- Properties of materials
Part II
TENSILE COMPRESSIVE
(i.e. a cable) (i.e. a column)
BENDING OR FLEXURAL
(i.e. a beam)
SHEAR TORSION
(i.e. a pin or a key) (i.e. a screw driver)
3.2 Understanding
stress and strain
• Suppose a mechanical
component 2 tones
• Load this component 18 12
applying a 20.000 N (2
tones) external force as
picture shows.
• In this case, the
component is mainly
subjected to a tensile load
(also bending and shear
load exist).
3.2 Understanding
stress and strain
WHAT WILL HAPPEN?:
• Each particle of material is
subjected to STRESS (tensió).
• Engineering units are MPa
(N/mm²). In the past Kg/mm² ().
• 10 MPa ~ 1 Kg/mm²
• Knowing the loads, engineers
can calculate the stress:
F
A
20.000 N 20.000 N
2
93MPa
12mm·18mm 216mm
3.2 Understanding
stress and strain
WHAT WILL HAPPEN?:
• The load deform the piece.
Strain is the measure of the
deformation.
• As much stress, as much
strain.
• The strain can be:
– ELASTIC: if material returns to
to the original form when the
load disapears.
– PLASTIC: if strain remains
when the load disapears.
– VISCOELASTIC,
VISCOPLÀSTIC: when a lot of
time is needed for strain
happens.
3.2 Understanding
stress and strain
Elastic
deformation
Plastic
deformation
3.3 The tensile test
• The most fundamental mechanical
test you can perform on a material
• A standard specimen is stretched
slowly and progressively until it
breaks.
• Load (force) and strain is
measured and recorded
continuously during the test.
• It’s a destructive test SPECIMEN
• The specimen is only subjected to
tensile load.
• Standards: UNE-EN 10.002-1
(metals at ambient Tª), UNE-EN-
ISO 527 (plastics), ...
3.3 The tensile test
Rm tensile strength
Breaking point
Re yield strength
Striction zone
PLASTIC ZONE
E Young modulus
0,2% (%)
ELASTIC A strain
ZONE
3.4 Mechanical properties
Tensile strength, yield strength
Nanotubes of carbon
Carbon fibres Re=Rm~ 50.000 MPa
Re=Rm~ 3.500 MPa
Steel for cables
Structural steel Re=Rm= 1.800 MPa
Re = 275 MPa
Rm = 420 MPa
3.4 Mechanical properties
Young modulus
STEEL
DIAMOND +
2
1 R
U e ·Re e
2 2·E
3.4 Mechanical properties
Toughness and temperature
DBTT (Ductile Brittle
Transition Temperature)
Many of the ductile materials
(metals and plastics) turns to
brittle at low temperatures.
We can know the transition
temperature testing a set of
specimens at different
temperatures with a Charpy
impact test.
3.4 Mechanical properties
Hardness
H - HARDNESS (duresa)
The resistance of a material to be penetrated or scratched.
The value depends of the type of test. Most usually tests and scales
are:
- HB, HBW (Brinell, UNE-EN-ISO 6506-1)
- HV (Vickers, UNE-EN-ISO 6507-1)
- HR_ (Rockwell, UNE-EN-ISO 6508-1)
- HS_ (Shore)
- HK (Knopp, microhardness)
Advantages of hardness test:
1. Usually is a non-destructive test (although little traces rest in
material)
2. Testing machines are cheap and we can perform the tests very
quickly.
3. Tensile strength can be approached from hardness value.
3.4 Mechanical properties
Hardness
HARDNESS TESTS
• BRINELL TEST(HB): Uses a carbide ball as penetrator.
Shape is measured with a microscope..
Hardness tester
•VICKERS TEST(HV): Uses a diamond pyramidal penetrator.
The shape is measured with a microscope. The most
universal hardness test (metals, ceramics, …).
•ROCKWELL TEST: Uses a steel or carbide ball (HRB) o
diamond cone (HRC). The device measures the distance
penetrated. More quick and cheap than others.
•SHORE TEST: It measures the bounce of a diamond-tipped
hammer. Applied mainly to rubber and plastic materials. The
device is known as scleroscope.
•KNOOP TEST (HK): Microhardness, it can measure thin
plates or coatings. Similar to Vickers.
•FILE PENETRATION: It’s a workshop quick test. If file
penetrates or not, material is more or less to 60 HRC
CONVERSION TABLES FOR STEELS
“COLLAPSE”
3) Final
fracture