STUDY NOTES FOR BANKING EXAMS

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 STUDY NOTES FOR BANKING EXAMS
PERCENTAGE
`When first time you heard this word percentage??
May be your parents asked you how much percent you got
in your exams or may be recently in news time you heard
that the sale of Maruti is increased by 35%.
So in this study note we have to discuss the chapter which
is the pillar of banking maths i.e. percentage.
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BASIC DEFINITION:
Percent implies “for every hundred” and the sign % is read
as percentage and x % is read as x per cent. In other words,
a fraction with denominator 100 is called a per cent. For
example, 20 % means 20/100 (i.e. 20 parts from 100). This
can also be written as 0.2.
Percentage is a fraction whose denominator is always 100.
x percentage is represented by x%.
Percentage means per hundred when we say 50% of a
number it means half of the number. Similarly, 25% of a
number is one fourth of the number; 20% means one fifth
of the number, 16.67% means one sixth of a number etc.
Hence percentage indicates the part or fraction of a
number.
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 STUDY NOTES FOR BANKING EXAMS
PERCENTAGE AS COMPARISON:
Percentage helps us to compare between different fractions
when the denominator or the total number is different in each
case. It is one of the simplest tools for the comparison of
data.

BASIC FORMULA:
In order to calculate p % of q, use the formula:
p pq
q 
100 100
Also remember: p % of q = q % of p
Example:
100% of 60 =60% of 100= 60 x (100/100) =
Take, for example, this table below which shows the marks
60
100  60 obtained by a student in 3 different subjects
100
Subject Marks Obtained
BASIC CONCEPTS OF PERCENTAGES
History 75
Expressing One Quantity as a Per Cent with respect to the
other: Math 33
To express a quantity as a per cent with respect to other English 64
quantity, the following formula is used:

From this data alone, we cannot compare the marks obtained

for the various subjects.

Now suppose we have the data of the total marks obtained

as follows

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 STUDY NOTES FOR BANKING EXAMS

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 STUDY NOTES FOR BANKING EXAMS
1. To express x% as a fraction :
Subject Marks Total Marks We know
Obtained Marks Obtained/total x% = x/100
marks × 100 Thus 10% = 10/100 (means 10 parts out of 100 parts)
= 1/10 (means 1 part out of 10 parts)
History 75 100 75% 2. To express x/y as a percentage :
We know that x/y = (x/y× 100 )
Math 33 50 66% Thus 1/4= ( 1/4 ×100 )% = 25%
and 0.8 = ( 8/10 ×100 )% = 80%
English 64 80 80% 3. To increase a number by a given percentage(x%):
Multiply the number by the following factor

Now as all the three subjects are represented on a scale of

100, it is easy to compare the marks for the three subjects
and decide which subject has the student scored the
4. To decrease a number by a given percentage(x%):
maximum in.
Multiply the number by the following factor
Example: 60 % of a number is 360. What is 99 % of the
same number?
Solution: Let the number be n.
Given (60/100) ×n = 360 => n = 600 5. To find the % increase of a number:
99 % of 600 = (99/100) × 600 = 594
Or we can calculate directly
360
 99  594
60 6. To find the % decrease of a number:
Example: 40 % of a number is 240. What is 112 % of the
same number?
240
Solution: 112  672
40
Example: What percent is 60 of 240? PERCENTAGE AND RATIO
Solution: First write the given numbers in the fraction
form:
60/240 = ¼
Multiply the numerator and denominator with 25 to make
the denominator equal to 100
(1×25)/(4×25) = 25/100
CALCULATION OF PERCENTAGE

Following table gives equivalence relation between

commonly used fractions and their equivalent percentages

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 STUDY NOTES FOR BANKING EXAMS
1/3 × 100 = 33.33% 1/10 × 100 = 10%
1/4× 100 = 25% 1/11 × 100 = 9.09%
1/5 × 100 = 20% 1/12 × 100 = 8.33% Expenditure = price per quantity × consumption
1/6 × 100 = 16.66% 1/3 × 100 = 7.69% E = P × Q =100……. (1)
1/7 × 100 = 14.28% 1/14 × 100 = 7.14% Now, as per the question,
1/9 ×100 = 11.11% 1/16 × 100 = 6.25%

And its extended form is here

Multiplying factor: - (MF)

∴ Initial value × M.F. = final value
x
Most of the times using fractions is better than using actual MF corresponding x% increase is 1  and for x%
100
percentage.
x
For example to calculate 14.28% of 343, we should not decrease is 1 
directly use multiplication, we can use equivalent fractions 100
For example
of 14.28% i.e. 1/7 hence the required answer
Percentage change M.F.
For 75% increase 1.75
Other Method :- For 30% decrease 0.70
In this method we will learn a different approach. Application of M.F. in D.I. is very vast which we will study
Any number is always 100% of itself in upcoming study notes.
So the 100% of 710 is = 710 Net percentage change-
10% of 710 is = 71.0
1% of 710 is = 7.10
0.1% of 710 is = 0.710
We require 30% of 710, which is = 3 × 10% of 710
= 3 ×71 = 213
Example:
A reduction of 21% in the price of an item enables a person Assume your pocket money is Rs 500 oer month. If it is
to buy 3 kg more for 100. Thereduced price of item per kg increased by 20 % then what will be your new pocket
is: money?
(a) Rs. 5.50 (b) Rs. 7.50 Of course your new pocket money will be 600. But what if
(c) Rs. 10.50 (d) Rs. 7.00 it is further decreased by 20% ?
Reduced price will be: Will your pocket money will become same as before??
Rp/100y per kg No.Why??
In our case R= Rs. 100 , x=21% , y=3kg
{(100 x 21)/(100 x 3)} = Rs. 7 This is because of successive process.
Alternate method: So next we are going to study is net percentage change.

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 STUDY NOTES FOR BANKING EXAMS
xy A number is first increased by 10% and then it is further
x y increased by 20%. The original
100
But always remember one thing x and y always come with number is increased altogether by:
sign. Means if quantity is increased we will take + and if it Answers:
is decreased we will take -. Percentage change formula when both x and y are positive
So the answer of the question asked will be- ={x + y + (xy/100)}%
20  20 Here, x = 10 and y = 20
20  20   4%
100 Hence net percentage change == {10 + 20 + (10 x 20)/100}
But what if there are three changes?? = 32%
We also have formula for that What is the Product Constancy Ratio?
xy yz zx xyz In this concept, we essentially refer to the practice wherein
x yz   
100 100 100 10000 two or more quantities make up a third quantity. With the
But using this formula is not a great idea instead this we variation in the numbers of one quantity, the other
can apply first formula thrice Like quantities need to undergo change in order to maintain the
Example: same product.
Find the net percentage change of 40% increase.25% Let’s take an example.
decrease and 10% increase? Let there be two quantities A and B that multiply to form a
Solution: quantity P. We can say:
Very important point it doesn’t matter which change is A×B=P
applied first final change will be always same. Now if A is increased by a certain percentage, then B is
25  40 required to be decreased by a certain percentage to keep the
40  25  5
100 product P stable.
Again 5 10 The following table illustrates the varying values of A and
5  10   15.5
100 B that will maintain the same product P.
So final change will be decrease of 17.5%.
Example:
The capacity of a ground was 100000 at the end of 2012. In
2013, it increased by 10% and in 2014, it decreased by
18.18%. What was the ground’s capacity at the end of
2014?
Solution:
When One percentage change is positive and the other is
negative:
x is positive and y is negative, then net percentage change
= (x-y-xy/100)%
Final Percentage Change over the original value
= 10-18.18 – (10 × 18.18/100)= -9.998
(the difference above is cause by using exact values). Application of Product Constancy: Expenditure
So the capacity of the ground is decreased by 9.998% Questions
Hence, net capacity = 90002 If the price of a commodity increases or decreases by a%,
Example: then, the percentage decrease or increase in consumption,
A’s salary is increased by 10% and then decreased by 10%. so as not to increase or decrease the expenditure is equal to:
The change in salary is (a/100+a)×100%
Solution: Example:
10 10 Length of a rectangle is increased by 33.33%. By what
10  10   1
100 percentage should the breadth be decreased so that area
Example: remains constant?

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 STUDY NOTES FOR BANKING EXAMS
Solution: Using the table above: (3) Remember that Base in the given sentence (Question) is
Since length is increased by 33.33%, the breadth will always 100%
decrease by 25% to keep area constant. Eg. Income of Ram is increased by 20%
Let’s make these calculations also. In this sentence
Let original length= L 100% - represent the income of Ram
Original Breadth= B 20% - represent increment
Increase length= 4/3 L 120% - represent new income of Ram.
Since the area remains same, we can say (4) If of A is equal to y% of B then –
L x B = Increased Breadth x 4/3L
Therefore,
Increased breadth = ¾ Original Breadth = 25% reduction in
breadth. Example:
Example: If 10% of A is equal to 12% of B, then 15% of A is equal to
When speed of a car is increased by 25%, time taken what percent of B?
reduces by 40 minutes in covering a certain distance.What
is the actual time taken to cover the same distance by actual
speed?
Solution: We have Speed × Time = Distance
Since speed has been increased by 25%, time will reduce (5) If A is more than B,
by 20%.
Now, 20% of actual time = 40 min
Actual time = 200 min
Example: Price of a commodity has increased by 60%.
By what percent must a consumer reduce the consumption Example:
of the commodity so as not to increase the expenditure ? If income of Ravi is 20% more than that of Ram, then the
(a) 37% (b) 37.5% income of Ram is how much percent less than that of Ravi?
(c) 40.5% (d) 60%

(6) If the passing marks in an examination is P%. If a

candidate scores S marks and fails by F marks then–
100  ( R  S )
MM 
P
(7) If a candidate scores marks and fails by a
marks while an another candidate scores y% marks and
gets b marks more than minimum passing marks, then –

Example:
SOME OBSERVATION
Raj scores 30% and fails by 60 marks, while Rohan who
(1) If 20% candidate failed in an exam then observations are
scores 55% marks, gets 40 marks more than the minimum
 80% represent passed in exam required marks to pass the examination. Find the maximum
 100% represent total appeared in exam marks for the examination?
 (80%-20%) = 60% represent difference between passed and (60  40)
MM   100  400
failed candidate in exam (55  30)
(2) If a number is increased by 25% then observations are (8) If due to decrement in the price of an item, a person can
 100% represent the old number buy Kg more in y rupees, then actual price of that item –
 125% represent the new number.

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 STUDY NOTES FOR BANKING EXAMS

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 STUDY NOTES FOR BANKING EXAMS
Example: (a) Rs. 5.50 (b) Rs. 7.50
Ram can buy 5 Kg more sugar in rupees 100 as the price of (c) Rs. 10.50 (d) Rs. 7.00
sugar has decreased by 10%. Find the actual price of the Solution:(d)
sugar? Reduced price will be:
10  100 20 Rp/100y per kg

(100  10)  5 9 In our case R= Rs. 100 , x=21% , y=3kg
(9) If in an election, a candidate got of total votes cast and still {(100 x 21)/(100 x 3)} = Rs. 7
lose by y votes, the total number of votes cast – Alternate method:
100  y Expenditure = price per quantity × consumption
100  2 x E = P × Q =100……. (1)
Example: Now, as per the question,
In an election contested by two candidates, one candidate
got 40% of total votes and still lost by 500 votes, find the
total number of votes casted?
100  500
TV   2500
100  (2  40)
(10) If the population of a town is P and it increases or
decreases at the rate of R% per annum then –
I. Population after ‘n’ years :

II. Population ‘n’ years ago :

PROBLEM TYPE-2:
PROBLEMS BASED ON MIXTURES
(11) If the value of a number is first increased by and again
Example:
decreased by the net effect is always decreased by x2/100%
Example: -The salary of a worker is first increased by 5% A vessel has 60 L of solution of acid and water having 80%
and then it is decreased by 5%. What is the change in his acid. How much water is to be added to make it solution in
salary? which acid forms 60%?
(a) 48 L
(b) 20 L
(c) 36 L
(d) None of these
Solution: (b)
Given, percentage of acid = 80%
Then, percentage of water = 20%
In 60L of solution, water = (60 x 20)/ 100 = 12L
Let p liter of water is to be added.
PROBLEM TYPE-1: According to the question,
PROBLEMS BASED ON QUANTITY =>{(12 + p)/(60 + p)} x 100 = 40 (∵ 100 – 60 = 40%
PURCHASED water)
=>1200 + 100p = 2400 + 40p
Example:
⇒ 60p = 1200
A reduction of 21% in the price of an item enables a person
p= 20L
to buy 3 kg more for 100. The reduced price of item per kg
is:

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 STUDY NOTES FOR BANKING EXAMS
PROBLEM TYPE-3: the total number of books that on shelf A is:
PROBLEMS BASED ON RATIOS AND (a) 25% (b) 50%
FRACTIONS (c) 75% (d) 100%
Example: Solution: (b)
Let the number of books in shelf B be 100.
If the numerator of a fraction is increased by 20% and the
denominator is decreased by 5%, the value of the new ∴ Number of books in shelf A = {(100 x 4)/5} = 80
fraction become 5/2. The original fraction is: On transferring 25% i.e.,of books of shelf A to shelf B, the
(a) 24/19 (b) 3/18 books on
(c) 95/48 (d) 48/95 shelf B = {100 + (80 x 25)/100}
Solution: (c) B = 100 + 20 = 120
Let original fraction be p/y Books left in shelf A = 80-20 = 60
According to the question, {(120/100)p/(95/100)y} = 5/2 Again, on transferring 1/4th books of shelf B to shelf A, the
120p/95y = 5/2 => p/y = (5/2)x (95/120) = 95/48. books on
PROBLEM TYPE-4: shelf A = {60 + (120/4)} = 90
PROBLEMS BASED ON INCOME, SALARY, Total no of books in A and B = 120 +60 = 180
EXPENDITURE Required percentage of books on shelf A = (90/180) x 100
Example: = 50%
The monthly income of a person was Rs 13500 and his
Question:
monthly expenditure was Rs 9000. Nextyear his income In an examination, 52% of the candidates failed in English
increased by 14% and his expenditure increased by 7%. and 42% failed in Mathematics. If17% failed in both the
The per cent increase inhis savings was: subjects, then the percentage of candidates who passed in
(a) 7% (b) 21% both the subjects, was:
(c) 28% (d) 35% (a) 23% (b) 21%
Solution: (c) (c) 25% (d) 22%
Given, monthly income = 13500 and expenditure = 9000
Solution: (a)
Then, original savings= Rs. (13500-9000) = Rs 4500 In an examination a% of total number of candidates failed
New income = 114% of Rs. 13500 = Rs 15390 in a subject X and b% of total number of
New expenditure= 107% of Rs 9000 = Rs 9630 candidates failed in subject Y and c% failed in both
New saving = Rs. (15390 – 9630) = Rs 5760 subjects.
NS = new savings, OS = Original savings Then, percentage of candidates who passed in both the
Percentage increase in savings = {(NS – OS)/OS} X 100 subjects: [100–(a + b– c)%].
{(5760 – 4500)/4500} X 100 = (1260/4500)X 100 = 28% Why so?
Example: We need to subtract failed candidate from total to calculate
pass candidates, but in this process, we subtract people who
A number, on subtracting 15 from it, reduces to its 80%.
were fail in both of subjects twice, so we added c again.
What is 40% of the number?
Now equation can be read as [ 100—a-b+c]
(a) 75 (b) 60
Here, a = 52, b = 42 and c = 17, then Percentage of
(c) 30 (d) 90
candidates who passed in both the subjects
Solution: (c) = [100 –(52 +42–17)] = 100–77=23%
Let the number be p. Question:
According to the question, p – 15 = p(80/100)
If a% of a is 9, then ‘a’ is equal to
p -15 = 4p/5 ⇒ 5p – 75 = 4p ⇒ p = 75 (a) 300 (b) 400
Now, 40% of 75 = (75 x 40)/ 100 = 30 (c) 30 (d) 20
Example: Solution: (c)
lf A has 4/5 of the number of books that shelf B has. If 25%
Given, a% of a = 9. (a/100) x a = 9⇒ a2 = 900
of the books A are transferred to B and then 25 % of the
Therefore a= 30
books from B are transferred to A then the percentage of

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 STUDY NOTES FOR BANKING EXAMS
Question: When 75 is added to 75% of a number, the A fruit seller had some apples. He sells 40% apples and
answer is the number. Find 40% of that number. still has 420 apples. Originally, he had
(a) 100 (b) 80 (a) 588 apples (b) 600 apples
(c) 120 (d) 160 (c) 672 apples (d) 700 apples
The right answer is option c The right option is option d
Let the number be p. Let the fruit seller originally have y apples.
75% of p + 75 = p ⇒(75/100)p + 75 = p According to the question,
Total apples – sold apples = left apples
⇒ 75 = p –(75p/100) ⇒ 75 =(25p/100)
y – 40% of y = 420
⇒ p= 75 × 4 = 300 ∴ 40% of p =(40/100) × 300 = 120. y – (40/100)x y = 420
Question: y – (2y/5) = 420
If 40% of A is added to 50% of B, the answer is 80% of B. {(5y – 2y)/5} = 420
What percentage of B is A? 3y/5 = 420
(a) 30% (b) 40% y =(420 x 5)/3 = 700
(c) 70% (d) 75% Question:
Option D is the right answer If X= 5.35 Y, then find the percentage increase when the
value of something is from Y to X.
Solution:
Use the formula: (n-1)100%
Percentage increase from
Y to X = (5.35 -1) 100= 435%
Example:
A number exceeds 20% of itself by 40. The number is:
(a) 50 (b) 60
(c) 80 (d) 48
Solution:
Let the number be p.
Question : 20% of itself means => p x (20/100)
If 50% of (x – y) = 30% of (x + y), then what per cent of x Now, according to the question,
is y? p – 20% of p = 40 => {p – (20 x p)/100} = 40
(a) 25% (b) 100/3 % => {p-(p/5)} = 40⇒ 5p – p = 200
(c) 40% (d) 400%
∴ p = 50
Alternate Method:
Obviously, it is clear that difference is 80% i.e. 4/5 of
number which is equal to 40
4/5p = 40, p = 40 x 5/4= 50.
Question:
In an examination, 35% is passing marks one candidate
obtain 135 marks and failed by 40 marks then find the
maximum marks?
Solution:
175
35% = 135 + 40, 100% =  100 = 500
35
Question:
Question :

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 STUDY NOTES FOR BANKING EXAMS
Rohit obtained 480 marks out of 600 and Mohit obtained 560 A mixture of 40 litres of milk and water contains 10% water.
marks out of 800. Whose performance is better and how How much water should be added, so water may be 20% in
much %? the new mixture?
Solution: Solution:
480 10 36
Rohit got = x 100 = 80 % 40 × 100 4 lit., 80% = 36, 1% = 80
600
36
450
Mohit got = 800 x 100 = 70 % 20% = 80
 20 = 9 Lit. Req. water = 9 – 4 = 5 lit.
Rohit performance is better. Question:
Fresh fruit contains 68% water and dry fruit contains 20%
% better = 10 x 100 = 14 72 %
70 water. How much dry fruit can be obtained from 100 kg. of
Question: fresh fruit ?
In an election between two candidates, 65 votes were Solution:
declared invalid one candidate gets 52% votes and win by 32
Fruit content in 100 kg. of fresh fruits = 100× = 32 kg.
98 votes. Find the total number of votes? 100

Winner 52% Looser 48% Since , dry fruits contain 80% fruit content,
4% = 98 80% = 32, 1% = 80 32 32
, 100% = 80  100 = 40 kg.
100% = 2450
Question:
Valid vote = 2450
Total vote = 2450 +65 = 2515 In an examination, 35% of the candidates failed in
Mathematics and 38% failed in English. 28% passed in both
Question:
subjects, then how much percent failed in both the subjects?
The length and breadth of the rectangle are increased by 30%
Solution:
and 20% respectively, so find the net % change in its area?
Solution: Failed in Maths = 35%
Net % change = x + y + X Y
= 30 + 20 + 3020
= 56% Passed in Maths = 100% 35% = 65%
100 100
Failed in English = 38%
Question:
A, B and C are three persons. A earned 40% more than B Passed in Maths = 100% 38% = 62%
and B earned 20% less than C, so what % more earned A Failed in both subjects = 100% – (37%+28%+34%) = 1%
than C. Question:
Solution: A number is mistakenly divided by 10 instead of being
A B C multiplied by 10.What is the percentage error in the result?
112 80 100 Solution:
A more earned than C = 112 – 100 = 12 Let the number is 10.
12100 Actual result = 10 x 10 = 100
%moreeraned  = 12 %
100
Wrong result = 10 =1
Question: 10
100 1
Due to reduction of 20% in the price of apples enables a % change = 100
x 100 = 99%
person to purchase 16 apples more for Rs.320, so find the Question:
reduced rate of 10 apples? The numerator of a fraction is increased by 400% and the
Solution: denominator is increased by 500%, so the resultant fraction
32020 is 15/22. Find the original fraction?
Reduced rate = 100
= 64
Solution:
64
Reduced rate of 1 apple = 16 = Rs. 4 500% of x 15 5x 15
 
600% of y 22 6y 22
Reduced rate of 10 apples = 4 x10 = Rs.40
x 156
Question: Original Fraction y

225

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 STUDY NOTES FOR BANKING EXAMS

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 STUDY NOTES FOR BANKING EXAMS

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