Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Situation Analysis

According to Carpio et. al, 2015, hypertension, non-functional barangay health

station, inadequate source of income, malnutrition, urinary tract infection, and inadequate

source of water are among the identified problems. To solve the identified problems

information dissemination with regards to Hypertension and UTI, first aid training,

seminar, and demonstration, construction of herbarium, seminar on detergent making,

and series of feeding program were conducted with the cooperation of the established

Hawak Kamay Oya-oy, Barangay Council, Barangay Health Workers, and selected

faculty and staff of DMMMSU-ICHAMS.. And based on the second year of COPAR

implementation of Milanes et. al,2017, researchers focused on the main problems of the

community such as non-functional barangay health center, non-existing Emergency

Response Team, knowledge deficit with regards to their health, Insufficient source of

income, and presence of breeding sites and vectors. To solve the problems identified the

researchers together with the core group and barangay officials formulated plans like

livelihood programs, related educational seminars and trainings, information

dissemination of HKO of the updated preventive measures about community problems,

and lastly, the proper and consistent implementation of action plans. On the other hand,

Marinduque et.al continued the COPAR implementation initiated by Carpio's group.

Health issues such as Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, and Upper Respiratory Tract

Infection, non-functional barangay health center, malnutrition, insufficient source of

income, and poor home environment related to air pollution secondary to unsanitary
sewage/ drainage system are the core group's and researchers’ problems indicated in the

study. Together, HKO and researchers conducted health teaching to the community folks,

and dental and medical mission is co-facilitated, 90-day series of feeding programs and

BMI monitoring is strictly monitored, Income Generating Programs are strengthened, and

clean-up operation and house to house campaign in the community is observed.

The recent batch of Second Year Diploma of Midwifery students led by Sheena

Jane Q. Jimenez conducted modified COPAR with emphasis on Vulnerability and

Capacity Assessment. Recognition and prioritization the hazards of the community like

Typhoon, El Niño, landslide, earthquake and fire is formulated with solutions such as

DRRM programs and proper information dissemination is obtained in the Disaster

Management Plan.

At present study, the community is still facing some various issues impacting the

health and environment status of barangay, the problems recorded were Hypertension,

diabetes mellitus, upper respiratory tract infection, malnutrition, insufficient source of

income, unfinished barangay multipurpose hall, and poor home environment. Some of the

programs that were formulated are still continuously implemented in the past four years,

but some program established were interrupted due to the yet unconcluded populous poor

sector in the barangay which prevents them from seeking enough progression to their old

status four years ago.

Framework of the Study

The researchers have been highly guided by Experiential Learning Theory which

involves learning from experience. The theory was proposed by psychologist David Kolb

in the early 1970’s.

 According to Kolb, this type of learning can be defined as the process whereby

knowledge is created through the transformation of experience. Knowledge results from

the combinations of grasping and transforming the experience. Experiential theory

proposed by Kolb takes a more holistic approach and emphasizes how experiences,

including cognition, environmental factors, and emotions, influence the learning process.

Kolb's experiential learning style theory is represented by a four-stage learning cycle. The

first two stages are Concrete Experience and Reflective Observation of the New

Experience which was applied by the researchers upon entering the barangay. The

researchers went to Oya-oy Barangay during their immersion to experience the ways of

living of the residents. It raises the level of awareness and consciousness of the realities

besetting the people in the community, consequently, observing and reflecting on the new

experience. The researchers participated in their activities, stayed with them in their

homes and extended their help to solve their identified problems. The third stage of

according to Kolb is the formation of abstract concepts or analysis and generalizations or

conclusions .The researchers in order to have unbiased finding and conclusion have

conducted series of interviews using unstructured questionnaires that has been validated

by experts in this field. And the final stage is the active experimentation, which refers to

the application of ideas to the world around them to see what happens. This actual

experience is used to test hypothesis in future situations, resulting in newer experiences.

Another theory that immensely influenced this study is The Theory of Goal

Attainment developed by Imogene King in the early 1960s. It describes a dynamic,

interpersonal relationship in which a patient grows and develops to attain certain life

goals. The theory explains that factors which can affect the attainment of goals are roles,
stress, space, and time. The model has three interacting systems: personal, interpersonal,

and social. Each of these systems has its own set of concepts. The concepts for the

personal system are perception, self, growth and development, body image, space, and

time. The concepts for the interpersonal system are interaction, communication,

transaction, role, and stress. The concepts for the social system are organization,

authority, power, status, and decision-making. King’s theory of goal attainment has seven

propositions. Firstly, perceptual interaction accuracy is present in nurse-patient

interactions, then transaction will occur. Secondly, if the nurse and patient make

transaction, the goal or goals will be achieved. Third proposition is if the goal or goals are

achieved, satisfaction will occur furthermore. Then if transactions are made in nurse-

patient interactions, growth and development will be enhanced furthermore. If role

expectations and role performance as perceived by the nurse and patient are congruent,

transaction will occur. However, another proposition is that role conflict is experienced

by either the nurse or the patient (or both). This leads to stress in the nurse-patient

interaction will occur. And finally, if a nurse with special knowledge communicates

appropriate information to the patient, mutual goal-setting and goal achievement will

occur.

The Theory of Goal Attainment defines nursing as a process of action, reaction

and interaction by which nurse and client share information about their perception in a

nursing situation and a process of human interactions between nurse and client. These

interactions lead to a proper communication leading to setting of goals, exploration of

means, and agreement on means to achieve goals.

 During our COPAR implementation in Oya-oy Barangay, the researchers are

guided by King’s Nursing Process model .King gives detailed information about the

nursing process in her model of nursing. The steps of the nursing process are: assessment,

nursing diagnosis, planning, implementations, and evaluation. She explains that

assessment occurs during interaction. The nurse brings special knowledge and skills

whereas the patient brings knowledge of him or herself, as well as the perception of

problems of concern to the interaction. During the assessment, the nurse collects data

regarding the patient including his or her growth and development, the perception of self,

and current health status. Perception is the base for the collection and interpretation of

data. Communication is required to verify the accuracy of the perception, as well as for

interaction and translation. The nursing diagnosis is developed using the data collected in

the assessment. In the process of attaining goals, the nurse identifies problems, concerns,

and disturbances about which the patient is seeking help. After the diagnosis, the nurse

and other health care team members create a care plan of interventions to solve the

problems identified. The planning is represented by setting goals and making decisions

about the means to achieve those goals. This part of transaction and the patient's

participation is encouraged in making decisions on the means to achieve the goals. The

implementation phase of the nursing process is the actual activities done to achieve the

goals. And finally Evaluation involves determining whether or not goals were achieved.

The explanation of evaluation in King's theory addresses meeting goals and the

effectiveness of nursing care.

The researchers believed that these steps play a vital role in their quest for

exploring the COPAR Implementation in the adopted barangay. With these concepts, the
nurse learners will be able to validate the readiness of Oya-oy Barangay to become

independent and self-reliant. The researchers must have adequate skills in observing and

determining if the community still needs to be under the wing of DMMMSU- CCHAMS

project.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to explore the experiences of the community during COPAR

implementation in Barangay Oya-Oy, Bacnotan, La-Union for the past 5 years in

preparation for Phase out.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined according to how they are used in study.

1. Community organizing. It refers to residents collaboratively investigate and

undertake sustained collective action regarding social issues of mutual concern

2. Consumables. It refers to needles, bandages, tapes etc.

3. Empower. It refers to imparting necessary Knowledge, Skills and Attittude.

4. Nonfunctional Barangay Health Station. It refers to Barangay health workers are not

equipped with skills in managing common health concerns that may arise in the

community.

5. Planning council. It refers to DMMMSU-CCHAMS, Brgy Council, HKO Core

group
6. Pragmatic. It refers to dealing with problems that exist in a specific situation in a

reasonable and logical way.

7. Phase out. It refers to the last stage of COPAR implementation where community

are able to chart future direction and is ready to sustain the test of community itself.

8. Self-reliant community. It refers to Community can sustain test by itself.

9. Semi-structured questionnaire. It refers to a type of questionnaire were some of the

questions and their sequence are determined in advance, while others evolve as the

interview proceeds.

10. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase. It refers to 6th Stage of COPAR

implementation where Programs are evaluated on its effectiveness. Programs for

unmet goals are re-implemented thus stabilizing Linkages.

11. Transaction. It refers to a life situation in which the researchers enters the situation

as an active participant .It is the encounter of the nurse and the client where in each

is changed in the process of these experiences.