PHYSICS PROJECT

OPTICAL OBJECT
COUNTER

Submitted to:
Mrs.Parvathy

Submitted by:
Rohan Gupta(5715)
INTRODUCTION
The digital object counter is a cost effective and a
simple system. It overcomes the problem of manual
counting of objects.
Everything is digital, so the signals can be used for
further analysis and is compatible with other digital
devices. If this system is implemented, then automation
in the product counting can be achieved.
This mini object counter can be used to count number
of persons or objects passing through a door
automatically.Maximum count IS 99.Project uses a
photo transistor as light sensor,counter circuit,display
etc
Sensing phototransistor should be housed inside a small
tube and directed towards a light bulb are fitted two
sides of the door.Normally light from bulb is sensed by
photo transistor.Then counter does not advance.when a
person enters through the door light falling on sensor is
obstructed.then photo transistor stops conduction for a
moment and apply input pulse to counter .for each input
pulse counter advances by one light after reaching
maximum count 99 counter will start again from
00.counter can be rest to zero any time by pressing rest
switch.supply voltage for counter is 9 volts.
Note- use filament bulb as light source not white LED

COMPONENTS USED

 4510 IC(BCD Counter)

 IC 7447(7 Segment decoder)
 741(op-amp)
 LDR(light dependent resistor)
 Potentiometer(100kΩ)
 10kΩ resistor
 470Ω resistor
 7 segment display with common anode
 White LED
ABOUT THE COMPONENTS USED
IN DETAIL:

BCD COUNTER

BCD Counter is a device that goes through a

sequence of ten states when it is clocked and
returns to 0 after the count of 9. In our simple
example above, the input clock pulses are from a
push button switch but counters can be used to
count many real-world events such as counting
moving objects.
However, suitable circuitry may be required to
generate the electrical pulses for each event to be
counted as these events may occur at discrete time
intervals or they may be completely random.
In many digital electronic circuits and applications,
digital counters are implemented using Toggle flip-
flops or with any other type of flip-flop that can be
connected to give the required switching function,
or with the use of dedicated counting IC’s such as
the 74LS90. Binary counters are counters that go
through a binary sequence and an n-bit binary
counter is made of “n” number of flip-flops
counting from 0 to 2n-1.
BCD counters follow a sequence of ten states and
count using BCD numbers from 0000 to 1001 and
then returns to 0000 and repeats. Such a counter
must have at least four flip-flops to represent each
decimal digit, since a decimal digit is represented
by a binary code with at least four bits giving a
MOD-10 count.
We have also seen that the BCD coded output can
be displayed using four LED’s or with a digital
display. But to display each number from 0 to 9
requires a decoder circuit, which translates a binary
coded number representation into the appropriate
logic levels on each of the display segments.
Display decoder circuits can be constructed from
combinational logic elements and there are many
dedicated integrated circuits on the market to
perform this function such as the 74LS47 BCD to
7-segment decoder/driver IC.
Most 7-segment displays are usually used in multi-
digit counting applications so by cascading
together more BCD counters, 4-digit counters
giving displays with a maximum reading of 9999
can be constructed.
The 74LS90 BCD Counter is a very flexible
counting circuit and can be used as a frequency
divider or made to divide any whole number count
from 2 to 9 by feeding the appropriate outputs back
to the IC’s Reset and Set inputs.
RESISTOR

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or

regulates the flow of electrical current in an
electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to
provide a specific voltage for an active device such
as a transistor.

All other factors being equal, in a direct-current

(DC) circuit, the current through a resistor is
inversely proportional to its resistance, and directly
proportional to the voltage across it. This is the
well-known Ohm's Law. In alternating-current
(AC) circuits, this rule also applies as long as the
resistor does not contain inductance or capacitance.

Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways.

The most common type in electronic devices and
systems is the carbon-composition resistor. Fine
granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay and
hardened. The resistance depends on the proportion
of carbon to clay; the higher this ratio, the lower
the resistance.

Another type of resistor is made from winding

Nichrome or similar wire on an insulating form.
This component, called a wire wound resistor, is
 able to handle higher currents than a carbon-
composition resistor of the same physical size.
However, because the wire is wound into a coil, the
component acts as an inductors as well as
exhibiting resistance. This does not affect
performance in DC circuits, but can have an
adverse effect in AC circuits because inductance
renders the device sensitive to changes in
frequency.

BATTERY

A battery is an electrochemical cell (or enclosed

and protected material) that can be charged
electrically to provide a static potential for power
or released electrical charge when needed.

A battery generally consists of an anode, a cathode,

and an electrolyte.

Common types of commercial batteries and some

of their characteristics and advantages are
summarized in the following table. Battery types
not shown include the Zinc-Air, Flooded Lead
Acid, and Alkaline batteries.
LED- LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor

device that emits visible light when an electric
current passes through it. The light is not
particularly bright, but in most LEDs it is
monochromatic, occurring at a single wavelength.
The output from an LED can range from red (at a
wavelength of approximately 700 nanometers) to
blue-violet (about 400 nanometers). Some LEDs
emit infrared (IR) energy (830 nanometers or
longer); such a device is known as an infrared-
emitting diode (IRED).

An LED or IRED consists of two elements of

processed material called P-type semiconductors
and N-type semiconductors. These two elements
are placed in direct contact, forming a region called
the P-N junction. In this respect, the LED or IRED
resembles most other diode types, but there are
important differences. The LED or IRED has a
transparent package, allowing visible or IR energy
to pass through. Also, the LED or IRED has a large
PN-junction area whose shape is tailored to the
application.
POTENTIOMETER

A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a

sliding or rotating contact that forms an
adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are
used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable
resistor or rheostat.

The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is

essentially a voltage divider used for
measuring electric potential (voltage); the
component is an implementation of the same
principle, hence its name.

Potentiometers are commonly used to control

electrical devices such as volume controls on audio
equipment. Potentiometers operated by a
mechanism can be used as position transducers, for
example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are rarely
used to directly control significant power (more
than a watt), since the power dissipated in the
potentiometer would be comparable to the power in
the controlled load.
LDR(light dependent resistor)

Light Dependent Resistors are used for sensing the

light intensity.A LDR or photo resistor is a light-
controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a
photo resistor decreases with increasing incident
light intensity; in other words, it
exhibits photoconductivity. A photo resistor can be
applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and
light-activated and dark-activated switching
circuits.

IC 7447(7 Segment decoder)

IC7447 is used to convert the BCD signals into the

equivalent 7 segment display signals.

7 SEGMENT DISPLAY

It is used to display the number of counts.

There are two types of LED 7-segment
displays: common cathode (CC) and common
anode (CA). The difference between the two
displays is the common cathode has all the
cathodes of the 7-segments connected directly
together and the common anode has all the anodes
of the 7-segments connected together. Shown
below is a common anode seven segment.
Appropriate segment in order to illuminate that
segment.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 REFERENCE
1. http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-as-
monostable-multivibrator
2. http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-as-an-
astable-multivibrator
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Dependent_Resi
stor
4. http://www.datasheetarchive.com/IC+7490-
datasheet.html