NEET JEE

Class
XII

ESSENTIALS
Maximize your chance of success, and high rank in NEET, JEE (Main and Advanced) by reading this column.
This specially designed column is updated year after year by a panel of highly qualified teaching experts well-tuned
to the requirements of these EntranceTests.

Unit DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

6 ATOMS AND NUCLEI
F Quantum Theory of Light • Force exerted on perfectly
Incident photon
• Energy radiated from a source is in the form of reflecting surface
p1 = h
small packets which are known as photon. Photon f Let N photons are there 
is not a material particle. in time t, change in
• According to Planck the energy of a photon is momentum of photons Reflected photon
directly proportional to the frequency of the −2Nh p2 =–h
radiation, i.e., = Dp = 
l
hc 1240 2Nh
E ∝ u; E = hu = = eV but change in momentum of surface = − Dp =
l l(in nm) l

E hu h 2Nh  2h  Pl
• Momentum of photon, p = = = f Force on surface F = = n   but n =
c c l tl l hc
• If source is 100% efficient, then the number of 2h P l 2P
photons emitted per second by the source can be \ F= × =
l hc c
given by
F 2P 2 I
Power of source
P P Pl Pressure = = =
n= = = = A cA c
Energy of photon E hu hc • Force exerted on perfectly absorbing surface
• Intensity of light is the energy crossing per unit Nh
−0 Incident photon
area per unit time perpendicular to the direction Dp Nh
F= = l = p1 = h
of propagation. t t tl 
E P (There are N photons in time t.)
I= = No reflected
At A h P photon
⇒F=N =
l c p2 = 0
f For a point source, intensity at a distance r from
P F P I
Pressure = = =
the source, I = A Ac c
4 pr 2

Physics For you | december ‘16 39

• When a beam of light is f For a-particles (ma = 4 × 1.67 × 10–27 kg) :

In
cid
incident at an angle q 0.101
l= Å

en
tp
on perfectly reflector V

ho
surface then force • de Broglie wavelength associated with uncharged

to
n
 particles
exerted on the surface
n
to
2P  2h  pho For neutrons (mn = 1.67 × 10–27 kg) :
F= cos q = n   cos q te d f
c l lec
2IA cos q Re
f h 6.62 × 10−34
= l= =
c 2mK 2 × 1.67 × 10−27 K
F 2 I cos q For thermal neutrons at ordinary temperatures :
Pressure = = f
A c K = kT
• When some part of incident light on the plate h 30.835
is absorbed and the remaining part is reflected l= =
2mkT T
IA h
then net force on the plate F = (1 + r ) and
F I c f For gas molecules : l =
pressure P = = (1 + r ), where r is the reflection mvrms
A c f For gas molecules at T K
coefficient of the plane and 0 < r < 1.
3 h
• A perfectly reflecting solid sphere of radius r is E = kT ⇒ l =
2 3mkT
kept in the path of a parallel beam of light of large
aperture. If the beam carries an intensity I, the force • The wavelength of a matter wave given by l = h
p
pr 2 I has physical significance; its phase velocity has no
exerted by the beam on the sphere is .
c physical significance. However, the group velocity
F Matter Waves (de Broglie Waves) of the matter wave is physically meaningful and
• The waves associated with moving particle are called equals the velocity of the particle.
matter waves or de Broglie waves. The wavelength
• Electron diffraction experiments by Davisson and
associated with a moving particle is known as
Germer, and by G.P. Thomson, as well as many
de Broglie wavelength and it is given by
later experiments, have verified and confirmed the
h h wave-nature of electrons. The de Broglie hypothesis
l= =
p mv of matter waves supports the Bohr’s concept of
where p = momentum of the particle, m = mass of stationary orbits.
the particle, and v = velocity of the particle.
p2 h λ
f Also, kinetic energy, K = ⇒l=
2m λ
2mK
λ
• de Broglie wavelength associated with charged n=2
n=3
particles
n=4
f For electrons (me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg) : For standing wave,
h 12.27 nh nh
l= = Å 2 pr = nl = or mvr =
2mqV V mv 2p
For protons (mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg) :
f
F Photoelectric Effect
0.286 • When light of sufficiently small wavelength is
l= Å
V incident on a metal surface, electrons are ejected
f For deuterons (md = 2 × 1.67 × 10–27 kg) : from the metal. This phenomenon is called the
0.202 photoelectric effect. The electrons ejected from the
l= Å
V metal are called photoelectrons.

40 Physics For you | december ‘16