RESERVOIR

S Rocido, Jiah Angelieson D.

Tejuco, Erika Joyce M.
Lagmay, Jaline
Babista, Bianca Alyssa S.
Funtilar, Joshua Jay
Cartagena, Edbert Carl
Navarro, Ryan Louis
Noble, Berjo
Jimenez, Jerome

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 History of the Reservoir

• In the year circa 300 BCE, farmers in Arabia used the

craters of extinct volcanoes to store water that would
be used for irrigation and watering their herds.

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 What is RESERVOIR

• A reservoir is an artificial
structure designed to hold
back large quantities of fluids
like water, ensuring a
constant supply of water to
cities, households and for

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 Akosombo Dam or Volt Dam on Ghana Kariba Dam
Created by damming the Volta River in Lies on the border between
the African nation of Ghana. Lake Volta Zambia and Zimbabwe. This
covers about 8,500 square kilometers lake, which was formed by
(3,280 square miles), an area larger damming the Zambezi River,
than the U.S. state of Delaware. Lake stores 185 cubic kilometers (44
Volta ranks fourth in the world in terms cubic miles) of water.
of volume, the total amount of water in
the lake.

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 Jawa Dam
The oldest known
dam in the world,
what is now Jordan.
It was built in about
3000 BCE to store
water to use
for irrigation, or
watering crops.

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 Uses of Reservior
• Water supply
• Hydroelectric power
• Flood control
• Irrigation
• Navigation
• They are also used to regulate the flow of water in
rivers. Water can be released from the reservoir
during drier seasons to support wildlife and the
environment downstream, and to provide a resource
for human uses.

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 FACTS ABOUT
RESERVOIR

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 • Reservoir is s an artificial lake where water is stored. Most reservoir are
formed by constructing dams across rivers. A reservoir can also be formed by
natural lake whose outlet has been dammed to control the water level. The
dam controls the amount of water that flows out of the reservoir.

• People build reservoirs because the amount of water in a river varies over
time. During very rainy times or when mountain snow is melting, the water in
a river rises and sometimes overflows its banks. By limiting the amount of
water allowed to continue downriver, reservoirs help control flooding.

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 • The water in reservoirs is very still. Because of this, bits
of sand, rock, dirt, and other material, called sediment, sink to
the bottom, leaving the water quite clear. But over time, this
sediment builds up, greatly reducing the total amount of water
in the reservoir.

• Reservoirs serve other purposes. They are used

for boating, fishing, and other forms of recreation. Some of the
dams that create reservoirs are used to generate electricity.

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 TYPES OF RESERVOIRS
DAMNED VALLEYS
COASTAL
BANK-SIDE
SERVICE

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 DAMMED VALLEYS
● A dam constructed in a valley
relies on the natural
topography to provide most
of the basin of the reservoir.

● The valley sides act as

natural walls, with the dam
located at the narrowest
practical point to provide
strength and the lowest cost
of construction. Clywedog Reservoir in Mid Wales

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 Marina Barrage in Singapore Saemangeum in South Korea

COASTAL
• Coastal reservoirs are fresh water
storage reservoirs located on the
sea coast near the river mouth to
store the flood water of a river.

• As the land based reservoir

construction is fraught with
substantial land submergence,
coastal reservoir is preferred
economically and technically since
it does not use scarce land area.

Plover Cove Reservoir in Hong Kong

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 Queen Mary Reservoir in London

Bank-side
• Where water is pumped or siphoned from a
river of variable quality or size, bank-side
reservoirs may be built to store the water.
• Such reservoirs are usually formed partly
by excavation and partly by building a
complete encircling bund or embankment,
which may exceed 6 km (4 miles) in
circumference.
• The water stored in such reservoirs may
stay there for several months, during which
time normal biological processes may
substantially reduce many contaminants
and almost eliminate any turbidity.
• The use of bank-side reservoirs also
allows water abstraction to be stopped for
some time, when the river is unacceptably
polluted or when flow conditions are very

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 Four Types of Service Reservoir

• Storage/Conservation Reservoir
A storage or a conservation reservoir can retain such excess
supplies during periods of peak flows and can release them
gradually during low flows as when the need arises.

• Flood Control Reservoir

Stores a portions of the flood flows in such way as to
minimize the flood peaks at the areas to be protected
downstream.

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 TWO TYPES OF FLOOD CONTROL
RESERVOIR
• STORAGE RESERVOIR
A reservoir having gates and valves installation at its spillway and
at its sluice outlets is known as storage reservoir.

• RETARDING RESERVOIR
A reservoir with uncontrolled and ungated outlets is known as a
retarding basin or retarding reservoirs

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 DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIR

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 RESERVOIR
DESIGN AND
STORAGE
VOLUME

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 Storage Volume Components

For a given reservoir design, each of the five (5) storage component listed b
:
• 1. Operational storage (OS)
• 2. Equalizing storage (ES)
• 3. Standby storage (SB)
• 4. Fire suppression storage (FSS)
• 5. Dead storage (DS)

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 Effective
• Total tank volume, as measured between the overflow
and Storage
the tank outlet elevations, may not necessarily equal
the effective volume available to the water system.
Effective volume is equal to the total volume less any
dead storage built into the reservoir.

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 Operational Storage (OS)

Operational storage is the volume of the reservoir devoted to supplying the water
system while, under normal operating conditions, the source(s) of supply are in “off”
status. This volume will vary according to two main factors:
• (1) the sensitivity of the water level sensors controlling the source pumps
• (2) the configuration of the tank designed to provide the volume required to prevent
excessive cycling (starting and stopping) of the pump motor(s).

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 Equalizing Storage (ES)

• When the source pumping capacity cannot meet the periodic daily
peak demands placed on the water system, Equalizing Storage
must be provided as a part of the total storage for the system and
must be available at 30 psi to all service connections. The volume
of ES depends upon several factors, including peak variations in
system demand, source production capacity, and the mode of
operation.

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 Standby Storage (SB)

• The purpose of SB is to provide a measure of reliability should

sources fail or when unusual conditions impose higher demands
than anticipated. The SB volume recommended for systems
served by one source may be different than for systems served
by multiple sources as described in the following sections.

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 Fire Suppression Storage (FSS)
• Public water systems are required to construct and
maintain facilities, including storage reservoirs, capable
of delivering fire flows in accordance with the
determination of fire flow requirement made by the local
fire protection authority or County Fire Marshal.

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 Dead Storage (DS)
• Dead storage (effective only to provide adequate
pressure) is the volume of stored water not available to
all consumers at the minimum design pressure.
• Local community standards apply as to whether or not
some DS volume may be used to provide SB volume to
meet minimal community expectations during unusual
operating.

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 RESERVOIR
APPURTENANCES

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 Coffer dams
usually are temporary structures built upstream from a dam to prevent
stream flow around excavation for a dam.

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 Types of coffer dams:

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 TYPES OF COFFER DAMS:

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 • Braced/Sheet pile Coffer Dam -
Consisting of sheet piles, mainly used in
shallow water depth.

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 Double wall coffer dams

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 Fish ladders
• dams constructed on streams that are the migration paths for spawning fish commonly make
provisions for movement of the fish up or in the vicinity of the downstream face of the dam

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 Gates
• Gates are devices installed in the tops of spillways to control the flow of
water over the spillway.

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 Hydroelectric power plants
• many dams are constructed to generate hydro electric power. The power station is
located at the toe of the dam or at some distance downstream. Flow of water is
controlled by valves upstream and controlled inside the power station.

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 Locks
• are movable portion of dams utilized in navigation along rivers and canals.

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 Penstocks
• is a sluice or conduit used for control of water flow, especially into a hydro-
electric power plant.

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 Spillways
• is designed to contain and control overflow of reservoir water when the reservoir is full.
Spillways should be designed to accommodate flows during maximum flood stage, and to
prevent damage to the dam appurtenant features.

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 Valves
• it controls the flow of water through tunnels and penstocks. In many large
dams, valves are installed in underground vaults or chambers to which
access is gained downstream from the dam.

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 THE
END
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