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PERANCANGAN BANGUNAN SIPIL

ANALISIS DETERMINISTIK RESPON GEMPA

Bayzoni 2019

Analisis deterministik respon gempa

 Rigid Based Translation of

Single Degree of Freedom
(SDOF)
 Rigid Based Translation of

Multi Degree of Fredom

(MDOF)

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Single-Degree-of-Freedom System

Single-Degree-of-Freedom System
Sistem SDOF pada blok kaku dengan massa m, pegas
dengan kekakuan k dan peredam viscous c.
Blok massa hanya dapat bertranslasi pada garis
tuggal.

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Persamaan Gerak
 Persamaan gerak diturunkan dengan menyeimbangkan semua gaya yang
bekerja . Seperti terlihat pada gambar, gaya yang bekerja p(t) dan
menghasilkan tiga gaya akibat gerak : gaya inersia fI, gaya redaman fD,
dan gaya pegas, fS
 Keseimbangan gaya diberikan dengan:
• Setiap gaya-gaya yang diberikan pada sebe;lah kiri persamaan di atas merupakan
fungsi dari perpindahan u, atau turunannya:
• Prinsip d’Alembert’s, gaya inertia:

• Gaya redaman viscous:

• Gay Pegas:

Persamaan Gerak
untuk Beban Akibat Gerakan Tumpuan
 Keseimbangan gaya
 Gaya inersia
 total perpindahan
 substitusi untuk inersia,
redaman dan gaya
pegas
 Persaman akhir

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Persamaan Gerak
untuk Beban Akibat Gerakan Tumpuan

Pada persamaan di atas, peff(t) menyatakan gaya

efektif akibat pergerakan tumpuan.
Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil bahwa gerakan
relatif sistem, ur(t), yang ditimbulkan oleh gerakan
tumpuan üg(t), akan sama dengan gerakan total
sebuah sistem tumpuan kaku, u(t), yang diberi aksi
dengan gaya sama dengan Peff(t) = –müg(t)

Solusi Persamaan Gerak

Untuk menentukan response sistem SDOF, u(t),

persamaan gerak diselesaikan secara analitis atau
numerik. Pemilihan metode tergantung dari
beberapa hal:
 Apakah permasalahan linier atau non-linier –
kasus non-linier umumnya diselesaikan dengan
metode numerik.
 Tipe beban
 Tingkat ketelitian

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Solusi Persamaan Gerak

 As for any linear differential equation, the complete general
solution is the sum of complementary solution uc(t) and the
particular solution up(t):

 The complementary solution is the solution of the homogeneous

equation
 Characteristic Equation

 Using the notation

 s is solved:

If c > 2mω, s will be real valued,

but if c < 2mω, s will be a complex number.

Undamped Free Vibrations

 If the system is undamped, i.e., if c = 0, s becomes,

 The response

 By utilizing Euler’s equation:

 The result may be written in the form:

 This type of motion is called a simple harmonic motion.

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Undamped Free Vibrations

 The quantity ω is the natural angular velocity of the undamped

system (sometimes also referred to as the natural angular
frequency) and is related to natural frequency f as:

 The reciprocal of f is called

the natural period T:
 Based on the initial conditions: the displacement u(0) = B and
velocity (0) = Aωt at time t = 0

Undamped Free Vibrations

 The Equation of motion u(t) can be recast into

 The response is given by the real part, or horizontal projection,

of the two rotating vectors.

 The phase angle

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Damped Free Vibrations

 If the oscillator is damped, c > 0, three different types of

motion are possible, depending on whether the value of the term
under the square root in the expression for s

 is zero, negative, or positive,

Damped Free Vibrations

Critical Damping
 The value of c that makes the value of the term under the
square root in Equation 3.16 equal to zero is called the critical
damping, cc,

 At critical damping, the value of s :

 The response is

 By imposing the initial conditions the response is

It is readily observed from that Equation, that the critically damped response does not involve oscillations about the zero deflection point
and the displacement returns to zero in accordance with the exponential decay term. Critical damping is the smallest amount of damping
that keeps a SDOF system from oscillating during free response.

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Damped Free Vibrations

Underdamped Systems

 If the damping is less than critical, c < 2mω, it is customary to

express the damping as a ratio to the critical damping value:

 Where ξ is called the damping ratio, the value of s :

 By using the notation

 ωD is called the damped vibration frequency. Note that for
typical structures damping ratios rarely exceed about 10% (ξ
< 0.10), and ωD differs very little from the undamped natural
frequency.

Damped Free Vibrations

Underdamped Systems

 The response is written as:

 By using Euler’s equation, the response can be written in the

form:

 The second term in equation above is of the same form as the

simple harmonic motion of the undamped oscillator, except
now at the damped, slightly lower frequency. The first term
indicates exponential attenuation of the oscillations. Constants
of integration A and B are again determined based on the
initial conditions u(0) and u· (0) as before.
 vov      vo  
   sin  d  t   v o  cos  d  t
 t
v(t)  e
 d  

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REVIEW SDOF
 Undamped Free Vibration
vo  1 v ov  0
1

 v ov  
v( t)     sin   t  v o  cos    t t  0  0.1 20
   

v( t ) 0

1
0 5 10 15 20
t

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REVIEW SDOF
 Underdamped Free Vibration
vo  1 v ov  0
8 d  9   0.05

 v ov      v o  
   sin  d  t  v o  cos  d  t 
 t
v( t)  e t  0  0.1 15
 d  

v( t ) 0

1
0 5 10 15
t

Newmark Method
 Th 1959, Newmark keluarga time-stepping
berdasarkan persamaan berikut:

 Parameter b gan g untuk menentukan variasi

kecepatan untuk tiap tingkatan waktu dan untuk
stabilitas serta ketelitian.

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Newmark Method

Newmark Method

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Newmark Method

Newmark Method

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Wilson - q

Wilson - q

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Evaluation of Results

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
y(t)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

-0.5

Cen Diff
-1.0
Newmark
Wilson-Q
-1.5
Theoretical

-2.0
t

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Linear Step by Step Procedure

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Non-Linear Step by Step Procedure

Non-Linear Step by Step Procedure

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Use of Simplified Equation

Change in ground motion

or structural parameters 
and  requires re-
calculation of structural
response

Creating an Elastic Response Spectrum

An elastic displacement response spectrum is a plot of the peak
computed relative displacement, ur, for an elastic structure
with a constant damping , a varying fundamental frequency
 (or period T = 2p/ ), responding to a given ground
motion.

5% damped response spectrum for structure

responding to 1940 El Centro ground motion
16
DISPLACEMENT, inches

12

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
PERIOD, Seconds

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Pseudoacceleration Spectrum
400.0

350.0

300.0
2
Pseudoacceleration, in/sec

250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Period, Seconds

Pseudoacceleration is Total Acceleration

The pseudoacceleration response spectrum represents the total acceleration of the
system, not the relative acceleration. It is nearly identical to the true total acceleration
response spectrum for lightly damped structures.

400.0

350.0
5% damping

300.0
2
Pseudoacceleration, in/sec

250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0

Peak ground 50.0

acceleration
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Period, Seconds

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Using Pseudoacceleration to Compute Seismic Force

400.0

Example Structure 350.0

Pseudoacceleration, in/sec2
K = 500 k/in 300.0

W = 2,000 k 250.0

M = 2000/386.4 = 5.18 k-sec2/in 200.0

 = (K/M)0.5 =9.82 rad/sec

150.0
T = 2p/ = 0.64 sec
100.0
5% critical damping
50.0

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Period, Seconds

At T = 0.64 sec, pseudoacceleration = 301 in./sec2

Base shear = M x PSA = 5.18(301) = 1559 kips

Response Spectra for 1971 San Fernando Valley

EQ (Holiday Inn)

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Averaged Spectrum and Code Spectrum

NEHRP/ASCE 7 Design Spectrum

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