7)
⎪ u = d u -d u ⎨
⎪ nb bp + bn − ⎪< ud (t ) >= ud + uˆd , < uq (t ) >= uq + uˆq , < uo (t ) >= uo + uˆo
⎪⎩ unc = dbpu+ - dbnu− ⎪
⎪< u+ (t ) >= u+ + uˆ+ , < v− (t ) >= u− + uˆ−
The symbol < > represents the operation of state averaging ⎪< i (t ) >= I + iˆ , < i (t ) >= I + iˆ
⎩ bp bp bp bn bn bn
calculation, then the state equations of the converter can be SPWM modulation is applied by the converter, thus
derived.
dˆdp = −dˆdn = 0.5dˆd , dˆqp = −dˆdn = 0.5dˆq , dˆop = −dˆon = 0.5dˆo (8)
⎧ ⎡< iLa > ⎤ ⎡< ua > ⎤ ⎡ d ap ⎤ ⎡ d an ⎤
⎪ d ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢< u > ⎥ − ⎢ d ⎥ < u > + ⎢ d ⎥ < u >
The equations of small signal model can be expressed by
⎪ L < i >
⎢ Lb ⎥ ⎢ b ⎥ ⎢ bp ⎥ + ⎢ bn ⎥ − discarding the DC component and higher order non-linear
⎪ dt ⎢ < i > ⎥ ⎢ < u > ⎥ ⎢ d ⎥ ⎢ d ⎥ components of equation (5).
⎪ ⎣ Lc ⎦ ⎣ c ⎦ ⎣ cp ⎦ ⎣ cn ⎦
⎪ ⎧ ⎡ˆ ⎤ ⎡ dˆ ⎤ ⎡iˆLd ⎤
⎡ < u > ⎤ ⎡ < i > ⎤ ⎡ < i > ⎤ ˆ
⎪ d ⎢iLd ⎥ ⎡ud ⎤ ⎢ d ⎥
⎡ Ddp ⎤ ⎡ Ddn ⎤
⎪ d ⎢ a ⎥ ⎢ a ⎥ ⎢ La ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪ L ⎢ iˆLq ⎥ = uˆq − ⎢ dˆq ⎥ ⋅ Vdc − ⎢ Dqp ⎥ uˆ+ + ⎢ Dqn ⎥ uˆ− − A ⋅ ⎢ iˆLq ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎨C ⎢ < ub > ⎥ = ⎢ < ib > ⎥ − ⎢ < iLb > ⎥ (4) ⎪ dt ⎢ ˆ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪ dt ⎢ < u > ⎥ ⎢ < i > ⎥ ⎢ < i > ⎥ ⎪ ⎣ iLo ⎦ ⎢⎣ uˆo ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ dˆo ⎥⎦
⎢ Dop ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ Don ⎥⎦ ⎢ iˆLo ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎪ ⎣ c ⎦ ⎣ c ⎦ ⎣ Lc ⎦ ⎪
⎪ ⎡< i > ⎤ ⎪ ⎡uˆd ⎤ ⎡iˆd ⎤ ⎡iˆLd ⎤ ⎡uˆd ⎤ (9)
⎪ d ⎡< u+ > ⎤ ⎡ d ap d bp d cp ⎤ ⎢ La ⎥ ⎡< ibp > ⎤ ⎪ d ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ˆ ⎥ ⎢ˆ ⎥
C uˆ = i − i − A ⋅ ⎢ uˆ ⎥
C = ⎥ < iLb > ⎥ − ⎢ ⎨ ⎢ q ⎥ ⎢ q ⎥ ⎢ Lq ⎥ ⎢ q⎥
⎪ DC ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
dt ⎣< u− > ⎦ ⎣ − d an − d bn − d cn ⎦ ⎢ <i > ⎪ dt
⎢⎣ uˆo ⎥⎦ ⎢ iˆo ⎥ ⎢ iˆLo ⎥ ⎢⎣ uˆo ⎥⎦
⎪ ⎢⎣ < iLc > ⎥⎦ ⎣ bn ⎦ ⎪ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎩ ⎪ ⎡iˆLd ⎤ ˆ ⎡ 0.5I Ld ⎤ ˆ
The equation (4) in static coordinate can be expressed in ⎪ d ⎡uˆ+ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ dˆ d q dˆo ⎤ ⎢ ⎡i ⎤
⎪CDC ⎢ ⎥ = D ⎢ iˆLq ⎥ + ⎢ d ⎥ 0.5 I Lq ⎥ − ⎢ bp ⎥
synchronous rotating coordinate ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ⎢ ⎥
⎪ ⎢ ˆ ⎥ ⎢⎣ d d d q d o ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0.5 I Lo ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ibn ⎦⎥
dt u
⎣ −⎦ ˆ
⎪ ⎣ iLo ⎦
⎧ ⎡ < iLd > ⎤ ⎡< ud > ⎤ ⎡ d dp ⎤ ⎡ d dn ⎤ ⎡ < iLd > ⎤ ⎩
⎪ d ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ < u > ⎥ − ⎢ d ⎥ < u > + ⎢d ⎥ < u > − A ⋅ ⎢ < i > ⎥
⎪ L < i >
⎢ Lq ⎥ ⎢ q ⎥ ⎢ qp ⎥ + ⎢ qn ⎥ − ⎢ Lq ⎥ ⎡ Ddp Dqp Dop ⎤
⎪ dt ⎢ < i > ⎥ ⎢ < u > ⎥ ⎢ d ⎥ Where D=⎢ ⎥ (10)
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ d on ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ < iLo > ⎥⎦ − Dqn
⎪ Lo o ⎣ op ⎦ ⎢⎣ − Ddn − Don ⎥⎦
⎪ ⎡< u > ⎤ ⎡< i > ⎤ ⎡< i > ⎤ ⎡ < ud > ⎤ (5)
⎪ d ⎢ d ⎥ ⎢ d ⎥ ⎢ Ld ⎥ Fig. 4 shows the small signal model of the DC/AC converter.
C < u > = < i > − < i > − A ⋅ ⎢< u > ⎥
⎨ ⎢ q ⎥ ⎢ q ⎥ ⎢ Lq ⎥ ⎢ q ⎥ B. Inner current loop design
⎪ dt ⎢ < u > ⎥ ⎢ < i > ⎥ ⎢ < i > ⎥ ⎢ < uo > ⎦⎥ All the operating modes are built based on the common
⎪ ⎣ o ⎦ ⎣ o ⎦ ⎣ Lo ⎦ ⎣
⎪ ⎡< i > ⎤ inner loop, which should be design firstly. Specifically, for
⎪ d ⎡< u+ > ⎤ ⎡ d dp d qp dop ⎤ ⎢ Ld ⎥ ⎡< ibp > ⎤ the condition of AC side of converter connected to Grid or
C
⎪ DC ⎢ =
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ < iLq > ⎥ − ⎢ ⎥
dt ⎣< u− > ⎦ ⎣⎢ − d dn − d qn −d on ⎦⎥ ⎢ <i > GT (the switch S1 of Fig. 4 is closed and S2 is disconnected),
⎪ ⎢⎣ < iLo > ⎥⎦ ⎣ bn ⎦
⎩ the controlled transfer function of d axis, q axis and 0 axis
Where iLd, iLq, iL0 are the dqo components of inductor current, current can be derived by ignoring the coupling components
ud, uq, u0 are the dqo components of AC side voltage, id, iq, i0
are the dqo components of grid or loads current. And iˆLd iˆLq iˆLo udc
Gdi _ grid ( s ) = = = = (11)
⎡ 0 −ω L 0⎤ dˆd dˆq dˆo L ⋅ s
A = ⎢⎢ω L 0 0⎥⎥ (6) For the condition of AC side of converter connected to loads
(the switch S2 is closed and S1 is disconnected), the transfer
⎣⎢ 0 0 0⎦⎥
function of duty cycle to current can be derived
The small-ripple approximation can be used to get the
small signal model. The state averaging parameter consists of iˆLd iˆLq iˆLo ( RCs + 1)udc
DC component, plus a small ac component arising from the
Gdi _ load ( s ) = = = = (12)
ˆ ˆ ˆ 2
d d d q d o RLCs + L ⋅ s + R
switching harmonics.
 ^ ^
dd id û+
G pi _ u G pi _ i GPWM Gid Gui
iˆd
Hi
uˆdc Δuˆdc
HV
^ ^

G pi _ u G pi _ i GPWM
d0
Gid
i0
Gui
û−
Fig. 5. Control block diagram for inner inductor current loop iˆq
Hi
60

HV
40
Fig.8. The control block diagram of DC source mode
gain_Gi_open2f
( )
20 50
gain_Gm2( f )
40
gain_Gc2( f ) 0 30
20
gain_Gv_open ( f )
− 20 10
gain_Gv_open1 ( f )
0
gain_Gc ( f ) − 10
− 40
3 4 − 20
1 10 100 1×10 1×10
− 30
f
− 40
− 50
3 4
180 0.1 1 10 100 1×10 1×10
f

180
90
phase_Gi_open2
( f)

phase_Gm2
(f ) 90
0
phase_Gv_open ( f )
phase_Gc2
(f)
phase_Gv_open1 ( f ) 0
− 90 phase_Gc ( f )

− 90
− 180
3 4
1 10 100 1×10 1×10
− 180
f 3 4
0.1 1 10 100 1×10 1×10
Fig. 6. Bode plot of open loop current transfer fucntion in AC loads mode f

Fig.9. Bode plot of DC voltage loop

100
where udc is the voltage of DC bus, R is AC side resistive
72
loads. Fig. 5(a) shows the control block diagram for inner
inductor current loop (Take d axis component for example).
gain_Gi_open
(f)
44
The PI compensator controller of inner loop should be
gain_Gmf
() designed based on (11), (12). The switch of Fig. 5 determines
gain_Gcf
() 16 which transfer function is applied. For S1, the transfer
function is derived under Grid or GT modes. For S2, the
− 12 transfer function is derived under AC loads condition.
For proposed T-type converter with parameters given in
− 40 Appendix, the Bode plots of Fig. 6 shows that for the
3 4
1 10 100 1×10 1×10 condition of AC side connected to loads, the PI controller can
f
increase the amplitude gain under low frequency and the
phase margin is large enough for system stability. The open
180
loop bandwidth with PI controller is set to 500Hz and the PI
corner frequency is set to be 100Hz. Then the current PI
90 regulator can be selected as follows: kp_i = 0.5, ki_i = 324.
phase_Gi_open
(f) The Bode plots of Fig. 7 shows the amplitude and phase
phase_Gmf
( )
0 margin of current loop during condition of AC side connected
phase_Gcf
( ) to Grid or GT. The PI regulator is the same of Fig. 6. The
Bode plots shows that the amplitude gain is increased under
− 90
low frequency and the gain of resonance frequency is
decreased. The phase margin is large enough for control
− 180
3 4
stability. As Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 shows, the same bandwidth and
1 10 100 1×10 1×10
phase margin can be achieved for all modes in the middle to
f
high frequency range. The filter of converter (both AC filter
Fig.7. Bode plot of open loop current transfer fucntion in Grid or GT mode
Fig. 10. The prototype of 100kW bidirectional DC/AC converter

(d)

(a)

(e)
Fig. 11 Experimental results of proposed converter (a) AC voltage source
mode (b) Power source mode (c) DC voltage mode (d) bidirectional power
flow process progressively (e) DC voltage loop dynamic testing result

and DC bus capacitor) determines the characteristic of bode

plots under middle to high frequency range. And system can
be optimized easily for minimum current harmonic
distortions and good dynamics with PI controller.
C. Outer current loop design
Take the DC voltage loop design as example to design
outer loop. Fig. 8 shows the control model for DC voltage
(b) loop control. The transfer function from control to DC sum
voltage udc is obtained directly from average model.
D
10ms/div
Gui ( s ) = d (13)
u+ (200V/div) 376.6V CDC s
u- (200V/div) 376.0V
where Dd is the d axis component of modulation ratio, CDC is
the value of ac capacitor filter.
The transfer function from dd(s) to udc(s) is shown in Fig.
ua (200V/div) 3(d) with blue line. The open loop bandwidth with PI
ia (200A/div)
controller is set to 100Hz, and the PI’s corner frequency is set
to 10Hz. The Bode plot of open loop transfer function under
PI controller is the red line in Fig. 9.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
A 100kW multi-function bidirectional converter is built to
(c) verify the control strategy. The parameters of the proposed T-
type converter are given in Appendix. And the system is
controlled by a fixed-point DSP 2808. The proposed control
scheme for multi-functional bi-directional AC/DC converter
is implemented in DSP via CCS2.1 software. Fig. 10 shows
the experimental setup of a 100kW bi-directional AC/DC
converter.
Fig. 11 shows the experimental results of prototype during
different control strategies. Fig. 11(a) shows the DC voltage,
AC voltage and current of phase A on AC voltage source
mode. The RMS value of AC voltage is 219.9V and THD is
2.33%. On the Power source mode, the real reactive power
references are rated at 100kW (Rectifier mode) and zero. Fig.
11(b) shows experimental results that the RMS value of AC
current is 141.1A, the measured total real power is 99.2kW
and the power factor equals to 1. The THD of AC current is
1.49%. On the DC voltage source mode, the DC voltage
reference is given as 750V. Fig. 11(c) shows DC voltage
source mode’s results that the positive DC voltage is 376.6V
and negative DC voltage is 376.0V. The total DC voltage is
752.6V and the error between positive and negative voltage is
0.6V. Fig. 11(d) shows the switching process from rectifier
mode (100kW) to inverter mode (100kW) progressively when
the proposed converter controls the DC voltage. The direction
power flow is determined by other energy sources connected
on the same DC bus. The phase of current changes from 180°
to 0°. Fig. 11(e) shows the DC voltage dynamic response
under abrupt change from inverter power 40kW to rectifier
power 40kW and under opposite direction. The relative
overshoot is less than 5% and the adjustment time is shorter
than 40ms. Thus the control strategy has a fast dynamic
response and high accuracy.
V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper proposed the control strategy of a multi-
functional, bi-directional, three-phase T-type converter for
Super UPS. The proposed control strategy was used to cover
all of the required operating modes, such as AC voltage
source mode, Power source mode and DC voltage source
mode. The inner current loop can be used in each mode,
while the current reference is determined by operating modes
and outer loop. As shown in the experiment, the 100kW
prototype could operate at AC voltage source mode, power
source mode and DC voltage source mode with high control
accuracy and low THD.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported in part by the National High
Technology Research and Development Program of China
863 Program (2012AA053602, 2012AA053603), by the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (51277163),
by the National Natural Science Foundation of China key
project (51337009), by the Specialized Research Fund for the
Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China
(20120101130010), by Zhejiang Province Key Science and
Technology Innovation Team Foundation (2010R50021).
APPENDIX
The parameters of the 100kW T-type three-phase three-
level DC/AC converter in analysis and experiments are given
as:
Inductors: L =380 μH.
Capacitors of AC filter: C=220μF.
DC bus Capacitors: Cdc=7500μF.
Inverter DC side voltage: Vdc=750 V.
Grid voltage: AC 380 V/50 Hz.
Switching frequency: 10 kHz.
REFERENCES
[1] N. Deng, C. Stewart, J. Li, "Concentrating renewable energy in grid-
tied datacenters, " in Proc. IEEE International Symposium on
Sustainable Systems and Technology (ISSST), 2011, 16-18 May. 2011.
[2] B. Zhao, Q. Song, W. Liu, Y. Xiao, "Next-Generation Multi-Functional
Modular Intelligent UPS System For Smart Grid," IEEE Transactions
on Industrial Electronics, vol.60, no.9, pp.3602,3618,2012.
[3] Haijin Li, Wenping Zhang, Dehong Xu, "High-reliability long-backup-
time super UPS with multiple energy sources," in Proc. IEEE Energy
Conversion Congress and Exposition, 15-19 Sept. 2013.
[4] Segaran, D, Holmes, D.G, McGrath, B. P, "High-performance bi-
directional AC-DC converters for PHEV with minimized DC bus
capacitance," in Proc. 37th IEEE IECON, 7-10 Nov. 2011.
[5] Dong Dong, Thacker, T, Burgos, R, Boroyevich, D, Wang, F, Giewont,
B, "Control design and experimental verification of a multi-function
single-phase bidirectional PWM converter for renewable energy
systems," in Proc. 13th European Conference on Power Electronics
and Applications, 8-10 Sept. 2009.
[6] Tianjin Wu, Kai Sun, Li Zhang, Hongjuan Ge, Yan Xing, "Control for
grid-connected bi-directional AC-DC converters in parallel operation,"
in Proc. 37th IEEE IECON, 7-10 Nov. 2011.
[7] Antchev, M.H.; Petkova, M.P.; Gurgulitsov, V.T.; Antchev, H.M.,
"Study of a single-phase bidirectional AC/DC converter with a high
power factor," in Proc. IEEE EUROCON, 18-23 May 2009
[8] Ming-Shi Huang; Po-Yi Yeh; Jia-Rong Huang; Chang-Hung Liao,
"Novel bi-directional AC-DC converter for electrical vehicle battery
testing," in Proc. 37th IEEE IECON, 7-10 Nov. 2011.