JENIS-JENIS KERUSAKAN

Dr. Ir. Winarto, M.Sc.

DEPARTEMEN METALURGI & MATERIALS

FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

INTRODUKSI
Logam dapat patah dalam berbagai cara dan untuk penyebab
yang berbeda-beda. Sumber informasi yang paling penting
yang kaitannya dengan penyebab perpatahan adalah
permukaan patahan itu sendiri.

Permukaan Patahan merupakan rekaman detail dari rangkaian

sejarah komponen yang patah karena berisi :
- data sejarah pembebanan
- data pengaruh lingkungan
- data kualitas bahan/material
Teknik untuk menganalisa bukti (evidence) adalah SEM
FRACTOGRAPHY  tujuannya : mengerti bagaimana
komponen tsb patah & bagaimana lingkungan mempengaruhinya.

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CONTOH TAHAPAN - FA

Micro Structure Observation

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Surface Observation

Optical Microscope

Ferrite 90X Austenite 325X Pearlite+Cementite 1000X

Macro-fractography

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 4 Jenis Perpatahan

Berdasarkan Jejak Perpatahannya (fracture path), maka

perpatahan dibagi menjadi 4 bagian :
1. Perpatahan Ulet (dimple rupture)
2. Perpatahan Getas (cleavage rupture)
3. Perpatahan Fatik (fatigue rupture)
4. Perpatahan dekohesif (decohesive rupture)

Tiap jenis perpatahan memiliki penampakan permukaan dan

mekanisme penjalaran retak.

Trans-crystalline Fracture

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 Inter-crystalline Fracture

Jejak Perpatahan
Intercrystalline failures Transcrystalline failures

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 Perpatahan Ulet

Ciri-cirinya :
1. Ada deformasi plastis
2. Permukaan kusam/buram dan berserat
3. Tegangan geser dominan
4. Bentuk patahan “Cup & Cone” 45 dengan max
5.  nom atau  slip

Apek struktur-mikro :
Dengan SEM tampak “dimple”

Perpatahan Ulet & Getas

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 Example of Micro-void
Coalescence or Dimple Fracture

High Carbon Steel AISI 10B21 Steel

 ts = 74,000 psi  ts = 218,000 psi
Specimen broke in tension Specimen broken in tension

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 Example of Micro-void
Coalescence or Dimple Fracture

Aluminum 2024 Alloy Titanium Alloy

 ts = 66,000 psi  ts =153,000 psi
Specimen broken in tension Specimen broken in
high cycle fatigue

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 Perpatahan Getas
Ciri-cirinya :
1. Tidak Ada deformasi plastis
2. Permukaan terang dan kristalin
3. Permukaan patahan  utama
4. Ada “chevron marks” atau “hearing bone marks”
Faktor-faktor utama :
Stress konsentrasi
Tegangan tarik
Temperatur relatif rendah
Apek struktur-mikro :
1. Butir kasar  susunan facet pada permukaan belah atau
pola sungai (river patern)
2. Kadang-kadang antara ciri-ciri cleavage ada dimple
3. Pada Polifase (perlite   + Fe3C) terdapat “garis” dan
“dimple”.

Chevron marks

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 Chevron marks

Patah Getas pada SEM (400X)

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 Patah Getas (TEM)

Example of Transgranular Cleavage

Stainless Steel TiB2 (hot pressed)

 ts = 195,000 psi  flexural = 57,700 psi
Specimen broke under Specimen failed in tension
high cycle fatigue

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 Example of Transgranular Cleavage

Nickel-Base Alloy Silicon Carbide (SiC)

 ts = 141,000 psi  flexural = 105,850 psi
Specimen broke under Specimen broke in tension
low cycle fatigue

Perpatahan Fatik
Ciri-cirinya :
1. Deformasi plastis sedikit sekali atau hampir tidak ada
2. Perpatahannya progresif, berawal dari retak halus yang
merambat akibat beban ber-fluktuatif
3. Ada “beach marks” atau “rachet marks”

Tahapan perpatahan :
1. Inisiasi
2. Perambatan
3. Patahan akhir

“beach marks” vs “rachet marks” :

1. “Beach marks”  deformasi plastis di ujung retakan
2. “Rachet marks”   permukaan patahan fatik dan
merangkai beberapa awal (initial) fatik yang berdekatan.

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13
 Striation

Low Carbon Steel (SEM 2000X) Al-alloy (SEM 4900X)

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 Perpatahan Fatik
“Beach marks” vs “striation”
Striation :
1. Karakteristik utama fatik pada tahap 2  retak
merambat dan meninggalkan tonjolan (ridge, striation)
pada permukaan
2. Aspek ukuran: kecil, hanya tampak dengan SEM/TEM
3. Aspek penyebab: kemajuan rambatan retak akibat
sekali pembebanan.

Beach marks:
1. Merupakan deformasi plastis di ujung retakan
2. Aspek ukuran: cukup besar & dapat diamati dengan
kasat mata
3. Aspek penyebab: lokasi posisi front retak setelah
terhenti.

Striation vs Beach Marks

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 Example of Fatigue Fracture

Nickel Based Alloy Notice the white lines followed

 ts = 141,000 psi by dark bands. Individually they are
Specimen broke under called fatigue striations
low cycle fatigue

Example of Fatigue Fracture

Fracture of Nickel Based Alloy Titanium Alloy

and striations are more jagged  ts = 153,000 psi
than the examples before Specimen broke under
high cycle fatigue

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Permukan patah akibat fatigue bending

Permukan patah akibat low stress high cycle

This high tensile steel bolt failed under low stress high cycle
conditions with a fatigue crack running from 9 o'clock as shown
by the beach marks. The SEM image of the fatigued surface
(shown left) is found to have no striations due to the high yield
strength and high cycle conditions.

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 Torsion Fatigue
 Reversed torsional fatigue failure of splined shaft from a
differential drive gear

Torsion & Bending Fatigue

Springs suffer a combination of bending and torsion and fatigue
cracks propagate at right angles to the principal stresses. Hence
the fracture surface is complex even at higher magnification. The
surface morphology is also influenced by any texture in the
drawn wire used in manufacture.

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 Pencegahan Fatigue Failure
 The most effective method of improving fatigue
performance is improvements in design:
– Eliminate or reduce stress raisers by streamlining the
part
– Avoid sharp surface tears resulting from punching,
stamping, shearing, or other processes
– Prevent the development of surface discontinuities
during processing.
– Reduce or eliminate tensile residual stresses caused by
manufacturing.
– Improve the details of fabrication and fastening
procedures

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 Jenis Perapuhan (embrittlement)
By temperature factors (intergranular mechanism):
1. Strain Age Embrittlement  aging
2. Quench Age Embrittlement  carbide precipitated
3. Blue Brittleness  precipitation hardening (, , Impact); 230 - 370C
4. Tempered Embrittlement  impurities (Sb, Sn, As), T: 370 - 575C.
5. Sigma-phase Embrittlement  Stainless Steel T sevice 560 - 980 C.
6. HAZ Graphitization  Carbon Steel welds at T 425 C ; waktu lama.
7. Inter-metallic Compound Embrittlement  Galvanized Steel at T
420C ; waktu lama  Fe-Zn intermetalic compound

By environmental factors (intergranular mechanism) :

1. Neutron Embrittlement  neutron radiation at nuclear reactor
2. Hydrogen Embrittlement  pickling, electroplating, welding, H2S
exposure
3. Stress Corrosion Embrittlement  Corrosive environment
4. Liquid Metal Embrittlement  salt-bath process(glass making process)

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 Liquid Metal Embrittlement
 Liquid metal embrittlement adalah
menurunnya keuletan logam akibat adanya
kontak dengan cairan logam lain.

 Penurunan keuletan akan menyebabkan

catastrophic brittle failure pada logam yang
bersifat ductile.

 Very small amounts of liquid metal are

sufficient to result in embrittlement.

Liquid Metal Embrittlement

 The liquid metal can not only reduce the ductility but
significantly reduce tensile strength.
 Liquid metal embrittlement is an insidious type of failure
as it can occur at loads below yield stress. Thus,
catastrophic failure can occur without significant
deformation or obvious deterioration of the component.
 Intergranular or transgranular cleavage fracture are
the common fracture modes associated with liquid metal
embrittlement. However reduction in mechanical
properties due to decohesion can occur.
 This results in a ductile fracture mode occurring at
reduced tensile strength. An appropriate analysis can
determine the effect of liquid metal embrittlement on
failure.

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 Hydrogen Embrittlement
 When tensile stresses are applied to a hydrogen embrittled
component it may fail prematurely.
 Hydrogen embrittlement failures are frequently
unexpected and sometimes catastrophic.
 The threshold stresses to cause cracking are commonly
below the yield stress of the material.
 High strength steel, such as quenched and tempered steels
or precipitation hardened steels are particularly susceptible
to hydrogen embrittlement.

 Hydrogen can be introduced into the material in service or

during materials processing.

Hydrogen Embrittlement
 Tensile stresses, susceptible material, and the presence of hydrogen
are necessary to cause hydrogen embrittlement.
 Residual stresses or externally applied loads resulting in stresses
significantly below yield stresses can cause cracking. Thus,
catastrophic failure can occur without significant deformation or
obvious deterioration of the component.
 Very small amounts of hydrogen can cause hydrogen embrittlement
in high strength steels.
 Common causes of hydrogen embrittlement are pickling,
electroplating and welding, however hydrogen embrittlement is not
limited to these processes.
 Hydrogen embrittlement is an insidious type of failure as it can
occur without an externally applied load or at loads significantly
below yield stress.
 While high strength steels are the most common case of hydrogen
embrittlement all materials are susceptible

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Permukaan patah akibat thermal
fatigue

Thermal fatigue damage on cast iron clutch

plate caused by rapid heating and cooling of
disc by friction material.

Perapuhan

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 Intermetalic Compound Embrittlement

Example of Decohesive Rupture

Stainless Steel C-Mn Steel

 ts =195,000 psi  ts = 76,000 psi
fractograph show Specimen failed due to
hydrogen embrittlement stress corrosion cracking

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 Example of Decohesive Rupture

Low Carbon Steel Gray Cast Iron (ASTM 247)

 ts = 43,000 psi.  ts = 33,000 psi
Fractograph show The white "fuzz"
a thin layer of oxide
are sulfate deposits
on the above specimen

Home Work
1. Jelaskan jenis perpatahan.
2. Jelaskan perbedaan klasifikasi “inter & trans-crystalline”.
3. Jelaskan perbedaan ciri-ciri patah ulet dan patah getas
4. Jelaskan perbedaan dari striasi dan beach marks
5. Jelaskan mekanisme tahapan perpatahan akibat fatik berikut
gambar.
6. Jelaskan beberapa pencegahan agar terhindar dari patah fatik
7. Jelaskan mekanisme patahan akibat perapuhan
(embrittleness) & beri beberapa contoh yang saudara ketahui
8. Apakah setiap jenis perpatahan material disebabkan oleh
hanya satu jenis perpatahan. Jelaskan menurut saudara
dengan memberikan contoh.

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