20-30%
10%
60%
HAEMATOPOIESIS:
Red bone marrow, specialised anatomic niches with stromal
cells and progenitors, HSCs
HAEMATOPOIESIS
CMP
CD34+
CLP
Molecular markers on plasma membrane
Definitions
• CD = Cluster Designation/Differentiation or CD number.
• Based on the adoption of specific reagents/technique, such as
monoclonal Abs and flow cytometry technique
• Each cells can be phenotypically characterized
Principal Cell
Principal Immature
Cytokines Size Principal Cellular Sources Populations
Cell Targets
Induced
Stem cell factor (c-Kit
24 kD Bone marrow stromal cells HSCs All
ligand)
Flt-3 ligand (CD135) Classical and
HSCs, DC and B cell
Fms-like tyrosine kinase 30 kD Bone marrow stromal cells plasmacytoid DCs, B
progenitors
receptor-3 ligand cells
Fibroblasts, bone marrow Immature lymphoid
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) 25 kD T lymphocytes
stromal cells progenitors
Interleukin-3 (IL-3)
20-26 KD T cells Immature progenitors All
Dimer of
70–90 kD; Macrophages, endothelial cells,
M-CSF Committed progenitors Monocytes
40-kD bone marrow cells, fibroblasts
subunits
• THORACIC DUCT is
emptied to the left
subclavian vein
Types of Lymphatic tissue
---------------------------------------
MALT: Mucosae-Associated Lymphatic
Tissue
………………………………………......
Non-capsulated
lymphoid structure
www.frontiersin.org October
2012 | Volume 3 | Article 310
|5
• Defensins: alpha
(HD5; HD6) and Beta
PAMPs
(hBD1-4)
• Alpha-Defensins also
in neutrophhils
(HNPs)
• Cathelicidins (LL-
37/hCAP18)
Paneth cells
The cells of Immune system/Hemogram
table2.1 Normal Blood Leucocyte Counts in adults
Using Unit
Number/mm3 Normal Range Normal Range/mm3 Liter
Leukogram (or mL) (%) (or mL)
White blood
7400 100 % 4,500–11,000 4.5–11 × 109/L
cells (WBC)
1: A, The light micrograph of a Wright-Giemsa–stained blood neutrophil shows the multilobed nucleus, because of which these
cells are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and the faint cytoplasmic granules. B, The light micrograph of a Wright-
Giemsa–stained section of skin shows a mast cell (arrow) adjacent to a small blood vessel, identifiable by the red blood cell in the
lumen. The cytoplasmic granules in the mast cell, which are stained purple, are filled with histamine and other mediators (acidic
proteoglycans) that act on adjacent blood vessels to promote increased blood flow and delivery of plasma proteins and leukocytes
into the tissue. C, The light micrograph of a Wright-Giemsa–stained blood basophil shows the characteristic blue-staining
cytoplasmic granules.
Neutrophils Macrophages
3: D, The light micrograph of a Wright-Giemsa–stained blood eosinophil shows the characteristic segmented
nucleus and red staining of the cytoplasmic granules. E, Basophil with blue staining of the cytoplasmic
granules (lower resolution)
Dendritic cells
Immature DCs
Classical (Conventional) Dendritic Cells
Plasmacytoid Dendritic
Distinguishing Feature Major Cross-Presenting
Cells
CD11c CD11c BDCA-2 (CD303)
BDCA-1 (CD1c) BDCA4 (CD304)
Surface markers BDCA-3 (CD141) CLEC9A
Dectin 1 (CLEC7A)
Dectin 2 (CLEC6) XCR1+ CD123
Major cytokines
IL-12, others IL-23 Type I IFN
produced
Diameter ~ 8 mm
Percentage of Total Lymphocytes*
Antigen Receptor
Class Functions
and Specificity
αβ T Lymphocytes
B cell activation
(humoral immunity)
αβ heterodimers
Macrophage
CD4+ helper T Diverse specificities
activation (cell-
lymphocytes for peptide–class II
mediated immunity)
MHC complexes
Stimulation of
inflammation
CD8+
CD3+, CD4−,
cytotoxic T 15–40 15–20 10–15
CD8+
lymphocytes
Plasma cell => Abs production
Antigen Selected
Lymph Node
Class Functions Receptor and Phenotype Blood (%) Spleen (%)
(%)
Specificity Markers
B Lymphocytes
Surface Ig
Antibody Diverse
Fc receptors,
Follicular B production specificities
class II MHC, 5–20 20–25 40–45
cells or B2 (humoral for many
CD19, CD23
immunity) types of
molecules
Surface Ig
Antibody Limited
Marginal zone production specificities
IgM, CD27 2–3 3–5 7–10
B cells (humoral for a
immunity) restricted set
of molecules
Surface Ig
Antibody Limited IgM, CD43,
production specificities CD20, CD27
B-1 cells 1–3% Rare
(humoral for a but CD70
immunity) restricted set negative
of molecules
NK cells, non T/non B. LGL o Large Granular Lymphocytes
Immune system cell features
• Scattered cells almost in all tissues;
• Ability to circulate and exchange among blood, lymph, and tissues of
critical importance for the generation of immune response;
• The system must be able to respond rapidly to small numbers of many
different pathogens that may be introduced at any site in the body.
• In the adaptive immune response, very few naive lymphocytes specifically
recognize and respond to any one antigen.
• The effector mechanisms of the adaptive immune system (antibodies and
effector T cells) may have to locate and destroy pathogens at sites that are
distant from the site where the immune response was induced