PROTEIN

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PROTEIN
 Membangun dan memelihara sel dan jaringan tubuh
 Mengandung nitrogen
 Terdiri dari asam amino
 Asam amino yang membentuk protein, bertindak
sebagai prekursor sebagian besar koenzim, hormon,
asam nukleat

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PROTEIN

 Struktur Sel
 Metabolisme (used as energy source in energy-

deficient diets)
 Each gram of protein provides 4 kcal

 Enzim (berperan dalam metabolisme)

 Protein plasma (circulating, mobile proteins such

as immune bodies)
 Hormon (regulatory role)

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PROTEINS WITHIN CELL WALL

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Aliphatic Amino Acids

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Aromatic Amino Acids

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Special Functions
 peptides (formation of proteins)
 purines/pyrimidines (control of protein synthesis)

 histamines (active compounds, allergies)

 conjugated proteins (assist in the excretion of other

compounds)
 pigments (e.g., melanin, derived from amino acids)

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Klasifikasi Protein (1)
 Protein sederhana : protein yang apabila
dihidrolisis, menghasilkan amino acids individual
(egg albumin)
 Protein terkonjugasi : protein yang terikat dengan
bahan non asam amino (e.g., casein, the protein
component of milk with phosphorus esterified to it
via the AA serine (ser))
 Protein termodifikasi : modified proteins such as
peptides, modified by heat, acidification,etc.

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 Klasifikasi Protein (2)

 Protein bentuk serabut (fibrous)

 Terdiri atas beberapa rantai peptida berbentuk
spiral yang terjalin satu sama lain, sehingga
menyerupai batang yang kaku
 Daya larut rendah, kekuatan mekanis tinggi,
tahan enzim pencernaan
 Unsur struktur tubuh, misalnya kolagen
(protein utama jar. ikat), elastin (urat, otot),
keratin (rambut dan kuku → sistein)

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 Protein Globular
 Berbentuk bola, dalam cairan jaringan
tubuh
 Larut dalam larutan garam dan asam encer,
mudah terdenaturasi
 Contoh: albumin (telur, susu, plasma,
hemoglobin), globulin (otot, serum,
kuning telur)

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 Protein Konjugasi
 nucleoproteins: protein + nucleic acid
 glycoproteins: protein + COH group (e.g., mucus)

 phosphoproteins: protein+ P-containing compound

(e.g., kasein dalam susu)

 hemoglobins: protein + hematin or similar substance

 lipoprotein: protein + lipida (e.g.,lesitin)

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Struktur Molekul Protein
 Antara asam amino yang satu dengan yang lain
dihubungkan oleh Ikatan Peptida

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The Peptide Linkage

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Struktur Protein

 Primer
 Sekunder

 Tersier

 Kuartener

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Protein Structure

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Asam Amino
 20 asam amino
 9 asam amino esensial
 11 asam amino nonesensial
 Non esensial bersyarat (dapat disintesis dari asam
amino lain)
 Non esensial (dapat disintesis melalui transaminase
atau aminase reduktif asam keton)

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Amino Acids
Essential
 Histidin  Fenilalanin
 Isoleusin  Treonin
 Leusin  Triptofan
 Lisin  Valin
 Metionin

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Amino Acids
Nonessensial Nonessensial
Bersyarat
 Prolin  Glutamat
 Serin  Alanin
 Arginin  Aspartat
 Tirosin  Glutamin
 Sistein
 Glisin
 Trionin

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MUTU PROTEIN
 Ditentukan oleh jenis dan proporsi asam amino
yang dikandung
 Komplit
 Protein dengan nilai biologi tinggi (asam amino
esensial)
 High quality
 Contains all nine essential amino acids
 Contoh : semua protein hewani, kecuali gelatin
 Incomplete
 Low-quality

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MUTU PROTEIN
 Limiting amino acid (asam amino
pembatas)
 asam amino yang terdapat dalam jumlah
terbatas untuk memungkinkan pertumbuhan
 contoh : metionin (aa pembatas kacang-
kacangan), lisin (aa pembatas beras)
 Complementary protein
 kombinasi bahan makanan yang mempunyai
aa pembatas contoh : nasi (terbatas lisin) +
tempe (terbatas metionin)

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Sumber Protein
Animal food sources
 Complete proteins
 Meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, cheese
Plant food sources
 Incomplete proteins
 Corn, grain, nuts, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, and
legumes

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Stop and Share
Your client is concerned because her daughter is a
VEGETARIAN and does not eat meat. Your client
states, “My daughter does not eat meat, so I know
she doesn’t get any protein. She is ruining her
body.”
How do you respond?

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Stop and Share
Although animal foods are the best sources of
complete proteins, foods that provide incomplete
proteins can be combined to make complete
proteins.
The best sources of incomplete proteins are
legumes, corn, grains, and nuts. Soy protein and
tofu are nutritious meat replacements.

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 Digestion and Absorption
Pencernaan secara mekanis

Pencernaan secara kimia

 Dimulai di lambung
 Enzyme pepsin reduces proteins to polypeptides

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Mulut Memecah makanan
menjadi bagian yang
lebih kecil untuk
mempermudah
pencernaan selanjutnya

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Lambung - Keasaman (HCl)
lambung
- membuka gulungan
protein (denaturasi)
sehingga enzim
pencernaan dapat
memecah ikatan peptida
- mengubah enzim
pepsinogen tidak aktif
menjadi bentuk aktif
pepsin
- Sekresi Pepsin
- Protein →polipeptida
lebih pendek

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Usus halus Protein dicerna oleh:
 Trypsin
 Chymotrypsin
 Elastase
 Carboxypeptidase
 Aminopeptidase
 Dipeptidase

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 RINGKASAN PENCERNAAN PROTEIN
Saluran Pencernaan dan Absorpsi
cerna
Mulut Mengunyah, makanan bercampur dengan air
ludah, ditelan

Esofagus Tidak ada pencernaan

Lambung Asam lambung membuka molekul protein dan

mengaktifkan enzim lambung
protease lambung, HCl
Protein → polipeptida lebih pendek
pepsin
Usus Halus Polipeptida → di, tripeptida, asam amino
Peptida → asam amino bebas
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ENZIM YANG TERKAIT DENGAN
PENCERNAAN PROTEIN

Lokasi Enzim Pencernaan Prekursor Aktivator

Protein
Lambung Protease lambung Pepsinogen HCl Pepsin
berupa pepsin
Usus Halus Protease pankreas :
Tripsin Tripsinogen Enterokinase
dan tripsin
Kimotripsin Kimotripsinogen Tripsin
Karboksipeptidase Prokarboksipeptidase Tripsin
Elastase Proelastase Tripsin
Aminopeptidase
mukosa usus halus :
Tripeptidase
Dipeptidase

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PENILAIAN MUTU PROTEIN
Apa yang dimaksud dengan :
 Nilai Biologik
 Net Protein Utilization (NPU)
 Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER)
 Skor Asam Amino

UNTUK PEKERJAAN RUMAH !

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Nitrogen Balance
Nitrogen intake equals nitrogen excreted.
Positive nitrogen balance exists when nitrogen intake
exceeds amount excreted.
Negative nitrogen balance exists when more nitrogen is
lost than taken in.

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NITROGEN BALANCE
 NORMALLY-nitrogen in = nitrogen out
 positive N balance
 N intake > N excretion
 growth, pregnancy, building muscle
 negative N balance
 N intake < N excretion
 wasting of body tissues
 loss of weight

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Stop and Share
Positive nitrogen balance
 Pregnancy
 Growth periods
 Building muscle
 Rebuilding tissue after trauma/illness

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Stop and Share
Negative nitrogen balance
 Fever
 Injury
 Surgery
 Burns
 Starvation
 Immobilization

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ANGKA KECUKUPAN PROTEIN
 Kebutuhan protein menurut FAO/WHO :
konsumsi yang diperlukan untuk mencegah kehilangan
protein tubuh dan memungkinkan produksi protein yang
diperlukan dalam masa pertumbuhan, kehamilan, dan
menyusui
 Determined by size, age, sex, and physical and
emotional conditions.
 The National Research Council of the National Academy
of Sciences → average daily requirement to be 0.8 g of
protein for each kilogram of body weight.
 Almatsier (2002) : 0,75 g/kg BB → hal 99

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Protein Energy Malnutrition
(PEM)
 Kekurangan protein dan energi.
 Negara berkembang.
 Stunted (lambat) growth and mental
retardation may occur
 Contoh : Marasmus dan Kwashiorkor
→ Energi-Protein Malnutrition atau
Kurang Kalori Protein

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Kwashiorkor Marasmus

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Kwashiorkor
 Terbanyak pada anak-anak, sering terjadi
pada anak yang terlambat disapih
 Kekurangan protein
 Komposisi gizi tidak seimbang
 Gejala : pertumbuhan terhambat, otot
melemah dan berkurang, gangguan
psikomotor, anak tidak nafsu makan,
kulit mengalami depigmentasi, kering,
bersisik, pecah-pecah, edema pada
perut, kaki, dan tangan.
 Rambut depigmentasi, mudah rontok dll
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Marasmus
 Umum terjadi pada bayi, karena
terlambat diberi makanan tambahan,
penyapihan mendadak, formula
pengganti ASI terlalu encer
 Kekurangan protein dan kalori, Dikenal
sebagai penyakit kelaparan
 Gejala : pertumbuhan terhambat, lemak
di bawah kulit berkurang, otot berkurang
dan melemah

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METABOLISME PROTEIN
(UNTUK DISKUSI KELOMPOK)

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Metabolism and Elimination
Amino acids are broken down, the nitrogen-
containing amine group is stripped off
(deamination).
Ammonia is produced.
Liver picks up ammonia and converts it to urea.
Kidney filters out urea and excretes it.
Remaining parts are used for energy or converted
to carbohydrate or fat and stored as glycogen or
adipose tissue.

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Protein Excess
Increased demand on kidneys
National Research Council recommends that protein
intake represent no more than 15-20% of one’s daily
kcal intake and not exceed double the amount given in
the table of Recommended Dietary Allowances. (See
text table 6-4.)

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