Lab Report

Physics
Group: - A3
Lab No: - 02
Group Members: -
 Abdul-Rehman-Farooqui
 Aqsa Amir
 Hassan Rafiq
 Bilal Hassan
 Sibt Hassan
 Adnan Iqbal
 Abstract
PAScar is used to determine the average and instantaneous values of the velocity. PAScar
experiment is also used to analyze the one dimensional accelerated motion. It further helps to
find out the average acceleration and to distinguish between the mean and theoretical values
of the time.
Experiment # 01: - (Kinematics)
To find the average and instantaneous velocities.
 Diagram: -

 Theory: -
In this experiment PAScar with mass is used to find the average and instantaneous value
of velocities. When the PAScar is traveled over the flow, time is measured using the stopwatch
and with the help of measured values of time and displacement average and instantaneous
values of velocities are determined.
 Equipment used: -
1. PAScar with mass
2. Stopwatch

 Procedure: -
First of all, we set the PAScar over the flow and kept an appropriate distance between
two points. Then set the car to move over the flow and by using stopwatch we measured the
time of the journey of the car. We used the values of time and displacement to find first average
and then instantaneous values of the velocity, then we find average acceleration and then the
values are used to distinguish between actual and theoretical time.
  Formulae: -
The average velocity of the car is given as;
𝑑
𝑣𝑜 = 𝑡 cm𝑠 −1

If the acceleration is constant then, instantaneous velocity is given by;

2𝑑
𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠 = cm𝑠 −1
𝑡

Value of acceleration would be;

2𝑑
𝑎=- cm𝑠 −2
𝑡2

Theoretical time would be given by 2nd Equation of motion that is;

1
d = 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑡 + 2 a𝑡 2 cm

 Table: -
Trails Distance 𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3 t̅ 𝑣𝑜 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠 Acceleration Theoretical % age
cm S s s S cm𝑠 −1
cm𝑠 −1 cm𝑠 −2 time (s) diff
1. 28.2 0.89 0.94 0.88 0.90 31.3 62.6 -69.5 0.91 1.0 %
2. 38.2 1.39 1.35 1.41 1.38 27.68 55.36 -40.11 1.40 1.4 %
3. 48.2 1.95 1.99 2.04 1.99 24.22 48.44 -24.34 2.00 0.5 %
4. 58.2 2.17 2.21 2.3 2.22 26.21 52.42 -23.61 2.25 1.3 %
5. 43.2 1.76 1.64 1.71 1.70 25.41 50.84 -29.89 1.71 0.58%

 Calculations: -

Mean Time would be

0.90+1.38+1.99+2.22+1.70
t= s = 1.638 s
2

Mean Displacement is
28.2+38.2+48.2+58.2+43.2
d= = 43.2 cm
5

The average mean velocity of the car is given as;

𝑑
𝑣𝑜 = 𝑡 cm𝑠 −1
28.2+38.2+48.2+58.2+43.2
𝑣𝑜 = 0.90+1.38+1.99+2.22+1.70 cm𝑠 −1

𝑣𝑜 = 26.37 cm𝑠 −1
If the acceleration is constant then, mean instantaneous velocity is given by;
 2𝑑
𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠 = cm𝑠 −1
𝑡

𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 2 x 26.37 = 52.74 cm𝑠 −1

Value of mean acceleration would be;
2𝑑
𝑎 = - 𝑡 2 cm𝑠 −2
52.74
𝑎 = -1.6382 = -37.49 cm𝑠 −2

Mean Theoretical time is;

1
d = 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑡 + a𝑡 2 cm
2

43.2 = 52.74xt + 0.5 x -52.74 x t 2

t 2 -3.28t+13.4 = 0
t = 1.6 s
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒−𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Mean %age error of time = | x 100|
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

1.6−1.638
Mean %age error of time =| x 100|
1.6

Mean %age error of time = 2.375 %

 Result: -
The average mean velocity of the car is given as;

𝒗𝒐 = 26.37 cm𝒔−𝟏
Mean instantaneous velocity is given by;

𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒔 = 2 x 26.37 = 52.74 cm𝒔−𝟏

Mean %age error of time is;
Mean %age error in time =2.375 %
 Conclusion: -
PAScar is used to analyze the one dimensional accelerated motion. In this experiment we use
PAScar to measure the values of time and displacement which we then use to calculate the
average and instantaneous value of velocity.
Experiment # 02: -
To find the co-efficient of friction using PAScar.
 Theory: -
In this method PAScar is used to determine the co-efficient of rolling friction. The
car will accelerate over the flow at small angle 𝜃 at which floor is inclined. Two experiments are
done to find out the coefficient of friction.
 Diagram: -

 Equipment used: -
1. PAScar
2. Stopwatch
3. Metric tape

 Procedure: -
PAScar is traveled over the flow but first at a depressive angle at which it
inclined down easily and note readings. After that the car is travelled over the floor at an angle
inclined upward and the car moved upwards, then the reading is noted to get the angle and the
acceleration as well as deceleration of the car.
 Formulae: -
The acceleration of car down slope is given as;

𝑎1 = gsin𝜃 - 󠆾𝜇g cm𝑠 −2

The acceleration upslope is;

 𝑎2 = -gsin𝜃 - 󠆾𝜇g cm𝑠 −2

Numerical values for these accelerations can be determined by measuring both the
distance d that the car rolls before stopping and the corresponding time t. Given these
values, the acceleration can be determined
2𝑑
a= cm𝑠 −2
𝑡2

Total acceleration is;

𝑎1 + 𝑎2 = -2𝜇g
Angle is;
𝑎1 − 𝑎2
𝜃 = sin−1( )
2𝑔

 Table (for downslope): -

Trail Displacement 𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3 t̅ Acceleration

Cm s S s s cm𝑠 −2
1. 28.2 0.89 0.92 0.92 0.91 68.11
2. 38.2 1.08 1.04 1.06 1.06 68.0
3. 48.2 1.43 1.37 1.35 1.38 50.61
4. 58.2 1.83 1.77 1.89 1.83 34.75
5. 68.2 2.03 2.00 2.10 2.04 32.77

Average acceleration is;

𝒂𝟏 = 50.84 cm𝐬−𝟐
 Table (for upslope): -

Trail Displacement 𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3 t̅ Acceleration

Cm s S s s cm𝑠 −2
1. 28.2 0.98 1.04 1.00 1.01 55.3
2. 33.2 1.26 1.28 1.23 1.25 42.5
3. 23.2 0.89 0.87 0.91 0.89 58.6
4. 21.2 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.78 69.7
5. 31.2 1.25 1.26 1.22 1.24 40.6

Average acceleration is;

𝒂𝟐 = - 53.34 cm𝐬−𝟐
  Calculations: -
Co-efficient of friction is;
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 = -2𝜇g
50.84 - 53.34 = -2(1000) 𝜇
𝜇 = 1.25x10−3
𝑎1 − 𝑎2
𝜃 = sin−1( )
2𝑔

50.84+ 53.34
𝜃 = sin−1( )
2𝑥1000

𝜽 = 2.98°

 Result: -
Co-efficient of friction is;

𝝁 = 1.25x1𝟎−𝟑

 Conclusion: -
In this experiment we Used PAScar to Find the co-efficient of friction by,
decelerating the car through some angle at an inclined plane and then we accelerate the car
down the plane to find the respective values of time and displacement for the measure of
coefficient of friction.
Experiment # 03: -
To find the acceleration of PAScar by varing the mass attached to it.
 Theory: -
We used to find the acceleration of PAScar by attaching the mass to it. The car
will accelerate over the distance and its time would be calculated by using stopwatch. And then
the measured values are put in respective formulae to find the acceleration of the car.
 Diagram: -

 Equipment used: -
1. PAScar with mass
2. Pulley
3. Different masses
4. Thread
5. Stopwatch

 Procedure:
In this experiment, we have compared the measured acceleration and
theoretical acceleration and then found the percentage error between them.
Experimental acceleration can be calculated by connecting the PasCar with the string and
string is passed over the pulley and then it is attached with the small weight like 50 gm or
70 gm. PasCar will move on the rails and we will measure the time using Stopwatch for
some known distances.
 Formulae: -
Acceleration can be measured by given formula;
 2𝑑
a= cm𝑠 −2 (Measured)
𝑡2

Now applying Newton’s second law to find actual acceleration;

𝐹
a = 𝑀 𝑁𝐸𝑇 cm𝑠 −2
𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿

 Table: -

Trails Mass of Distance 𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3 t̅ Acceleration Acceleration %age

load cm s s s s cm𝑠 −2 cm𝑠 −2 Difference
G Measured Theoretical
1. 50 50 1.16 1.20 1.19 1.18 71 67 5.6 %
2. 60 50 1.07 1.09 1.10 1.08 86 80 7.5 %
3. 40 50 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.30 59 53 11.3 %
4. 30 50 1.50 1.48 1.49 1.47 44 40 10 %
5. 20 50 1.84 1.86 1.87 1.85 29 26 11 %

 Calculations: -
1.18+1.08+1.30+1.47+1.85
Mean time = = 1.37 s
5
71+86+59+44+29
Mean Measured acceleration = = 57.8 cm𝑠 −2
5
67+80+53+40+26
Mean Theoretical acceleration = = 53.2 cm𝑠 −2
5

Percentage difference between the measured and theoretical acceleration is;

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙−𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑
%age difference =| | x 100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

%age difference = 8.64 %

 Result: -
The mean %age difference in the mean measured acceleration and mean theoretical
acceleration is
Mean %age difference = 8.64 %
 Conclusion: -
We have find the %age difference between the measured and theoretical acceleration for five
trails and also we calculated the mean %age difference between the mean measured and mean
theoretical acceleration