- Elsayed et al
(1) Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, faculty of Medicine, University of Al-Zaiem Al-Azhari
Correspondence: Dya Eldin M. Elasyed, Tel: +249-185-335898, Fax: +249-185-344510, P.O. Box: 1432 Khartoum, E-Mail: delsayed@alazhari.net
Abstract
The need to reflect on the moral dimension of
The changing context in which health care is advances in medical and health care, science, and
provided has created new challenges for health technology, combined with the desire to enhance
workers, health researchers, and the broader public health efforts, has led to the establishment
health care of the community. Medical of a number of international ethical codes and
professionals increasingly find themselves guidelines. The most famous of these guidelines is
confronted with moral questions and ethical the Declaration of Geneva, which was adopted in
dilemmas. The World Medical Association adopted 1948 by the World Medical Association (WMA).
the International Code of Medical Ethics. Other Since its development, it has undergone a series of
international ethics guidelines address special amendments in 1968, 1983 and 1994. In October
medical services such as blood transfusions and 1949, The WMA adopted the International Code of
health care for patients living with HIV/AIDS. Medical Ethics in London. Other international
Given the importance of ethics in the medical ethics guidelines address special medical services
profession, in 1969, the SMC adopted the Medico- such as blood transfusions and health care for
Legal and Ethical Guidelines as the first national patients living with HIV/AIDS. Health and medical
code concerning medical ethics in the country. It research were also adopted by some international
addresses justice, equity and access to medical agencies, including the United Nations.1 These
care, as well as defending the general moral rights documents present a set of basic principles for
associated with medical care. New challenges are medical ethics that are deemed to be universally
facing this document and the SMC as well because valid by interested bodies. The documents are not
long time has passed since it had prepared this intended to replace national codes or guidelines;
important document. New scopes of rather, they serve to guide the development of
understanding and application of medical ethics national guidelines. Many countries in the world
may be needed to promote the medical profession. have established their own national medical ruling
The objective of this document is to provide an body to govern ethical issues that arise within the
overview of medical ethics in Sudan and to medical profession. The Sudan Medical Council
illustrate the importance of adhering to ethical (SMC) was established in 1964 as the first national
standards in health and medical care. independent body to be responsible for medical
behaviour and ethical conduct in the country.
Given the importance of ethics in the medical
profession, in 1969, the SMC adopted the Medico-
Introduction: Legal and Ethical Guidelines as the first national
code concerning medical ethics in the country. The
Developments in science and technology in the main purpose of this document was to ensure the
twentieth century have led to advances in provision of medical care in adherence to the
medicine and health care that have benefited highest possible ethical standards. This document
millions of lives. The changing context in which focuses primarily on ethical issues that arise in
health care is provided has created new clinical medicine. It addresses justice, equity and
challenges for health workers, health researchers, access to medical care, as well as defending the
and the broader health care of the community. general moral rights associated with medical care.
Medical professionals increasingly find It also focuses on general duties of doctors,
themselves confronted with moral questions and dentists and pharmacists.2
ethical dilemmas.
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Medical Ethics: What is it? Why is it important? - Elsayed et al
The objective of this paper is to provide an and principles. These norms, values and principles
overview of medical ethics in Sudan and to are intended to govern medical ethical conduct.
illustrate the importance of adhering to ethical
standards in health and medical care. Ethical guidelines
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Medical Ethics: What is it? Why is it important? - Elsayed et al
biotechnology, and decision makers may not be introduction of revolving system in Sudan in 1991,
able to respond to newly emerging ethical people started to pay for medical care. Some well
dilemmas. In addition, it is very difficult to find off persons use to donate money for constructing
references to bioethics in academic and scientific new health facilities and sponsor health-
writings. Bioethics as a specialized discipline does promoting programmes. This will help to ensure
not exist in the health system or the curricula of that health and medical care are held accountable
most medical schools.11 to the public. For example, physicians and other
The position of patients is not well known. There medical workers who work in public health
are no declarations or other documents to protect facilities receive their salaries from public funding.
patients or to secure their rights and duties. Thus, Those health workers who work in private clinics
when patients are ignorant, they are prone to are paid by patients and should be inclined to
exploitation and maltreatment. perform their duties in respectful manner. Fifth,
health and medical care typically involve different
In the turbulent environment of contemporary medical workers from a variety of disciplines.
health and medical care delivery, characterized by They need to work in healthy work environments
the privatization of medical care with new that are characterized by trust, accountability,
decisions involving genetic medicine, we need mutual respect and fairness. Ethical standards
more than “archaic” ethical guidelines. With the may promote the values of cooperation and
advent of these new technologies, the code of collaborative work. Finally, ethical standards in
medical ethics (Medical Ethics and Medico-Moral medical care promote other important moral and
Problems) has become inadequate or obsolete as social values such as social responsibility, human
new questions and issues continue to confront rights, patients’ welfare, compliance with the law,
physicians and other medical professionals. SMC’s regulations, and patients’ safety. Adherence
to ethical standards can significantly facilitate a
Why is it important to adhere to ethical pleasant environment for both patients and
standards in health and medical care? medical workers.
Resnik cited five ways to address this question Medical ethics must be understood as an applied
regarding research ethics.12 we will follow Resnik’s professional concept that is separate from the
statements with a few modifications so as to concept of avoiding doing harm to patients. Part of
illustrate the importance of the application of this understanding is acknowledging that health
ethical standards in health and medical care. First, and medical professionals are confident that
ethical standards promote the aim of medical care: medical ethics, as an essential branch of general
to alleviate suffering. For example, recruiting ethics, offers a valuable framework in which to
highly qualified medical personnel and exposing define the norms for medical care. Thus, medical
them to continuous in-service training will ethics is concerned with promoting health and
promote their knowledge and skills in both medicine and clarifying norms for improving
medical care and medical ethics, and may relationships between patients and physicians.
minimize errors. Second, medical care is built on
the communication between medical workers on Acknowledgement:
one side and patients and/or patients’ families on
another side. Ethical standards promote the We would like thank Dr. Moawia Elshiekh from
values that are essential to good communication, Alzaiem Alazhari University and Alexandra Morris
such as trust, accountability, mutual respect and from Fogarty- Johns Hopkins University Bioethics
fair medical care. Many ethical standards in Training Program for their significant
medical care, including informed consent, contribution and editing the early draft of this
protection of privacy and maintenance of paper.
confidentiality, provide a grantee for respect for
persons. Third, ethical standards will help to build
public support for medical care. People are more References:
likely to pay for medical care and donate to health-
promoting projects if they trust the quality and 1. El-nageh M M, Linehan B, Cordner S, Wells D,
integrity of these programmes. Fourth, after McKelvie H. Ethical Practice in Laboratory
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Medical Ethics: What is it? Why is it important? - Elsayed et al
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