Not indivisible: atom 1.

Teacher
Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley) Schools Division Office of
Isabela 342077- AURORA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Ballesteros, Aurora, Isabela 3316
ashs.342077@gmail.com

It is thanks to Zosimus that we know what we do about Egyptian/Greek alchemy. Much

of the knowledge was destroyed by the Roman emperor Diocletian and Christians who
burned the library in Alexandria in 391.
SUS
Sir Vart Angel
Not Indivisible Structure of the atom
DEMOCRITUS 460 - 370 B.C. • There are various basic elements from which all matter is made .
Everything is composed of small atoms moving in a void
Some atoms are round, pointy, oily, have hooks, etc. to account for their properties - Ideas
rejected by leading philosophers because void = no existence
Content Standards The learners demonstrate an understanding of: 1. How the concept of the atom evolved from
Ancient Greek to the present 2. How the concept of the element evolved from Ancient Greek to the present.
Performance Standards The learners shall be able to make a creative representation of the historical development of
the atom or the chemical element in a timeline.
DEMOCRITUS sometimes known as the BILLIARD BALL concept of the atom, wherein the
atom is an incredibly small but smooth and whole object.
What Does an Atom REALLY Look Like?
Key Term Ernest Rutherford Plum-pudding model James Chadwick Quantum Model Joseph John Thomson -
Electrons Atom Niels Bohr Protons Radioactivity
Neutrons Billiard ball Nucleus John Dalton Robert Brown
Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan ca. 721 - 815 AD Geber He distilled strong acetic acid from vinegar
and believed that metals are made up of mercury and sulfur in varying proportions. He also
popularized the idea of the Philosopher's Stone which would combine the mercury and sulfur to
make gold. Geber is responsible for giving us the word 'gibberish', derived from his name!
Atom The smallest unit of matter as recognized by chemical properties of molecules.
Composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. Very small; typical sizes are around 100
picometers (a tenbillionth of a meter, in the short scale)
Nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of
an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger- Marsden
gold foil experiment.
Albertus Magnus ca. 1200 - 1280 AD ✓ Albertus Magnus, (which means Albert the
Great) was
a German monk and practicing alchemist. Magnus closely followed the works of Aristotle, giving
his philosophy prominence in the Middle Ages. He was the first to escribe arsenic in its pure
form and Thomas Aquinas, who was later to become, among other things, a famous alchemist,
was one of his students.
Radioactivity The spontaneous decay of atomic nuclei. During radioactivity, alpha particles,
beta-rays and gamma rays are emitted.
Paracelsus full name: Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim
1493 - 1541 AD The Swiss born Paracelsus took his name meaning "better than Celsus',
Celsus being a renowned Roman scholar of medicine.
Zosimus ca. 250 AD Zosimus was an Egyptian born Greek alchemist who believed that
all substances are composed of the four elements of nature - Fire, Water, Air and Earth.
He collected together all the knowledge on khemia, as it was then known, and compiled
a 28 volume encylopedia
He invented the word alcohol from the Arabic 'al-kohl', and his own branch of alchemy
called 'spagyric alchemy!
Paracelsus strongly believed in spiritual alchemy and that the purpose of alchemy was
not to transmute metals, but to cure disease.

Isaac Newton 1642 - 1727 AD One of the last well known alchemists was the English scientist
Isaac Newton.
Thomson's plum-pudding model, a sphere with a uniformly distributed positive charge
and enough embedded electrons to neutralize the positive charge. A plum pudding is a
sort of cake with raisins embedded i
In addition to studying more legitimate sciences such as physics and math, Newton spent much
of his time on alchemy. Indeed it has been said that Newton was not the "first of the age of
reason but that he was the last of the magicians."
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
Has a nucleus Conceptualized following a-particle experiments
In rediscovered documents deemed unfit to be printed by the Royal Society, it is clear
that the inspiration for his work on light and gravity came from his obsession with
alchemy. It is even suggested that Newton succeeded in transmuting lead to gold.
Ernest Rutherford, a student of Thomson's, who was among many who studied
radioactivity. He concluded that radioactivity occurred due to changes on a subatomic
level, or changes within the atom itself. In 1902, he worked in Thomson's laboratory
where he distinguished two kinds of radiation based on their penetrating power: a
(alpha) and B (beta). He studied these types of radiation and noticed, from his
experiments, that alpha particles would sometimes bounce off at a high angle when
made to penetrate a ver thin gold foil.
ROBERT BROWN He is known for his idea of the random movement of microscope particles or "Brownian motion" JOHN
DALTON IDEA OF AN ATOM John Dalton 1766-1844 -Introduced his ideas in 1803 that each element is composed of
extremely small particles called atoms
Proponent: John Dalton This model suggested that atoms: • are the smallest particle of an
element of different elements have different masses are solid, indestructible units. J. J.
THOMSON
Conceptualized following cathode ray experiments First model to use idea of subatomic particles

... Rutherford later concluded that the nucleus was composed of positive particles
known as protons, which were then thought to be hydrogen nuclei found in other atoms.
He suggested the possibility of finding a composite particle
Electro (proton + electron) with a negligible electric field that composed the
Prof nucleus.
Nucleus -
Neu
Diagram of the Rutherford atomic model.
Rutherford's Atomic Moc

Gold Foil Experiment

Later in 1897, Joseph John Thomson published the idea that electricity was in particles that
were part of the atom. Experimenting with cathode rays, he established the mass and charge
properties of these particles. These particles were named electrons. In 1904, he came up with
the plum-pudding model, which was an idea of what the atom looked like based on his
experiments. He would later conclude that the electron was not the only source of mass in the
atom. This implied that the atom was composed of other particles.

Gold Foil Experiment

beans of alpha particles
Sex

Thomson “Plum Pudding” Model Actual Plum Pudding Cathode Ray Tube Experiment
SEN
OMR
NIELS BOHR Has a nucleus Has energy levels or quanta Explains why electrons don't fall into
the nucleus
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He proposed that the electrons “jumped” between energy levels

JAMES CHADWICK James Chadwick was a student of Rutherford's who built on this possibility
in 1926.
Niels Bohr, another scientist in Rutherford's laboratory. He tackled one of the big issues with the Rutherford model in
1913. The system proposed by Rutherford was unstable because, under classical physics, the spinning electrons
would tend to be attracted to the positive nucleus and lose energy until they collapse into the center.

He worked on radiation emitted by beryllium that took the form of particles heavy
enough to displace protons.
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These particles were as heavy as protons, but they needed to have a neutral charge
that would allow them to smash into the nucleus without being repelled by electrons or
protons.
Bohr proposed that the electrons existed only at fixed distances from the nucleus at set “energy levels," or quanta.
Quanta was first conceptualized mathematically by Max Planck by absorbing or releasing discrete amounts of
energy.

He confirmed their existence by measuring their mass and called them NEUTRONS.
However, the Bohr model of the atom was still unable to a explain why atoms bonded in certain ways to form
compounds. For example, carbon formed compounds of CH4 while oxygen formed H20.
The neutron was able to explain the mass unaccounted for by a system of protons and electrons only.
It also allowed for more far-reaching advancements in nuclear physics and chemistry.
In the Bohr model of the atom, electrons travel in defined circular orbits around the nucleus.

It gave an understanding of isotopes and radioactive decay, and provided the tools to
synthesize new elements and radioactive materials.
The orbits are labeled by an integer, the quantum number n.
Electrons can jump from one orbit to another by emitting or absorbing energy

These advancements, for better or for worse, changed the landscape of science
because they gave us the ability to derive large amounts of energy from splitting the
atom (nuclear fission)
Nacious
Ernst Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg QUANTUM MODEL
Has a nucleus • Has energy levels or quanta Explains why electrons don't
fall into the nucleus • Has idea of orbitals
Beryllium
Paraffin wax
Detector
Neutrons
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Protons
Alpha particle source
In quantum mechanics, this branch augmented the Bohr model with new explanations of how matter
behaved at a very tiny level that turned it into the quantum model of the atom used today. The model is
based on mathematical equations by several scientists, including Werner Heisenberg and Ernest
Schrödinger
MI
Alpha particles
1
This model uses complex shapes of orbitals (sometimes called electron clouds), volumes of space in which there is
likely to be an electron.
What Does an Atom REALLY Look Like? Here is how the hydrogen orbits look like using a
photoionization quantum microscope Hydrogen Atoms under Magnification: Direct Observation
of the Nodal Structure of Stark States
Here are a few atoms using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Single Atom
Spectroscopy
2nd Energy Lee (8 electrons max
ww
(18 electrons max)

It also allowed for more far-reaching advancements in nuclear physics and chemistry.
In the Bohr model of the atom, electrons travel in defined circular orbits around the nucleus.

It gave an understanding of isotopes and radioactive decay, and provided the tools to
synthesize new elements and radioactive materials.
The orbits are labeled by an integer, the quantum number n.
Electrons can jump from one orbit to another by emitting or absorbing energy
These advancements, for better or for worse, changed the landscape of science
because they gave us the ability to derive large amounts of energy from splitting the
atom (nuclear fission)
Nacious
Ernst Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg QUANTUM MODEL
Has a nucleus • Has energy levels or quanta Explains why electrons don't
fall into the nucleus • Has idea of orbitals
Beryllium
Paraffin wax
Detector
Neutrons
w
Protons
Alpha particle source
In quantum mechanics, this branch augmented the Bohr model with new explanations of how matter
behaved at a very tiny level that turned it into the quantum model of the atom used today. The model is
based on mathematical equations by several scientists, including Werner Heisenberg and Ernest
Schrödinger
MI
Alpha particles
1
This model uses complex shapes of orbitals (sometimes called electron clouds), volumes of space in which there is
likely to be an electron.
What Does an Atom REALLY Look Like? Here is how the hydrogen orbits look like using a
photoionization quantum microscope Hydrogen Atoms under Magnification: Direct Observation
of the Nodal Structure of Stark States
Here are a few atoms using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Single Atom
Spectroscopy
2nd Energy Lee (8 electrons max
ww
(18 electrons max)