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Variational iteration method for solving generalized Burger–Fisher and


Burger equations

Article  in  Chaos Solitons & Fractals · August 2007


DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2006.03.031

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Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 33 (2007) 1756–1761
www.elsevier.com/locate/chaos

Variational iteration method for solving generalized


Burger–Fisher and Burger equations
a,* b
Mahdi Moghimi , Fatemeh S.A. Hejazi
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 16846-13114 Tehran, Iran
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 15875-4413 Tehran, Iran

Accepted 7 March 2006

Communicated by Prof. He

Abstract

We consider variational iteration method to investigate generalized Burger–Fisher and Burger equations. In this
method, general Lagrange multipliers are introduced to construct correction functionals for the problems. The multi-
pliers in the functionals can be identified optimally via variational theory. Comparison with Adomian decomposition
method reveals that the approximate solutions obtained by the proposed method converge to its exact solution faster
than those of Adomian’s method. Its remarkable accuracy is finally demonstrated in the study of some values of con-
stants in generalized Burger–Fisher and Burger equations.
 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Mathematical modeling of many physical systems leads to non-linear ordinary or partial differential equations in
various fields of physics and engineering. An effective method is required to analyze the mathematical model which pro-
vides solutions conforming to physical reality. Common analytic procedures linearize the system or assume that non-
linearities are relatively insignificant. Such assumptions, sometimes strongly, affect the solution with respect to the real
physics of the phenomenon. Thus seeking exact solution of non-linear PDE or ODE is of great importance. Various
powerful mathematical methods such as tanh method [1,2], pseudospectral method [3,4], inverse scattering method
[5], Bäkland transformation [6,7], Jacobi elliptic function method [8,9] and Adomian decomposition method [10,11],
homotopy perturbation method [12–14] and variational methods [15–17] have proposed for obtaining exact and
approximate analytic solutions. Some of these methods use transformation in order to reduce equation into more sim-
ple equation or system of equations and some other methods give the solution in a series form which converges to the
exact solution. Also there are some other methods which use a trial function in an iterative scheme converging rapidly.
The variational iteration method was first proposed by Ji-Huan He in 1998 [18,19] and systematically illustrated in
1999 [20] and was successfully applied to autonomous ordinary differential equations in [21], to non-linear wave

*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: moghimi@iust.ac.ir (M. Moghimi).

0960-0779/$ - see front matter  2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2006.03.031
M. Moghimi, F.S.A. Hejazi / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 33 (2007) 1756–1761 1757

equations [22], to circuit theory [23] ,to non-linear polycrystalline solids [24] and other fields. The combination of a per-
turbation method, variational iteration method, method of variation of constants and averaging method to establish an
approximate solution of one degree of freedom to weakly non-linear system in [25]. Moghimi used variational iteration
method to establish an approximate solution of the convective longitudinal fins with variable thermal conductivity [26].
The variational iteration method has many merits and has much advantage over the Adomian decomposition method
[10,11].
The motivation of this paper is to extend the analysis of the variational iteration method proposed by He [18–21] to
solve generalized Burger and Burger–Fisher (B–F) equations. Burger equation describes the far field of ware propaga-
tion in non-linear dissipative systems. A numerical simulation and explicit solutions of the B–F equation was studied by
Kaya and El-Sayed [27]. Wazwaz presented the tanh method [1] to solve generalized form of B–F equation. El-Wakil
and Abdou [2] modified extended tanh-function and solved non-linear Fisher and B–F equations. Ismail and Rabboh
[28] presented a restrictive Padé approximation for the generalized Fisher and B–F equations. Also Islaim et al. [29]
applied Adomian decomposition method to general Burger–Fisher and Burger–Huxley. Soliman [30] used variational
iteration method to solve KdV–Burger equation.
The variational iteration method is useful to obtain exact and approximate solutions of linear and non-linear differ-
ential equations. No need to linearization or discretization, large computational work and round-off errors is avoided.
The availability of computer symbolic packages such as Mathematica and Maple give us a mathematical tool to per-
form some complicated manipulations and to do some modifications on a method for a specific problem easily. The
results of the variational iteration method (VIM) are compared with exact solution and those obtained by Adomian
decomposition method (ADM) for different values of constants.

2. The generalized Burger–Fisher equations

Consider the generalized Burger–Fisher equation


ou ou o2 u
þ aur  2 ¼ buð1  ur Þ; 0 6 x 6 1; t P 0; ð1Þ
ot ox ox
with initial condition
  r1
1 1 ar
uðx; 0Þ ¼ þ tanh x ; ð2Þ
2 2 2ðr þ 1Þ
and boundary conditions
    r1
1 1 ar a bðr þ 1Þ
uð0; tÞ ¼ þ tanh þ t ; t P 0; ð3Þ
2 2 2ðr þ 1Þ rþ1 a
     r1
1 1 ar a bðr þ 1Þ
uð1; tÞ ¼ þ tanh 1 þ t ; t P 0. ð4Þ
2 2 2ðr þ 1Þ rþ1 a
The exact solution of Eq. (1) is
     r1
1 1 ar a bðr þ 1Þ
uðx; tÞ ¼ þ tanh x þ t ; ð5Þ
2 2 2ðr þ 1Þ rþ1 a
where a, b and r are constants. Generalized Burger equation will be obtained when b = 0.

3. Variational iteration method

To illustrate its basic concepts of the variational iteration method, we consider the following differential equation:
Lu þ Nu ¼ gðxÞ; ð6Þ
where L is a linear operator, N a non-linear operator, and g(x) a known analytic function. According to He’s varia-
tional iteration method [18–21], we can construct a correction functional as follows:
Z x h i
unþ1 ðxÞ ¼ un ðxÞ þ k Lun ðsÞ þ N ðsÞ  gðsÞ ds; ð7Þ
0
1758 M. Moghimi, F.S.A. Hejazi / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 33 (2007) 1756–1761

where k is a general Lagrangian multiplier [18–21], which can be identified optimally via the variational theory, the sub-
script n denotes the nth-order approximation, is considered as a restricted variation [18–21], i.e., d ¼ 0.
Eq. (7) is called a correction functional. The variational iteration method proposed by He has been shown to solve
effectively, easily and accurately a large class of non-linear problems with approximations converging rapidly to accu-
rate solutions. For linear problems, its exact solution can be obtained by only one iteration step due to the fact that
Lagrange multiplier can be exactly identified.

4. Analysis of generalized B–F equation

Following the variational iteration method, its correction variational functional in x-direction can be expressed as
follows:
Z t " #
oun
unþ1 ðx; tÞ ¼ un ðx; tÞ þ k þa  b ds; ð8Þ
0 os

d is considered as a restricted variation, i.e., d ¼ 0. Making the correction functional, Eq. (8), stationary, noticing
that d ¼ 0,
Z t " #
oun
dunþ1 ðx; tÞ ¼ dun ðx; tÞ þ d k þr  b ds; ð9Þ
0 os
Z t
oun
dunþ1 ðx; tÞ ¼ dun ðx; tÞ þ d k ds; ð10Þ
0 os
Z t
dunþ1 ðx; tÞ ¼ dun ðx; tÞ þ kðsÞdun ðx; sÞjs¼t  dun ðx; sÞk0 ðsÞ ds ¼ 0; ð11Þ
0

yields the following stationary conditions:

dun : k0 ðsÞ ¼ 0;
ð12Þ
dun : 1 þ kðsÞjs¼t ¼ 0.

The Lagrange multiplier, therefore, can be identified:


kðsÞ ¼ 1. ð13Þ
As a result, we obtain the following iteration formulae in x-direction:
Z t 
oun oun o2 un
unþ1 ðx; tÞ ¼ un ðx; tÞ  þ aurn  2  bun ð1  urn Þ ds. ð14Þ
0 os ox ox

By considering initial condition given by Eq. (3), we choose the following trial function with a free parameter where C is
an unknown parameter to be further determined. Therefore, we have u0 as follows:
  r1
1 1 ar
u0 ðx; tÞ ¼ þ tanh ðx  CtÞ . ð15Þ
2 2 2ðr þ 1Þ
The advantage of the VIM method is that we can choose an initial solution with a free parameter which can be iden-
tified by few iterations (e.g., two or three iterations) by initial condition, u(x, 0). By the iteration formulae, we can obtain
the following results:
  r1
1 1 ar
u0 ðx; tÞ ¼ þ tanh ðx  CtÞ ;
2 2 2ðr þ 1Þ
  r1  ð1r Þ
1 1 ar arðxCtÞ
u1 ðx; tÞ ¼ þ tanh ðx  CtÞ þ eð rþ1 Þ þ 1
2 2 2ðr þ 1Þ ð16Þ
 2

a r 1 2br br b
   þ þ þ ;
ðr þ 1ÞC ðr þ 1Þ ðr þ 1Þ ðr þ 1ÞaC ðr þ 1ÞaC ðr þ 1ÞaC
u2 ðx; tÞ ¼   
M. Moghimi, F.S.A. Hejazi / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 33 (2007) 1756–1761 1759

and so on, in the same manner the rest of components of the iteration formulae (14) can be obtained using symbolic
packages such as Maple. The coefficient C can be evaluated from the initial condition given in Eq. (2) using the
Newton–Raphson method.

5. Numerical results and discussion

We now obtain numerical solutions of generalized Burger–Fisher and Burger equations. In order to verify the effi-
ciency of the proposed method in comparison with exact solution and Adomian decomposition method, we report the
absolute errors for different values of a, b and r.
The differences between the 1-iteration solution of VIM and 5-terms of ADM with exact solution are shown in
Tables 1–4. For the computational work we select the following examples.
Example 1. Consider the generalized Burger–Fisher equation, Eq. (1), with the initial condition, Eq. (2), and boundary
condition, Eqs. (3) and (4), and the exact solution. In Table 1, we show the absolute error for r = 2 and various values
of a, b.

Example 2. When r = 1, Eq. (1) is reduced to the Burger–Fisher equation. For computational work, we have taken
a = 0.01, b = 0.01 and a = 0.0001, b = 0.0001 in Table 2.

Example 3. When b = 0, Eq. (1) is reduced to the generalized Burger equation. For computational work, we have
taken a = 1 and the results for various r are shown in Table 3.

Table 1
The absolute error for r = 2 and different values of a, b
xi ti a = 0.01, b = 0.01 a = 1, b = 1
VIM ADM VIM ADM
0.1 1 1.00 · 1020 8.92 · 106 2.00 · 1020 0.147661
0.5 3.00 · 1020 8.9 · 106 1.00 · 1020 0.132298
0.9 1.00 · 1020 8.87 · 106 1.00 · 1020 0.108472

0.1 10 1.00 · 1020 0.000956 2.00 · 1020 3.686292


0.5 1.00 · 1020 0.000953 2.00 · 1020 3.828218
0.9 0.00 · 1020 0.00095 0.00 · 1020 3.865694

0.1 50 3.00 · 1020 0.028921 0.00 · 1020 19.65056


0.5 2.00 · 1020 0.028874 0.00 · 1020 20.55674
0.9 1.00 · 1020 0.028826 0.00 · 1020 20.9474

Table 2
The absolute error for r = 1 and different values of a, b
xi ti a = 0.01, b = 0.01 a = 0.0001, b = 0.0001
VIM ADM VIM ADM
0.1 1 1.78 · 108 1.78 · 108 1.77 · 1014 1.77 · 1014
0.5 5.29 · 109 5.29 · 109 5.21 · 1015 5.21 · 1015
0.9 7.28 · 109 7.28 · 109 7.29 · 1015 7.29 · 1015

0.1 10 2.07 · 105 2.07 · 105 2.05 · 1011 2.05 · 1011


0.5 1.94 · 105 1.94 · 105 1.93 · 1011 1.93 · 1011
0.9 1.81 · 105 1.81 · 105 1.80 · 1011 1.80 · 1011

0.1 50 0.002552 0.002552 2.60 · 109 2.60 · 109


0.5 0.002522 0.002522 2.57 · 109 2.60 · 109
0.9 0.002492 0.002492 2.53 · 109 2.53 · 109
1760 M. Moghimi, F.S.A. Hejazi / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 33 (2007) 1756–1761

Table 3
The absolute error for a = 1, b = 0 and different values of r
xi ti r=2 r=3
VIM ADM VIM ADM
0.1 1 1.00 · 1020 1.10 · 103 1.50 · 1019 7.68 · 104
0.5 3.00 · 1020 7.40 · 104 4.00 · 1020 5.34 · 104
0.9 2.00 · 1020 2.7 · 104 4.00 · 1020 3.63 · 104

0.1 10 2.00 · 1020 0.1477 2.00 · 1020 0.08744


0.5 0.00 · 1020 0.1323 4.00 · 1020 0.08080
0.9 2.00 · 1020 0.1085 6.00 · 1020 0.06848

0.1 50 3.00 · 1020 1.69077 3.00 · 1020 1.05405


0.5 5.00 · 1020 1.73716 2.00 · 1020 1.11424
0.9 3.00 · 1020 1.73049 3.00 · 1020 1.13773

Table 4
The absolute error for r = 1, b = 0 and different values of a
xi ti a=1 a = 0.01
VIM ADM VIM ADM
0.1 1 1.00 · 1020 1.30 · 104 1.92 · 1014 1.92 · 1014
0.5 3.00 · 1020 6.43 · 104 9.73 · 1014 9.73 · 1014
0.9 2.00 · 1020 1.37 · 103 1.75 · 1013 1.75 · 1013

0.1 10 2.00 · 1020 0.191551 1.63 · 1012 1.63 · 1012


0.5 0.00 · 1020 0.148508 9.44 · 1012 9.44 · 1012
0.9 2.00 · 1020 0.097811 1.73 · 1011 1.73 · 1011

0.1 50 3.00 · 1020 2.610554 8.14 · 1012 8.14 · 1012


0.5 5.00 · 1020 2.514504 2.03 · 1010 2.03 · 1010
0.9 3.00 · 1020 2.361354 3.99 · 1010 3.99 · 1010

Example 4. When b = 0 and r = 1, Eq. (1) is reduced to the Burger equation. The absolute errors for various values of
a are shown in Table 4.
A very good agreement between the results of VIM and exact solution were observed, which confirms the validity of
the VIM. In comparison with ADM results, one can see that 1-iteration of VIM is more effective than 5-terms of ADM.
The present method overcomes the difficulty arising in calculating Adomian polynomials and also the computation time
is effectively reduced.

6. Conclusion

The generalized Burger–Fisher and Burger equations have been analyzed using the variational iteration method. The
proposed method supplies reliable results in the form of analytical approximation converging very rapidly. The result
shows that variational iteration method is a powerful mathematical tool for finding analytical solutions of more com-
plex non-linear equations.

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