1) Through searching literature, web-site or consulting the various organizations

describe the characteristics features one of Ethiopian hydropower scheme.

2) Draw a hydrograph and flow duration curve of Blue Nile flow at Kessie. Find the
smallest, small, and mean flow levels
3) Plot the area duration and capacity curve of envisaged dam in the Blue Nile under
the ENTRO projects, specifically the Karadobi, Mendaya or Border dams
4) Design a settling basin for high-head power station using the simple settling theory.
The basin should serve to remove particles greater than 0.4mm diameter from the
water in which the sediment is mainly sand. Let the design discharge be 6m³/s and
assume an initial value of 3.2m for the basin depth. Take the water sediment
mixture density to be =1.064)

Given
d=0.4mm =1.064
Q=6m3/sec
Trial basin depth =3.2m

Required
Design a settling basin

Solution
First the permissible flow through velocity is determined. Owing to economic
considerations this should equal the critical velocity, for which we obtain, according to
Camp,

V=𝑎 ∗ √𝑑 where a=0.44 for 0.1mm<d1<1mm

V=. 44 ∗ √0.4=0.2783m/sec
In designing the basin, a flow-through velocity v=0.26m/sec will be used.
From fig. 4.20. w=5cm/sec (for =1.064). Then the required length of the basin
is given by
𝑉 26
𝐿 = ℎ ∗ = 3.2 ∗ = 16.64𝑚
𝑤 5
And the width
𝑄 6
𝑏= = = 7.211𝑚
ℎ ∗ 𝑣 3.2 ∗ 0.26
Checking: the settling time is 3.2/0.05=64sec, and the discharge conveyed during this
period

Qt=6*64=384m3
Should be equal to the capacity of the basin

V=bhL=7.211*3.2*16.64=384m3 Hence ok!

5) A power canal with a slope of 0.0001044 and R=1.76 m is unlined with coarse sand
bed material. Determine the safe velocity in the canal if the heaviest bed load in the
original canal of the course is G=0.34kg/m³. The water carries silt with an average
diameter of 0.1 mm. Assume dm=2.00 mm as size of bed material and h=2.5m.

Given
S=0.0001044m/m dm=2.00mm
R=1.76m h=2.5m
d=0.1mm G=0.34Kg/m3

Required
Safe velocity

Solution

Minimum velocity
According to E.A: Zamarian, the requirements silting or non solting of unlind canal is
given by:
700𝑉 𝑅𝑆𝑉
𝐺𝑜 = √
𝑤𝑜 𝑤
Where V= mean velocity given by 𝑉 = 𝐶√(𝑅𝑆) according to Chezy-Manning’s equation
1
𝐶 = (𝑅 (1/6) )
𝑛
n=0.03 for an unlined canal with a bed material gravelly or sandy loam which
approaches our canal’s bed material.
1 1
𝐶= ∗ (1.76)6 = 55
0.02
Then V=36.36*√1.76 ∗ 0.0001044=0.5m/sec

And ω will be ω =1cm/sec for d=0.1mm and γ=1.064 from fig 4.20
ω o=2 because ω <2cm/sec
0.5 0.5
Then 𝐺𝑜 = 700 ∗ √1.76 ∗ 0.0001044 ∗ = 1.68𝐾𝑔/𝑚3
2 1
G<Go i.e 0.38kg/m3<1.68kg/m3 implying no siltation or deposition

Maximum flow velocity

Critical bottom velocity (w.r.t. erosion ) is given by:
4
Vb =22.9 ∗ 𝑑𝑚(9) √𝑆𝑠 − 1
Where Ss=2.65
Vb=22.9*0.002^(4/9)*(2.65-1)^0.5=2.38m/sec.
Hence 0.5m/sec -2.38m/sec can be taken as safe velocity.

Let take 1.0 m/sec as a safe velocity through the canalwithout scouring and
siltation .
6) Determine the seepage loss from a power canal constructed in a sandy soil of
medium fineness by the Davis and Wilson, Etchevery and Kostyakov methods
discussed. The following data are given:
Trapezoidal canal: bottom width, b= 11.0 m
Water depth, D=2.5m
Side slope 2H: 1V
Mean velocity =0.5m/s
Effective size of soil particle, dm=0.1mm
Permeability coefficient, k=1x10-5 m/s

Required
Seepage loss
1) Davis and Wilson
P=b+2*y*(1+m^2)^0.5=11+2*2.5*(1+2^2)^0.5=22.18m
1
𝐶 50
Seepage loss in m3/sec-km = 10,000 𝑃 √ℎ=10,000 (22.18 ∗ 2.5(3) =0.15m3/sec-km
3

2) B.A.Etchivery
According to B.A. Etchivery Our canal is under the category gravely or sandy loam so
the seepage loss in this zone is 0.23-0.3 m3/sec-km but let us take 0.23m3/sec-km
3) A.N. Kostayakov
A=y(b+my)=2.5*(11+2.5*2)=40m2
Q=V*A=40*0.5=20
q=C/100*Q=50*20/100=10m3/sec-km

Question no 7
7) A tunnel with steel lining embodied in 40 cm concrete has an internal diameter of
300 cm. If Est = 2.1 x 106 kg/cm2, Ec = 2.1 x 105 kg/cm2, sta= 1200 kg/cm2. The
rock is crystallized schist of mediocre quality with Er = 60,000 kg/cm2 and
  1   2 = 0.5 mm = 0.05cm and internal pressure is 25 kg/cm 2. Determine the
plate thickness of lining.
Given
Dt=3m
Est=2.1*10^6kg/cm2
Ec=2.1*10^5kg/cm2,
asta=1200kg/cm2
Er=60,000kg/cm2
A=A1+A2=0.5mm
P=25kg/cm2
Required
Plate thickness
Solution
The load distribution factor is given by,
 ∆
1 (𝜎𝑠𝑡𝑎 − 𝐸𝑠𝑡 𝑟 )
𝜀=
𝑝 𝐸𝑠𝑡 2.3 log (𝑟2) + (𝐸𝑠𝑡 𝑚 + 1)
𝐸𝑐 𝑟 𝐸𝑟 𝑚

0.05
1 (1200 − 2,100,000 ∗ )
𝜀= 150 = 0.463
25 2,100,000 2.3 log (190) + (2,100,000 6 + 1)
210,000 150 60,000 6
The necessary plate thickness is given by
(1 − 𝜀)𝑝𝑟 150
𝛿= = (1 − 0.463) ∗ 25 ∗ = 1.678𝑐𝑚 = 16.78𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝑠𝑡𝑎 1200

Steel plate of 17mm thickness are used.

Question no 8
8) Check the lining of 12 mm thick steel plate backed by 40cm thick concrete layer
in pressure tunnel of 400 cm internal diameter operating under a head of 200m.
Est = 2.1 x 106 kg/cm2, Ec = 2.1 x 105 kg/cm2, sta = 1200 kg/cm2, m=6, rock is
dolomite with Er = 100,000 kg /cm2,   1   2 = 1mm = 0.10cm.
Given
𝛿 = 12𝑚𝑚
D =400cm
H=200m
∆= ∆1 + ∆2 = 1𝑚𝑚 = 0.1𝑐𝑚
Required check the lining
Solution
The load distribution factor for checking purpose is given by:
𝐸 𝛿∆
(1 − 𝑝𝑠𝑡 𝑟 𝑟 )
𝜀= = 0.591
𝐸𝑠𝑡 𝛿 𝑟2 𝐸𝑠𝑡 𝛿 𝑚 + 1
1 + 𝐸 𝑟 2.3 log ( 𝑟 ) + ( 𝐸 𝑟 𝑚 )
𝑐 𝑟

0.05
1 (1200 − 2,100,000 ∗ )
𝜀= 150 = 0.591
25 2,100,000 2.3 log (190) + (2,100,000 6 + 1)
210,000 150 60,000 6

(1 − 𝜀)𝑝𝑟 200 𝐾𝑔
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = = (1 − 0.591) ∗ 20 ∗ = 1361.42 = 136.142𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛿 1.2 𝐶𝑚2
The stress developed in the pipe is greater than the ultimate stress of the steel;
i.e. 𝜎𝑠𝑡 > 𝜎𝑠𝑡𝑎 (1361.42Kg/cm2>1200Kg/cm2) hence the tunnel may fail so we should
use a steel of grater ultimate strength.

Question no 9
9) A surge chamber 8m in diameter is situated at the downstream end of a low
pressure tunnel 10km long and 3m in diameter. At a steady discharge of 36 m 3/s
the flow of the turbines is suddenly stopped by closure of the turbine inlet valves.
Determine the maximum rise in level in the surge chamber and its time of
occurrence.
Given
Ds=8m Dt=3m
Lt=10,000m Q=36m3/sec

Required
Zmax and t=?
Solution
𝐴𝑡 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋1.52 =7.069m2
2 2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋4 = 50.24m2
Vo=Q/At=36/7.069=5.1m/sec
𝐿 𝐴𝑡 10000 ∗ 7.069
𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜 √ = 5.1√ = 61.1𝑚
𝑔 𝐴𝑠 9.81 ∗ 50.24

𝐿𝐴 10000∗50.24
T=2П/r=2𝜋√𝑔 𝐴𝑠 = 2𝜋√ = 534.6sec
𝑡 9.81∗7.069

t=T/4= 534.6/4=133.65sec
10) A surge chamber 100m² in area is situated at the end of a 10,000m long, 5m
diameter tunnel; =0.01. A steady state discharge of 60m³/s to the turbines is
suddenly stopped by the turbine inlet valve. Neglecting surge chamber losses,
determine the maximum rise in level in the surge chamber and its time of
occurrence. Use dimensionless parameters method of finite difference methods.
Given
As=100m2
L=10,000m
At =5m
=0.01
Q=60m3/sec
Required
Zmax, t=?
Solution
Dimentionless parameters
 For simple surge tanks the following equations may be used to calculate these
maximum surges. For 100% load rejection we can use the following formulas
2
∗
𝑍 1 +
𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = (1 − (𝐾𝑜 ))
𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 3

𝑃𝑜 9.54
𝐾𝑜+ = = = 0.22 < 0.7
𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 43.24
+
hence the above formulea can be used to determine 𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐿 𝐴𝑡 10000 ∗ 19.63
𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜 √ = 3.06√ = 43.24𝑚
𝑔 𝐴𝑠 9.81 ∗ 100

𝑃𝑜 = 𝐹𝑇 𝑉𝑜2 = 3.062 ∗ 1.019 = 9.542

L 10000
𝐹𝑇 = = 0.01 ∗ = 1.019
2gd 19.62 ∗ 5
𝑄 60 3.06𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = = 2 =
𝐴𝑡 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐
(𝜋 ∗ 4 )
2
∗
𝑍 1
𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = (1 − (0.22)) = 0.86
𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 3
Maximum Up surge
∗
𝑍1 = 𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∗ 𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.86 ∗ 43.24 = 37.1𝑚

Maximum down surge

1 1
𝑍2+ = − =− = −0.66
7 7
(1 + (3) ∗ 𝐾𝑜+ 1 + 3 ∗ 0.22

Z2=-0.66*43.24=-28.57m

𝐿𝐴 10000∗100
T=2П/r=2𝜋√𝑔 𝐴𝑠 = 2𝜋√ 9.81∗19.63 = 452.55sec
𝑡

t=T/4= 452.55/4=113.13sec

11) A hydropower scheme has a surge tank at the end of a 2020m long tunnel, 4.22
m in dia. The surge tank, rectangular in section, may be assumed of a circular x-
section, 15.85m in dia. Penstock systems can be represented by a single
penstock, 380 m long and 3.41 m diameter, friction factor for tunnel and penstock
is 0.018 and 0.03 respect. And C in penstock is 1370 m/s. at steady state, the
head reservoir level is 457.0m with a discharge of 26.2 m 3/s.
i) Compute the water hammer pressure, levels of maximum upsurge and down
surge for sudden load rejection using dimensionless parameters.
ii) Evaluate the natural frequency of oscillation using
a) Analytical solution
b) Numerical solution (including friction, neglect surge tank throttle loss). You
may apply one of the numerical techniques (Finite difference, direct or
successive estimates or Runge-Kutta method.) using FORTRAN
programming. Present the result graphically showing time variation of
oscillation for both a) and b).

Given
L=2020m Dp=3.41m t=0.018
Dt=4.22m C=1370m/sec p=0.03
Ds=15.85m H=450m
Lp=380m Q=26.2m3/se

Required

Solution
I) Water hammer pressure
26.2
hwmax =(C*Vop) / g but Vo in the penstock is 𝑉𝑜𝑝 = 3.14∗3.412
=2.87m/sec
4
hwmax = 1370*2.87/9.81 = 400.84m

Levels of maximum upsurge and down surge

2
∗
𝑍 1 +
𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = (1 − (𝐾 ))
𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 3 𝑜

𝑃𝑜 1.54
𝐾𝑜+ = = = 0.215 < 0.7
𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 7.15
∗
hence the above formulea can be used to determine 𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐿𝐴 2020∗14
𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜 √𝑔 𝐴𝑡 = 1.87√9.81∗ 197.2 = 7.15𝑚
𝑠
As = (3.14*15.85^2)/4 = 197.2 m2

𝑃𝑜 = 𝐹𝑇 𝑉𝑜2 = 1.872 ∗ 0.44 = 1.54𝑚

L 2020
𝐹𝑇 = = 0.018 ∗ = 0.44
2gd 19.62 ∗ 4.22
𝑄 26.2 1.87𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑡 = = 2 =
𝐴𝑡 4.22 𝑠𝑒𝑐
(𝜋 ∗ 4 )
2
∗
𝑍 1
𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = (1 − (0.215)) = 0.86
𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 3

Maximum Up-surge
∗
= 𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∗ 𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.86 ∗ 7.15 = 6.15𝑚
 Maximum down-surge
1 1
𝑍2+ = − =− = −0.66
7 7
(1 + (3) ∗ 𝐾𝑜+ 1 + 3 ∗ 0.215

Z2 = -0.66*7.15=-4.72m

II) Evaluate
a) analytical solution
b) Numerical solution (direct solution)
𝐹𝑅 𝐿 𝐴𝑡 𝐹𝑠 𝐴𝑡 𝑄𝑚 𝐴𝑡 𝑄𝑚 𝐹𝑆
± ∆𝑉 2 + ( + ∆𝑡 ± (𝐹𝑅 𝑉𝑖 − )) ∆𝑉 + 𝑍𝑖 ± 𝑉 ∆𝑡 − ∆𝑡 ± (𝐹𝑅 𝑉𝑖2 + 2 𝑄𝑚 (−2𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑇 + 𝑄𝑚 )) = 0
4 𝑔∆𝑡 4𝐴𝑠,𝑚 𝐴𝑠 2 2𝐴𝑠,𝑚 𝑖 𝑍𝐴𝑠,𝑚 𝐴𝑆
a∆𝑉2 + 𝑏∆𝑉 + 𝑐 = 0

√b 2 − 4ac
∆V = −b +
2a

𝐿 𝐴𝑡 𝐹𝑆 𝐴𝑆 𝑄𝑚
𝑏= + ∆𝑡 ± (𝐹𝑅 𝑉𝑡 − )
𝑔∆𝑡 4𝐴𝑠,𝑚 𝐴𝑆2
𝐴𝑡 𝑄𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑍𝑖 + 𝑉𝑖 ∆𝑡 − ∆𝑡 ± (𝐹𝑅 𝑉𝑖2 + 𝐹𝑆 𝑄𝑚 (−𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑡 + 𝑄𝑚 )
2𝐴𝑆,𝑚 2𝐴𝑆,𝑚
𝐴𝑇 2
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑆 ( ) + 𝐹𝑇
𝐴𝑆

Fs = 0, Qm = 0 because it is sudden closure, hence

𝐹𝑅
𝑎=±
4
𝐿 𝐴𝑡
𝑏= + ∆𝑡 ± 𝐹𝑅 𝑉𝑡
𝑔∆𝑡 4𝐴𝑠,𝑚
𝐴𝑡
𝑐 = 𝑍𝑖 + 𝑉 ∆𝑡 ± 𝐹𝑅 𝑉𝑖2
2𝐴𝑆,𝑚 𝑖
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑇
Upsurge
∆𝑡 = 10sec
FR=0.44
a =FR/4 = 0.44/4 = 0.11
2020 14
𝑏= + ∗ 10 + 0.44 ∗ 1.87 =
9.81 ∗ 10 4197.2
12) In a pumped storage hydropower project, water is delivered from the upper
impounding reservoir through a low pressure tunnel and four high pressure
penstocks to the four-pump turbine units. The elevation of the impounding
reservoir water level is 500m AOD, and the elevation of the d/s reservoir WL is
200m AOD. The max. Reservoir storage which can be utilized continuously for
a period of 48 hours is 15 *106 m3.

The low-pressure tunnel is constructed as follows:

Length = 4 km; diameter = 8m; friction factor = 0.025. The high pressure
penstocks (4 nos.) are constructed as follows: length of each penstock = 50 m;
diameter = 2m, friction factor = 0.015, turbine efficiency when generating = 90%;
generator efficiency (16 poles, 50Hz) = 90% turbine efficiency when pumping =
80% barometric pressure = 10.3 m of water; Thoma’s cavitations coefficient
=0.043 (N/100)2.

a) Determine the maximum power output from the installation.

b) Estimate the specific speed and specify the type of turbine.
c) Determine the safe turbine setting relative to the d/s reservoir water level.
d) If a simple surge chamber of 6 m in diameter is provided at the end of the low-
pressure tunnel, estimate:
i) The max. upsurge and down surge in the surge chamber for sudden load
rejection of one units and
ii) The maximum down surge for sudden demand of one unit.
Solution
(15∗106 )
The discharge available = 48∗60∗60 = 86.8𝑚3/𝑠𝑒𝑐.
The power output is calculated as follows:
86.8 𝑚
Velocity in tunnel = 𝜋∗42 = 1.73 𝑠
LV2 0.025∗4000∗1.732
Head loss in tunnel = 2gD = 2∗9.81∗8
= 1.906m
Discharge per penstock=86.8/4=21.7m3/sec
 Velocity in penstock=21.7/( 𝜋 ∗ 12 )=6.91m/sec
LV2 0.015∗50∗6.912
Head loss in penstock= 2gD = = 0.912m
2∗9.81∗2
Gross head at turbine=500-200=300m
And also
Net head=300-1.906-0.912=297.18m
𝑛𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻 0.9∗1000∗9.81∗21.7∗297.18
Output/turbine= 106 = = 56.94𝑀𝑊
106
Total output=4*56.94=227.75MW
The net output of the generators is 0.9*227.75MW=204.97MW.
The generator speed,

N=120*f/p = =120*50/16 = 375rev/min (acceptable synchronous speed).

Therefore the specific speed,

Ns=NP1/2/H5/4=375*569401/2/297.185/4=72.51

A Francis-type turbine is suitable (efficiency, specific speed, and head match this type).

The turbine setting

Ys = B- σH,

σ=0.043*(Ns/100)2 = 0.043*(72.51/100)2 = 0.022615

And therefore
Ys=10.3-0.022615*297.18 = 3.58m OR 203.58M AOD
The distributor elevation
Yt=Ys+0.025DNs0.34
The approximate runner diameter
D = 4.43(Q/N)1/3 = 4.43(21.7/375)1/3=1.72m
Therefore
Yt = 3.58m +0.025*1.72*72.510.34 = 3.7645m or 203.7645m AOD
The surge chamber calculations are as follows:
Area of surge chamber, As=3.14*32 = 28.27m2
Area of tunnel, At=3.14*42 =50.26m2
Length of tunnel, Lt = 4Km = 4000m
Therefore
r=(gAt/LtAs)1/2 = (9.81*50.26/4000*28.27) = 0.066

For one unit rejection or demand, Qo = 21.7m3/sec and Po = 1.906m. therefore

Zmax = Qo/Asr = 21.7/(28.27*0.066) = 11.63m

And
Ko* = Po/Zmax = 1.906/11.63 = 0.164

Upon sudden load rejection, the maximum upsurge

Z*max = 1-2K0*/3 + Ko* 2 /9 = (for K< 0.7)
 Zmax* =1 - (2*0164 /3 + 0.1642 /9 ) = 0.8877

Zmax = 0.8877*11.63 = 10.32m

The maximum down surge

Z*min = -1/(1 + 7K*o /3) = -1/(1+7*0.164/3) = -0.7234

Therefore
Zmin = -0.7234*11.63 = -8.413m

Upon sudden demand

Zmin* = -1-0.125K*0, (for K0* < 0.8)

*
Zmin = -1-0.1250.164 = -1.02. Therefore

Zmin = -1.02*11.63=-11.86m

Question no 13
13) The following data refer to a proposed hydroelectric power plant. Turbines: total
power to be produced = 30MW; normal operating speed = 150 rpm; net head
available = 16m. Draft tube: maximum kinetic energy at exit of draft tube = 1.5%
of H; efficiency of draft tube = 85%; vapor pressure ≤ 3 m of water; atmospheric
pressure = 10.3 m of water.

i) What size, type, and number of units would you cleat for the proposed plant?
ii) Starting from the first principles, determine the turbine setting relative to the
tail water level.
Solution
For low-head, high-discharge plant, Kaplan-type units are suitable.
Assuming a specific speed of, say, 500, the power per machine

= (NsH5/4/N)2 = (500*165/4/150)2 =11377Kw.

Therefore the number of units is 30000/11377=2.64. Therefore, choose three

units, each having an installed capacity of 10MW.
The specific speed
Ns =150*(10000)1/2 /165/4 = 468

By taking an efficiency of 94% from table the discharge per unit is

10000/0.94*9.81* 16=67.75m3/sec.
Therefore the runner diameter,
D = 4.57(Q/N)1/3 = 4.57*(67.75/150)1/3 = 3.5m, and the inlet velocity at the
runner) is 67.75/(3.14*3.52/4)= 7.04m/s
Hence the inlet velocity head is V2/2g = 7.042/2*9.81 = 2.53m. The exit velocity head is
1.5*16/100 = 0.24m
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between the inlet of the draft tube and the tail
water level (fig 1)

Fig. 1

= 10.3-3.0-0.85(2.53-0.24) = 5.35m above TWL.

From Thoma’s cavitation limiting conditions.
Ys =B - σH
σ = 0.583 (by interpolation from table 12.4 Novak)
giving Ys =10.3-.0583*16=0.972m above TWL.
In the absence of further data , Thoma.s criterion may be used or adopted.