CURRICULUM:

Goodson (1994) describes of curriculum “as a multifaceted concept, constructed, negotiated and
renegotiated at a variety of levels and in a variety of arenas” (p. 111).

According to Pratt (1994, p.5), the word “curriculum” is derived from the Latin verb currere, “to
run”. “Currere” became a diminutive noun and meant a “racing chariot” or “race track.”

Curricula as Courses of Study or Content:

“totality of courses that constitute a course of study offered by an institution or followed by

a student” (Wood & Davis, 1978, p.16)

Curricula as Plans

Pratt (1994) conceives it as “a plan for a sustained process of teaching and learning” ….
“actual teaching and learning is not curriculum, for curriculum refers to plans for
instructional acts, not the acts of instruction themselves" (p.5)

Curricula as Documents

Brady (1995), view curriculum as a document--an outline of a course program that is written
on a piece of paper.

According to Barrow & Milburn (1990), “curriculum has become associated with the official
written programs of study published by ministries or departments of education, local
authorities or boards of education, and commercial firms or teams of educational specialists
working on specially funded projects” In this sense, curriculum is synonymous with the term,
“syllabus” (Barrow & Milburn, 1990, p.84)

Curricula as Experiences

Marsh (1997) posits of curriculum as “an interrelated set of plans and experiences which a
student completes under the guidance of the school” (p.5)

References:

 Goodson, I. F. (1994). Studying curriculum. New York: Teachers College Press

 Pratt, D. (1994). Curriculum planning: A handbook for professionals. Fort Worth: Harcourt
Brace College Publishers
 Wood, L., & Davis, B. G. (1978). Designing and evaluating higher education curricula. AAHE-
ERIC/Higher Education Research Report No. 8. Washington, D. C.: The American Association
for Higher Education
 Brady, L. (1995). Curriculum development. Sydney: Prentice Hall.
 Barrow, R., & Milburn, G. (1990). A critical dictionary of educational concepts. New York:
Harvester Wheatsheaf.
 Marsh, C. J. (ed.) (1997). Perspectives: Key concepts for understanding curriculum 1. London
& Washington, D.C.: The Falmer Press.
 EDUCATION

According to Aristotle

“Education is the process of training man to fulfill his aim by exercising all the faculties to the
fullest extent as a member of society”.

According to Socrates

"Education means the bringing out of the ideas of universal validity which are latent in the
mind of every man".

According to John Dewey

“Education is a process of living through, a continuous reconstruction of experiences”.

“Education is all one with growing; it has no end beyond itself.” (Education is everything
along with growth; education itself has no final destination behind him).

According to Aztecs:

"the art of raising or educating a person"

References:

 (AZTECS) Colin, Ernesto (2014). Indigenous Education through Dance and Ceremony: A
Mexica Palimpsest. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-349-47094-5.

 https://examplanning.com/definition-of-education-by-different-authors/

TEXTBOOK

“a textbook is a manual of instruction or a standard book in any branch of study. They are
produced according to the demand of the educational institutions. Textbooks are usually
published by one of the four major publishing companies. Although most textbooks are only
published in printed format, some can now be viewed online.”

References:

"schoolbook". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014

"schoolbook - definition of schoolbook in English from the Oxford dictionary".